Suchergebnisse

Россия — одно из важнейших государств мира, а тем самым русский язык занимает высокое место в списке самых востребованных языков. Цель настоящей дипломной работы — исследовать важность русского языка и русской культуры для стран Европейского союза. Благодаря историческим, географическим и культурным связям, в некоторых странах, особенно в Прибалтике и на Балканах, проживает сравнительно большое число русскоговорящих, а эти страны ориентированы на интеграцию русского языка в своё общество. Более того, по всему Европейскому союзу доступно изучение русского языка и русской культуры. Помимо семейных обстоятельств, главной мотивацией изучения русского языка является бизнес, поскольку растёт спрос на русскоговорящее население — работников в сфере туризма. С другой стороны, русский всё ещё главным образом имеет статус языка национального меньшинства, что ставит его в более низкое положение, чем официальные языки Европейского союза. Таким образом, в большинстве случаев им не пользуются в работе европейских институтов. Однако благодаря стремлению продолжать хорошие дипломатические отношения между Россией и Европейским союзом, а также сильным экономическим и торговым отношениям, мы предполагаем, что русский язык в Европейском союзе ждёт светлое будущее. ; Rusija je jedno od najsnažnijih gospodarstava na svijetu, a samim time već dugi niz godina ruski jezik zauzima visoko mjesto na listi najtraženijih jezika. Svrha ovog diplomskog rada je istražiti važnost ruskog jezika i ruske kulture u zemljama Europske Unije. Zbog povijesnih, geografskih i kulturnih veza u nekim zemljama, posebice na Baltiku i Balkanu, prebiva znatno veći broj ruskih govornika te su te zemlje orijentiranije na integraciju ruskog jezika u svoje društvo. Nadalje, diljem Europske Unije nude se mogućnosti učenja ruskog jezika i upoznavanja ruske kulture. Osim obiteljskih razloga, glavna motivacija učenja ruskog jezika često je upravo ona poslovna, budući da je ruski sve traženiji za potrebe turizma i poslovne suradnje. S druge strane, još uvijek primarno ...

Россия — одно из важнейших государств мира, а тем самым русский язык занимает высокое место в списке самых востребованных языков. Цель настоящей дипломной работы — исследовать важность русского языка и русской культуры для стран Европейского союза. Благодаря историческим, географическим и культурным связям, в некоторых странах, особенно в Прибалтике и на Балканах, проживает сравнительно большое число русскоговорящих, а эти страны ориентированы на интеграцию русского языка в своё общество. Более того, по всему Европейскому союзу доступно изучение русского языка и русской культуры. Помимо семейных обстоятельств, главной мотивацией изучения русского языка является бизнес, поскольку растёт спрос на русскоговорящее население — работников в сфере туризма. С другой стороны, русский всё ещё главным образом имеет статус языка национального меньшинства, что ставит его в более низкое положение, чем официальные языки Европейского союза. Таким образом, в большинстве случаев им не пользуются в работе европейских институтов. Однако благодаря стремлению продолжать хорошие дипломатические отношения между Россией и Европейским союзом, а также сильным экономическим и торговым отношениям, мы предполагаем, что русский язык в Европейском союзе ждёт светлое будущее. ; Rusija je jedno od najsnažnijih gospodarstava na svijetu, a samim time već dugi niz godina ruski jezik zauzima visoko mjesto na listi najtraženijih jezika. Svrha ovog diplomskog rada je istražiti važnost ruskog jezika i ruske kulture u zemljama Europske Unije. Zbog povijesnih, geografskih i kulturnih veza u nekim zemljama, posebice na Baltiku i Balkanu, prebiva znatno veći broj ruskih govornika te su te zemlje orijentiranije na integraciju ruskog jezika u svoje društvo. Nadalje, diljem Europske Unije nude se mogućnosti učenja ruskog jezika i upoznavanja ruske kulture. Osim obiteljskih razloga, glavna motivacija učenja ruskog jezika često je upravo ona poslovna, budući da je ruski sve traženiji za potrebe turizma i poslovne suradnje. S druge strane, još uvijek primarno ima status jezika manjine, što ga stavlja u nižu poziciju od službenih jezika Europske Unije te se kao takav u većini slučajeva ne koristi u radu europskih institucija. Ipak, zahvaljujući nastojanjima da se održe dobri diplomatski odnosi između Rusije i Europske Unije, kao i snažnim ekonomskim i trgovinskim odnosima, čini se kako ruski jezik u Europskoj Uniji čeka svjetla budućnost. ; Russia is one of the world's most powerful economies, which has consequently placed Russian at the top of the list of most required languages for a long period of years. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the importance of Russian language and culture for the countries of the European Union. Due to historical, geographical and cultural ties certain countries, especially in the Baltics and the Balkans, have a significantly higher number of Russian speakers, and they are more orientated toward integrating Russian language into their society. Furthermore, possibilities for learning Russian language and culture can be found all over the European Union. The main motivation for learning Russian language, apart from family reasons, is business, given that there is an increased demand for Russian speakers in the tourism sector. On the other hand, Russian is still primarily categorized as a minority language, which places it in a lower position than the official languages of the European Union and thus it is generally not used in the work of european institutions. However, thanks to the efforts to maintain good diplomatic relations between Russia and the European Union, as well as strong economic and trade relations, it seems that a bright future awaits Russian within the European Union.

W artykule dokonano przeglądu prasy bukowińskiej z przełomu XIX i XX wieku. Przedmiotem analizy jest tu czasopiśmiennictwo różnych narodowości (w językach ukraińskim, niemieckim, rumuńskim i polskim) promujące idee tożsamości narodowej i konsolidacji ludności w warunkach współistnienia wielu kultur. Historia dziennikarstwa i drukarstwa na Bukowinie obejmuje okres ponad dwóch stuleci, na który składają się kolejne etapy szybkiego rozwoju, licznych przeobrażeń, a w końcu zaniku. W swoim długim trwaniu działalność ta przyczyniła się do rozwoju wielonarodowej kultury tej krainy; ówczesną prasę i książki cechuje językowa polifonia, pojawiają się publikacje w języku niemieckim, ukraińskim (ruskim, rusińskim), rumuńskim, polskim oraz jidysz. Liczne wydawnictwa i drukarnie miały na swoim koncie wielojęzyczne projekty, zdarzało się na przykład, że jeden tytuł ukazywał się równocześnie w kilku wersjach językowych. Okres austrowęgierski był dla tego rodzaju inicjatyw wyjątkowo sprzyjający, gdyż imperium to prowadziło politykę tolerancji i demokracji wobec ludów zamieszkujących jego terytorium. Spuścizna tego czasu, mimo że dość obfita, nie została jeszcze całkowicie zbadana. Choć istnieją prace poświęcone historii prasy i książki konkretnych narodowości, wciąż brakuje tu analizy kompleksowej, która objęłaby wielojęzyczną produkcję wydawniczą. Dlatego też głównym zamierzeniem artykułu uczyniono porównanie statystyczne i analizę wielojęzycznej prasy bukowińskiej w kontekście wzrostu tożsamości narodowej oraz ruchów oświatowych towarzystw narodowych z przełomu XIX i XX wieku. Za cel badań obrano: określenie roli towarzystw narodowo-oświatowych na Bukowinie w procesie kształtowania się tożsamości narodowej ludności lokalnej; wyodrębnienie periodyków, które pełniły rolę organów różnych idei narodowych i międzynarodowych; ogólną charakterystykę idei, tematów i rodzajów najbardziej znanych wydawnictw w różnych językach w świetle ich roli oświatowej. W literaturze podmiotowej i przedmiotowej znalazły się pochodzące ze wskazanego okresu wydawnictwa różnojęzyczne, wspomnienia uczestników ruchów narodowych, a także badania ówczesnych i współczesnych naukowców poświęcone historii prasy bukowińskiej oraz ogólnej historii drukarstwa. ; The article reviews the Bukovinian press at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The subject of the analysis is the periodicals of various nationalities (in Ukrainian, German, Romanian and Polish), promoting the ideas of national identity and the consolidation of the population in the conditions of the coexistence of many cultures. The history of journalism and printing in Bukovina covers a period of over two centuries, which consists of successive stages of rapid development, numerous transformations, and finally decay. In its long duration it contributed to the development of the multinational culture of this land; the then press and books are characterized by linguistic polyphony, there are publications in German, Ukrainian (Ruthenian, Ruthenian), Romanian, Polish and Yiddish. Numerous publishing houses and printing houses had multilingual projects to their credit, for example, it happened that one title was published simultaneously in several language versions. The Austro-Hungarian period was exceptionally favorable for such initiatives, as the empire pursued a policy of tolerance and democracy towards the peoples inhabiting its territory. The legacy of this time, although quite extensive, has not yet been fully explored. Although there are works on the history of the press and books of specific nationalities, there is still no comprehensive analysis that would include multilingual publishing production. Therefore, the main aim of the article was a statistical comparison and analysis of the multilingual Bukovinian press in the context of the growth of national identity and educational movements of national societies at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The research aims to: define the role of national and educational societies in Bukovina in the process of shaping the national identity of the local population; the selection of periodicals that acted as organs of various national and international ideas; general characteristics of the ideas, topics and types of the most famous publications in different languages in the light of their educational role. The subject and subject literature included multilingual publications from the indicated period, memories of participants in national movements, as well as research by contemporary and contemporary scientists on the history of the Bukovinian press and the general history of printing.

The Swedish colony of Gammalsvenskby (Старошведское) was founded 1782 on the lands of New Russia (Новороссия) by fishermen from the island of Dagö/Hiiumaa in the Baltic Sea. Villagers had frequent contacts with Sweden and the Grand Duchy of Finland throughout the nineteenth century. A number of Swedish cultural institutes (school, new church, library, chorus etc.) were built due to the Scandinavian aid in the village and as consequence the colonists received "an inoculation" of modern Swedish nationalism. During the first half of the 20th century the Swedish community near the Black Sea became the subject of the series of social experiments on the part of the different political regimes. The aim was to change the collective identity of the colonists and creation of loyalty of Swedes towards the new authorities. In 1923-1929 in the village under the guidance of the Ukrainian Central Commission for the National Minorities (ЦКНМ) the politics of the indigenization was provided with the aim of transforming former foreign colonists of the Russian Empire into a loyal ethnic minority of the Soviet Ukraine. However in 1929 the whole village (888 persons) emigrated to Sweden after negotiations between the Swedish and Soviet governments. In the historic fatherland a new large scale experiment was undertaken under the control of the specially created Committee (Gammalsvenskbykommittén). The aim of this experiment was to fully integrate the "archaic" Ukrainian Swedes into the modern Swedish society through their transformation into the successful Swedish farmers. The emigrants were denied a separate settlement in Sweden and newcomers were dissolved throughout the country to undergo "instruction of the Swedish norms of economic and every day activities." Appointed by the Committee inspectors were monitoring all the aspects of the integration of the old Swedes into the Swedish society. About 300 Swedish colonists who were not agree with the policy of Sweden voluntarily returned to the Soviet Union according to their own will. There in Röda Svenskby during five years under the guidance of the Comintern and rule of the Swedish Communist Party led by Hugo Sillén the experiment on the implementing the first Swedish kolkhoz and Swedish intentional community in the Soviet Union took place. The Soviet Union was unlike many other states in the world. This difference concerns not only the abolishment of private property and the dictatorship of the Communist Party, but also a nationalities policy based on internationalism. While ethnic minorities faced discrimination across Europe, the Soviet Union proclaimed in 1923, and then realized, a policy of full support of cultural and linguistic rights for ethnic minorities. However this policy changed dramatically when, in 1937, the Soviet government and the secret police (NKVD) started a mass operation in order to execute members of several ethnic minorities. For fourteen months in 1937 and 1938 roughly 250,000 people representing some 25 ethnic minorities from Finns to Iranians were executed by NKVD. The mass arrests did occur in Gammalsvenskby in 1937-38 and included 22 individuals from 41 Swedish families. The promotion of the Swedish culture was fully stopped simultaneously with the era of terror. In 1938 the Swedish school was closed, the national village council was dismissed and the administrative positions there were taken by non-locals. During World War II Swedish colonists accepted the status of Volksdeutsche. In 1943 all villagers together with their German neighbours were evacuated to Germany by the Nazi occupation forces. In 1945 about a hundred of the returning Ukrainian Swedes were deported by the Soviet secret police (NKVD) to the Komi autonomous republic – a Finno-Ugric region in northern Russia. The government decided to settle all former Volksdeutsche in the Gulag area alongside other enemies of the Soviet state "until further notice". The main purpose of the displacement and isolation of this "special contingent" was "to make them true Soviet citizens". Within the theoretical framework provided in the works of Michel Foucault and Alberto Melucci the author analyzes the techniques of forced normalization used by the Stalinist totalitarian state in order to reorient the cultural and linguistic identity of a Swedish ethnic group. The book is based on the archival sources in the repositories of Ukraine, Sweden and Russia. ; I boken analyseras de olika sociala experiment som invånarna i Gammalsvenskby i Ukraina utsattes för under 1900-talets första hälft. Från 1700-talet och framåt hade svenskbyborna täta kontakter med Sverige och Finland och behöll sin svenska identitet och kultur. Den stalinistiska staten försökte vid flera tillfällen förändra svenskbybornas kollektiva identitet. De skulle "normaliseras" och bli goda sovjetukrainska medborgare, medlemmar av internationella kommunistiska rörelsen och medvetna byggare av det socialistiska samhället. 1929 emigrerade samtliga invånare i Staroshvedskoe (888 personer) till Sverige, efter förhandlingar mellan den svenska och den sovjetiska regeringen. I Sverige sattes en mängd insatser in för att "integrera" Ukrainasvenskarna i det moderna samhället. De fick inte bosätta sig tillsammans och övervakades av inspektörer på praktikplatser, så att integrationen gick rätt till. Ungefär en tredjedel av Ukrainasvenskarna valde därefter att återvända till Sovjetunionen. Efter deras återkomst till Röda Svenskbyn genomfördes där ett experiment administrerat av Komintern och under ledning av kommunister från Sveriges kommunistiska parti. Experimentet gick ut på att bygga upp den första svenska kolchosen i Sovjetunionen. Under den Stora Terrorn arresterades och arkebuserades 23 svenskbybor, anklagade för att ha byggt upp en "svensk spionorganisation". Den tyska ockupationen av Ukraina medförde att Ukrainasvenskar blev offer för ännu ett experiment, denna gång i form av en nazi-germanisering av den svenska befolkningen i Altschwedendorf. 1945 förvisades svenskbybor av den sovjetiska säkerhetspolisen till Gulag eftersom de klassificerades som folkets fiender. Inom ramen för Michel Foucaults och Alberto Meluccis teorier undersökas i boken den sovjetiska tvångsnormaliseringens tekniker. Dessa användes framgångsrikt av myndigheterna för ideologisk, lingvistisk och kulturell omstöpning av Ukrainasvenskarna, men författaren visar också hur svenskbyborna gjorde kollektivt motstånd. ; Swedish colonies in Ukraine