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AbstractThe recently released updated ICRC Commentary on the Second Geneva Convention (GC II) recognizes significant changes in both the conduct of naval conflicts and interpretations of the governing law. One such significant change is the addition of cyber operations to the conduct of naval operations. Modern vessels increasingly utilize computer networks to control critical ship systems, but discussions of how potential cyber operations should be viewed under GC II are understandably limited. This article aids in addressing that gap by analyzing how cyber operations could have implications for certain provisions of GC II.

Cyber Espionage is the crime of spying by using a technology that aims to listen, record, divert, alter, inhibit, and / or record the transmission of electronic information and / or electronic documents without authority, using either a wired network or a wireless network communication, such as electromagnetic emission or radio frequency. Based on these definitions, Cyber Espionage is one form of Cyber Crime, with the formulation of the problem, namely: (1) How does regulation Cyber Espionage acts as a form of Cyber Crime by the Council Of Europe Convention on Cyber Crime?; (2) how does regulation Cyber Espionage Act according to the National Law ?; (3) What kind of protection against attacks Cyber Espionage in Indonesia ?. Methods used in the writing is normative research methods with techniques of data collection or study research to obtain secondary data, such as data obtained through materials like a binding legal convention, the draft legislation, research publications, and so the analyzed qualitatively or without figures. Based on these results, that: (1) regulation the Cyber Espionage contained in articles 2 and 3 of the Convention on Cyber Crime; (2) regulation on Cyber Espionage in National Law provided for in Article 31 of Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions; (3) The form of protection against attacks Cyber Espionage in Indonesia has started from the consciousness of each Internet user to raise awareness of cyber space. In the field of infrastructure Indonesia also established regulatory bodies, namely Indonesia Internet Security insident Response Team on Internet and Infrastructure / coordination Center (Id-SIRTII / CC) who noticed internet crime.Keywords: Regulation Cyber Espionage, Protection on Cyber Espionage, Convention on Cyber

Abstract
Despite being a crucially important domain for states, businesses, and individuals, cyberspace still suffers from a regulation deficit. This article takes up one such dangerously underregulated area: cyber warfare and regulation of cyber weapons. For that purpose, the authors first analyse the threats posed by weaponised malicious code, including some examples of its use and potential considerations that could sway states towards engaging in a multilateral cyber weapons regulation regime. These considerations are then converted into some major principles and points to be regarded should a potential cyber weapons convention be contemplated. These are subsequently further elaborated in light of the Chemical Weapons Convention, particularly with regard to specific provisions and possibility of adoption. The article concludes with the assertion that an international agreement is feasible in principle, but its focus should be on regulating the ways of employing cyber weapons rather than on the specific weapons themselves.

This work has the purpose to highlight the different interpretation of cyber security between Euro-Atlantic partners and the Sino-Russian world. On grounds of this, we can realise how alternative their stance on the global scenario is. In fact, in the last years the NATO Alliance has been accusing Moscow of steadily violating international agreements, thus jeopardising regional stability and democratic processes through the collaboration with cyber criminals. On the other hand, the Russians and the Chinese have been cooperating on several questions, including control of the Web and contrast to terrorism and any kind of extremism in the cyber domain. According to such an approach, the Net is an extension of the physical territory of an independent State. Therefore, the Executive has the right to safeguard its sovereignty and protect the nation's ways of life and core values. This is why Russia has not signed the Budapest Convention of Cybercrime, which claims that a contracting Party may give access or receive stored computer data located elsewhere, without authorisation of another Party. In a few words, we can state that the Cold War has moved to the Internet.