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Part I: Conceptualizations; Chapter 1. Introduction: Past Present Continuous: Postcolonial Experience, Intellectual Practice, and the Struggle for Meaning; Chapter 2. Muslim Publics, Postcolonial Imaginations, and the Dynamics of Self-Positioning; Part II: Readings; Chapter 3. Colonial Experience and Future Anticipations: Sheikh Al-Amin Mazrui and Swahili Islamic Pamphlets, 1930-32; Chapter 4. The Voice of Justice: An Islamic Newspaper in Postcolonial Kenya, 1972-82; Chapter 5. "Get Educated with Stambuli!": An Open Discussion Platform on Local Islamic Radio, 2005-07; Chapter 6. Conclusion: Toward the Understanding of Understanding Elements of a Swahili Intellectual Tradition

Do you want to blend in when visiting Berlin? To feel like you belong in Bavaria? When in Germany, Do as the Germans Do makes it simple! If you long to navigate the narrow streets of an Alpine village unnoticed or go to a movie in Munich without turning heads, transform yourself from a typical tourist into a connoisseur of culture. With this crash course in German customs and heritage, you'll avoid embarrassing blunders and enrich your travel experiences. Packed with 120 articles, this handy collection of cultural dos and don'ts covers a broad range of topics, including food, art, pop culture, politics, business, entertainment, home life, history, and education. In these pages, you'll find authoritative answers to questions such as: At a restaurant, should I find my own table or wait to be seated? What is a suitable topic for small talk with a stranger in Germany? What is the fastest train service in Germany? How many varieties of sausage are there? What is the unofficial division between north and south Germany called? How do Germans usually pay online purchases? What is the main emergency number to call in Germany?

The process of founding and shaping a capital proved to be one of the key issues within the representative culture in any era. This was of particular importance when it came to the 19th century societies in the Balkans due to the emergence of national consciousness and the creation of nation-states on what had been Ottoman territory for quite a long time. Despite the lack of independence and extreme political circumstances, the Serbian community was aware of contemporary European phenomena in creating and disseminating the ruler's image as an important part of enhancing the sense of national identity. The heart of Serbia under the reign of Milos Obrenovic was a princely court in Gornja Crnuca that, in spite of its structural simplicity, was an unmistakable expression of the highest state authorities. ; Proces zasnivanja i oblikovanja prestonice pokazao se ključnim pitanjem reprezentativne kulture svakog perioda. Ovo je bilo od posebne važnosti kada je reč o devetnaestovekovnim društvima na teritoriji Balkana s obzirom na buđenje nacionalne svesti i stvaranje nacionalnih država na teritoriji koja je dugo bila pod osmanskom vlašću. Uprkos nespotojanju državnosti i ekstremnim političkim okolnostima srpsko društvo pokazalo je zavidan stepen pozavanja evropskih fenomena kada je reč o stvaranju i odašiljanju vladarske slike kao važnog dela podsticanja svesti o nacionalnom identitetu. Srce Srbije pod ranom vladavinom Miloša Obrenovića bio je dvor u mestu Gornja Crnuća koje je uprkos svojoj strukturalnoj jednostavnosti bilo nepogrešivi odraz najvišeg državnog autoriteta.

Preface / C.G. Prado -- Introduction: the new subjectivism / C.G. Prado -- Truth claims, interpretation, and addiction to conviction / Mark Kingwell -- Because I say so : media authenticity in the age of post-truth and fake news / Greg Kelly -- Post-truth : Marcuse and new forms of social control / Lisa Portmess -- Extraordinary popular delusions and the manipulation of crowds / Sergio Sismondo -- The post-truth temperament : what makes belief stray from evidence? : and what can bring them back together? / Juan Pablo Bermadez -- Reality for the people / Khadija Coxon -- Truth and trolling / Jason Hannan -- Truth, post-truth, and subscriptions : consensus, truth, and social norms in algorithmic media / Alex Leitch -- Lords of mendacity / Paul Fairfield -- Losing the feel for truth in post-truth "democracies" : when macro data harvesting and micro-targeting befuddle democratic thought / Chris Beeman -- Brazen new world : a peircean approach to post-truth / Mark Migotti -- The fallacy of post-truth / Lawrie McFarlane -- About the editor and contributors -- Index

Part I. The "vanishing" of Rome -- Who and what is late antiquity? -- When is late antiquity? -- How do we do late antique history? -- Part II. Late antiquity appears -- Power -- Worship -- Social change -- Law and politics -- Urban life -- Community -- Economy -- The household and family -- Ideas and literary culture -- Part III. The illusion of Mediterranean history -- Geography and society -- A choice of directions

The English language is widely spread and used by a large number of both native and non-native speakers. Due to the political influence of their speakers and pop culture, the two most dominant varieties nowadays are American and British English. There are several aspects through which the differences between the two varieties can be discussed: vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, and grammar. Vocabulary and pronunciation receive the most attention in empirically based studies, while grammar is rarely discussed in great detail. When it comes to irregular verbs, it is thought that American speakers prefer –ed forms, while British English speakers opt for –t forms. To see which variety Croatian students are prone to, a research was conducted among high school students and college students. The research shows that the learners prefer American English. The results could give a better insight in the errors learners make while acquiring American and British irregular verb forms. ; Engleski jezik široko je rasprostranjen i koristi ga veliki broj izvornih ali i neizvornih govornika. Zbog političkog utjecaja i pop kulture, u današnje vrijeme najdominantnije varijante engleskog jezika su američka i britanska. Postoji nekoliko aspekata kroz koje se mogu promatrati njihove razlike: vokabular, pravopis, izgovor i gramatika. U dosadašnjim istraživanjima najviše se važnosti pridaje vokabularu i izgovoru, dok se o gramatici rijetko piše. Kada govorimo o nepravilnim glagolima, u školama se uči da govornici američkog engleskog koriste –ed nastavak, dok govornici britanskog engleskog koriste –t nastavak. Kako bismo provjerili kojoj su verziji engleskoj jezika hrvatski učenici više skloni, provelo se istraživanje u kojem su sudjelovali maturanti dviju gimnazija i studenti engleskog jezika. Istraživanje je pokazalo da obje grupe češće koriste američki engleski. Rezultati istraživanja mogu pružiti učiteljima bolji uvid u pogreške koje učenici rade tijekom usvajanja američkih i britanskih nepravilnih glagola.

The English language is widely spread and used by a large number of both native and non-native speakers. Due to the political influence of their speakers and pop culture, the two most dominant varieties nowadays are American and British English. There are several aspects through which the differences between the two varieties can be discussed: vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, and grammar. Vocabulary and pronunciation receive the most attention in empirically based studies, while grammar is rarely discussed in great detail. When it comes to irregular verbs, it is thought that American speakers prefer –ed forms, while British English speakers opt for –t forms. To see which variety Croatian students are prone to, a research was conducted among high school students and college students. The research shows that the learners prefer American English. The results could give a better insight in the errors learners make while acquiring American and British irregular verb forms. ; Engleski jezik široko je rasprostranjen i koristi ga veliki broj izvornih ali i neizvornih govornika. Zbog političkog utjecaja i pop kulture, u današnje vrijeme najdominantnije varijante engleskog jezika su američka i britanska. Postoji nekoliko aspekata kroz koje se mogu promatrati njihove razlike: vokabular, pravopis, izgovor i gramatika. U dosadašnjim istraživanjima najviše se važnosti pridaje vokabularu i izgovoru, dok se o gramatici rijetko piše. Kada govorimo o nepravilnim glagolima, u školama se uči da govornici američkog engleskog koriste –ed nastavak, dok govornici britanskog engleskog koriste –t nastavak. Kako bismo provjerili kojoj su verziji engleskoj jezika hrvatski učenici više skloni, provelo se istraživanje u kojem su sudjelovali maturanti dviju gimnazija i studenti engleskog jezika. Istraživanje je pokazalo da obje grupe češće koriste američki engleski. Rezultati istraživanja mogu pružiti učiteljima bolji uvid u pogreške koje učenici rade tijekom usvajanja američkih i britanskih nepravilnih glagola.

The Oromo people are one of the ancient Kushitic speaking indigenous peoples of Africa. According to linguistic studies, archaeological findings and their Oral history, the original home of the Oromo is believed to be the Nubian Valley of the ancient Kushitic empire. They might have organized themselves as a nation, developed their holistic culture, the gadaa, about 4000 B.C. in their original home, then moved southwards and settled in their current regions as a single independent nation. However, the Abyssinian Emperor Minilik II, who got firearms from some European Christian Kingdoms, colonized the Oromo and built the current Ethiopian empire towards the end of 19th century. Since then the Oromo lost their independence, were economically marginalized and culturally segregated. Using this situation as an opportunity, the missionaries of Christianity and Islam expanded their religions and established their own religious institutions in Oromia. On one hand, these two new religions brought new cultural elements that could enrich the Oromo culture. On other hand, they destroyed some valuable Oromo cultural heritages preserved by the Oromo Indigenous Religion (OIR). Their mission agents did not carefully consider cultural elements that could have continued. Instead, they destroyed them indiscriminately. The OIR galmaas (worship houses) were destroyed together with Oromo cultural and symbolic objects, and were replaced by Church buildings and mosques. The Christian missionaries and their local agents assumed the OIR to be idolatry; its feasts, rites, and ritual practices contradictory to the Bible and the Christian faith. Therefore, at the baptismal rite they changed Oromo names to foreign names and discontinued Moggaasaa (OIR child naming rite). Among the Protestant groups of Oromo Christianity (OC), the Oromo's cultural songs and dances were regarded to be sinful and were therefore abandoned. Oromo cultural foods and drinks were also forbidden. Against such generalized judgment on the OIR this dissertation raises a question: Are OIR elements contradictory or compatible with the OC? To answer this question, I conducted scientific research, compared OIR and OC elements, and produced this dissertation. This work identifies some identical, similar, partially similar and some differing elements in the two Oromo religions (OIR & OC). It is my hope that these findings might contribute to a religious dialogue that aims to create a peaceful religious coexistence in Oromia and beyond.

The American political system is experiencing a crisis of hegemony. The moderate, bipartisan center that had been the mythical linchpin of American political identity during the "long Cold War" is facing the possibility of a terminal decline. Donald Trump's election is indicative of how this crisis has emboldened the American right. At the same time, however, the organized left is also resurgent in the United States. This article is a situated and provisional analysis of the American left resurgence midway through Trump presidency. The American left currently finds itself on unfamiliar political terrain. It is more energized today than it has been in decades. And yet, this rebirth comes with uncertainty. Four issues speak to the promise and challenges of the American left: the meaning and content of "democratic socialism," the left's relationship to the Democratic Party, bridging the divide between class and identity along which the left has fragmented since the 1980s, and the tension of organizing via both social movements and elections. These issues are likely to shape its organizing successes in the near future.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I: Thematic Essays -- Origins and History -- Geography -- Political Systems and Parties -- Religion -- Conflicts and Issues -- Social Organization and Family Life -- Gender Roles -- Housing and Settlements -- Life and Work -- Education -- Language -- Literature -- Media -- Food and Dress -- Music -- Cinema -- Part II: Country Profiles -- France -- Germany -- Iran -- Iraq -- Israel -- Lebanon -- Russia and Transcaucasia -- Sweden -- Syria -- Turkey -- United States -- Part III: Documents -- Sharafnama -- The Kurdish Shānāma -- Mem and Zin -- Report by the British Consul on the Sheikh Ubeydullah Revolt in 1880-1881 -- Sureya, Jaladet, and Kamuran Bedirkhan -- Treaty of Sèvres, August 10, 1920 -- Sherif Pasha's "Memorandum on the Claims of the Kurd People" to the Conference of Peace in Paris on February 6, 1919 -- Khoybun (also known as Hoybun and Hoyboon) -- The Legacy of Qazi Mohamed -- The Manifesto of March 11, 1970 -- The 1975 Algiers Agreement -- Hawar -- Muhammad Talab Hilal's 12-Point Memorandum and the Syrian Population Census of 1962 -- Democratic Confederalism -- Krive -- Article 140 of the New Iraqi Constitution from 2005 -- The Social Charta of West Kurdistan (Rojava) -- Yezidi Sacred Hymns -- Glossary -- Selected Bibliography -- About the Editor and Contributors -- Index

Men increasingly define themselves through the management of their bodies in today's media-driven society, and bodily ideals operate as a major point of cultural reference - influencing men's perceptions of their own bodies, and indeed their self-identities. One of the dominant modes of ideal male beauty in contemporary Japan, as embodied by many of the country's male actors, models, and celebrities, differs from the generalized Western ideal of muscularity; being slender, shōnen-like (boyish), and predominantly kawaii (cute) are in vogue. These clean-cut, boyish demeanors, I argue, visually allude to a type of male identity that is situated in a liminal realm between boyhood and manhood, embodies not only by adolescent boys but also by young men in that timespace between "adolescence" and what some societies see as manhood. The primary aim of this article is to examine a particular sector of the significance of this male beauty in contemporary Japanese popular culture - namely the bishōnen, the beautiful boy positioned between child and adult. While the term bishōnen has been used extensively in its literal sense - any beautiful young man, in studies of the aesthetic imagination of Japanese boyhood - it is much more than just a genre label; it denotes a critical concept and an imagined figure of the boy. This article examines bishōnen as a cultural imagination, a complex ideal of boyish identity in Japanese popular culture, and argues that the way bishōnen is perceived and conceptualized calls into question the widely assumed equation of human beauty with sexual desire - pointing to the potential of bishōnen beauty to be appreciated purely on an aesthetic level. (Asien/GIGA)

Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Overview of CD -- Definitions of Key Terms -- Organization of the Book -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Researching Compensated Dating -- Theoretical Framework -- Methodology -- Research Process -- Phase I: Cyber-ethnography -- Trustworthiness of the Qualitative Cyber-ethnographic Data -- Phase II: In-depth Interviews -- Gaining Access -- Interviewees Demography -- Phase III: Informal Conversations -- Phase IV: Offline Participant Observations -- Data Analysis -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: The Brothers-Part I: Men Who Buy Compensated Dating -- Who Are the Men Who Pay for Sex? -- Why Do Men Buy Sex? -- Desire for Particular Sexual Acts -- The Great Variety of Women -- Eroticization of Risk -- Avoidance of Intimacy -- Inability to Form a Conventional Relationship -- Discussion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: The Brothers-Part II: Why Compensated Dating? -- Experience of Purchasing Sex -- Destigmatization: CD vs. Prostitution, CCs vs. Sex Workers, and Brothers vs. Clients -- Masculinity -- Technological Evolution -- Discussion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: The Brothers-Part III: Becoming and Being a Brother -- The Process of Becoming -- Stage I: Exploration -- Stage II. Actualization -- Stage III. Protection -- Discussion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6: Why Do Girls Engage in CD? -- Materialistic Desires -- Plastic Sexuality -- Technological Advancement -- The Consequences of Plastic Sexuality and Modernity -- Discussion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7: More than Bounded Authenticity -- Girlfriend Experience Revisited -- Is GFE Always Pleasurable? -- Crossing the Commercial Boundary -- The Intersecting of the CD and Non-CD Worlds -- Romantic Relationships -- Discussion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8: Conclusion

There are many components and techniques which are driven by populist radical right parties from top to down. The most important issue can be seen here the populist radical right parties' linkages with civil society organizations, especially NGOs and social movements. Therefore, a question occurs from this point of view; How do populist radical right parties manifest themselves over civil society organizations? Does the relationship lead to a top-down mobilization? To address these questions, I need to determinate my framework about far-right political extremism and its populist manifestations. Mudde identifies the three defining features of populism which are also experienced and used in its far-right extremism version. These are anti­establishment, authoritarianism, and nativism. This three features are also crucial points to understand situation of civil society organizations and which are mobilized and organized from above. In first place; nativist character of populist radical right parties provide an identification for represented people, they declare who is "us" and who is "other", and who is "foe", and who is "enemy". This distinction is important, because the most important base and appeal is derived from here. Implication of this distinction to the relationship between the party-civil society organizations can be observed like who is going to be mobilized? Secondly, this party family also manifests itself with authoritarian attitude and it mostly relies on a charismatic leader. This perspective and political style also determinate how relationship will constitute between party and civil society organizations. This is going to bring a new understanding on civil society, social movements and NGOs' literature. How can we identify it as a democratic governance and organization or what? In other words, is there a new way of politics or formation of civil society? Thirdly, the most important onset of the populist radical right parties are derived from their anti­establishment characteristics. In this sense, they represent the voice of ordinary people. From this point, when populist radical right parties destroy established institutions and intellectual ideas in both society and the state level, it generates the new ones to replace them. The civil society organizations are going to be the most important apparatus during this demolition and reconstruction process. The reason why, they are going to use civil society organizations not as an intermediary institution, but also keeping closer to people. In these sense, how should civil society organizations be analyzed; as an objective and non-political institution, or instruments of the populist radical right parties? To develop deeper understanding and apply established research techniques to conduct my research, I will make an empirical study in Turkey and Hungary. With the abovementioned framework, I will analyze the relationship between the governing JDP (Justice and Development Party) and Anatolian Youth Association in Turkey on the one hand and Fidesz and Civic Circle Movement on the other hand. In this sense, 1 aim to put empirical data on my work which is collected by in-depth interviews in Turkish case and secondary material for Hungarian case.

Do parties target individuals or groups? Although this question is fundamental to understanding clientelism, the literature does not offer an answer. This paper argues that, depending on certain conditions, brokers target individuals when they are identifiable, and groups when brokers need to rely on the spillover effects of clientelism. Both identifiability and spillovers depend on individual poverty, group poverty, and political competition. Though the theory I outline focuses on targeting, I also argue that structural factors, such as the density of the poor, should be considered in the vote-buying literature. Structural factors are one of the few observables upon which brokers can base their decision regarding investing in clientelism. Using survey and census data from Brazil, the paper exploits variations in personal incomes within contexts of differing levels of municipal poverty. I find that political parties engage in segmented or ad-hoc strategies, targeting individuals when identifiability is high, and groups when there are economies of scale. Importantly, non-poor individuals can also be offered clientelism.

Intro -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Introduction -- References -- Part I: How Social Norms Shape Our Understanding of Corruption -- Democratic Norms, Political Money, and Corruption -- 1 I Know It When I See It -- Adding Norms to the Mix -- 2 Majorities, Silent and Otherwise -- Who Listens to People Like Me? -- 3 The Best Politics Money Can Buy -- 4 Democratic Distemper? -- References -- A Social Psychological View on the Social Norms of Corruption -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Societal Level of Corruption as a Determinant of Descriptive Norms -- 3 How Have Injunctive Norms of Corruption Evolved? -- 4 Does Frequent Also Mean Acceptable? -- 5 Behavioral Research on Injunctive/Descriptive Norms and Corruption -- 6 How Do People Acquire Social Norms? -- 7 Different Sources of Information About Norms -- 8 How Can Social Norms of Corruption Be Changed? -- 9 (Mass) Media as a Tool to Change Social Norms -- 10 Changing Norms Through Argumentation -- 11 Collective Approaches to Changing Social Norms -- 12 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Micro-perspectives on the Gender-Corruption Link -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Data, Sample and Methods -- Dependent Variable -- Independent Variables of Theoretical Interest -- Independent Variables Included As Controls -- Sample -- Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Religiosity and Corruption -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining Religion, Corruption, and Tolerance for Corruption -- 3 Basic Argument -- 4 Research Method and Data -- 5 Statistical Results and Discussion -- 6 Discussion -- References -- The Role of Mediated Scandals in the Definition of Anti-corruption Norms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Corruption Risk and Preventive Policies -- 3 "Scandal Is Corruption Revealed" -- 4 Ideas, Norms and Governance Failure