Suchergebnisse

Die Arbeit stellt das Tiermedizinstudium in verschiedenen Ländern vor. Sinnvoll er-schien es, die Ausbildung von Tierärzten in einem Teil von benachbarten EU – Län-dern, Nicht – EU – Ländern und in den Vereinigten Staaten dem deutschen Tierme-dizinstudium gegenüberzustellen. Im Einzelnen wurden die Mitgliedsländer Deutschland, Österreich, Frankreich und die Niederlande, sowie die Nicht – EU – Staaten Tschechische Republik, Schweiz und Ungarn, und als außereuropäisches Land die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika ausführlich betrachtet. ; This paper introduces the study of veterinary medicine in different countries. It seemed to be useful to contrast the training of veterinarians in some of the neighbouring EU countries, non-EU countries and the United States with the veteri-nary training in Germany. The member states Germany, Austria, France and the Netherlands, as well as non EU states as the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Hungary, and the non-European country, the United States, are discussed in detail.

Tanning beds have been classified as carcinogenic to humans. As a result, many countries have enacted laws regulating the use of commercial tanning beds, including bans for minors. However, there is no international overview of the current legal status of access restrictions for minors that provides details on their specific design regarding age limits and possible exceptions to the statutory regulation. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive web search of current tanning bed legislation for minors on the three continents North America, Australia, and Europe. Our findings regarding the existence and concrete design of access restrictions are presented graphically, using maps. We found a wide variety of different legislations. In Australia, a total ban on tanning beds exists, while in New Zealand, tanning bed use is banned for minors. In Europe, about half of the countries have implemented a strict ban for minors. In North America, we found differences in the age limit for access restrictions between the states, provinces, and territories for those regions that implemented a ban for minors. In the United States, some states have rather "soft bans" that allow use by minors with different types of parental consent. The patchwork in legislation calls for harmonization. Therefore, our comparison is an important starting point for institutions such as the World Health Organization or the European Commission to advance their goals toward a harmonization of tanning bed legislation in general and for minors in particular.

Community-based health promotion with a focus on people with social disadvantages is essential to address persistently existing health inequities. However, achieving an impact on public health requires scaling up such approaches beyond manifold funded pilot projects. The aim of this qualitative review is to provide an overview of scaling-up frameworks in health promotion and to identify key components for scaling up community-based health promotion. First, we conducted a systematic search for scaling-up frameworks for health promotion in PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and SportDiscus. Based on the included frameworks, we created an a priori framework. Second, we searched for primary research studies in the same databases that reported scaling-up processes of community-based health promotion. We coded the data using the a priori framework. From 80 articles, a total of 12 frameworks were eligible, and 5 were included for data extraction. The analysis yielded 10 a priori defined key components: "innovation characteristics"; "clarify and coordinate roles and responsibilities"; "build up skills, knowledge, and capacity"; "mobilize and sustain resources"; "initiate and maintain regular communication"; "plan, conduct, and apply assessment, monitoring, and evaluation"; "develop political commitment and advocacy"; "build and foster collaboration"; "encourage participation and ownership"; and "plan and follow strategic approaches". We further identified 113 primary research studies; 10 were eligible. No new key components were found, but all a priori defined key components were supported by the studies. Ten key components for scaling up community-based health promotion represent the final framework. We further identified "encourage participation and ownership" as a crucial component regarding health equity.

Background: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic's initial waves, bans on visiting and isolation measures placed limits on providing services for seriously ill and dying people and their relatives. Pandemic response teams at governmental level (macro), at federal state and municipal level (meso) and in healthcare facilities (micro) played their role in pandemic management procedures. Aim: To explore pandemic-related challenges and solutions of pandemic response teams regarding the provision of care to seriously ill and dying people and their relatives. Findings were to be integrated into a national strategy (PallPan). Design: Semi-structured expert interviews (10/2020–2/2021) analysed via structured content analysis. Setting/Participants: We interviewed 41 members, who discussed the work of 43 German pandemic response teams (micro n = 23; meso n = 20; no members were available at macro level) from 14 German federal states. Results: Twenty-nine of 43 teams took account of the needs of seriously ill and dying. Their main challenges resulted from pandemic-related legal requirements in hospitals and long-term care facilities. The implementation of such was in the remits of the meso level. Dysfunctional or non-existent communication between the levels was reported to be challenging. To foster patient-related solutions the micro level pandemic response teams supported individual decisions to enable patient-relative contact for example, visiting and saying goodbye outside, meeting via digital solutions. Conclusions: Pandemic response teams evidently struggled to find appropriate solutions to ease pandemic-related impact on the care of seriously ill and dying patients and their relatives. We recommend bringing palliative care expertise on board.

Insufficient physical activity (PA) is one of major risk factors for serious diseases and premature mortality worldwide. Public policies to enhance PA across society are recognized as an effective tool against the problem. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of national-level PA policy approach in Poland. A standardized survey of Word Health Organization named the Health-Enhancing Physical Activity Policy Audit Tool (HEPA PAT) was used for data collection. Content analysis and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis (SWOT) were used to characterize various PA policy aspects, to appraise the current situation, and accommodate organizational and environmental factors that it is influenced by. The results show that the national PA policy approach has been constantly developing in Poland, but there is room for improvement in a number of areas. The most important weaknesses are the lack of clear leadership, no mechanisms in place to coordinate efforts undertaken at different levels, and lack of collaboration across different levels of government and across different sectors of economy. Providing an umbrella covering all PA promotion policies and activities is, therefore, a key issue to be addressed. The country should seize the opportunity coming from an increasing awareness of a healthy lifestyle among Polish society.

Ernährungsmitbedingte Erkrankungen, z. B. Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, verursachen einen Großteil der Todesfälle in Deutschland. Gleichfalls ist ein steigender Konsum von Speisen außer Haus feststellbar. Daher kann mit einer ernährungsphysiologischen Optimierung von Speisenrezepturen in der Außer-Haus-Verpflegung ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Steigerung der Ernährungsqualität und Gesunderhaltung allgemein geleistet werden. Obgleich es schon vereinzelt Ansätze gibt, Ernährungsmuster und Speisen zu bewerten, fehlt es an einem geeigneten Modell zur Bewertung einzelner Rezepturen auf Nährstoffebene und einem Konzept, wie dieses auch an Praxispartner herangetragen werden kann. Zudem sind der Bewerbung gesundheitsförderlicher Speisen Grenzen im Rahmen der EU-Gesetzgebung gesetzt. Daher hat sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der interdisziplinären und ganzheitlichen Konzeption eines Modells beschäftigt, von rechtlichen über kommunikative bis hin zu sozioökonomischen Aspekten. Daraufhin wurde exemplarisch ein Modell zur Bewertung von Speisen in der Außer-Haus-Verpflegung entwickelt, das gängige Hürden meistert und Schwachstellen verbessert. ; Diseases related to nutrition, e. g. coronary heart diseases, account für a majority of deaths in Germany. At the same time, the numbers for eating-out-of-home are increasing. Therefore, the optimisation of meals in public catering can contribute to an improvement of nutritional quality and health in general. Despite various attempts to assess nutritional patterns and foods, there is a lack of an adequate model to assess single recipes on the basis of nutrients and a lack of a concept on how to address project partners. Further, the EU legislations sets boundaries for advertisments of healthier meals. Therefore, this monograph focused on the interdisciplinary and holistic conception of a model, from legal to communicative and socioeconomic aspects. Existing models were examined. Based on that, a model for the assessment of meals in public catering was exemplarily developed, which should ...

Die afrikanische Schlafkrankheit (HAT), übertragen durch die Tsetse Fliege und ausgelöst durch den einzelligen Parasit Trypanosoma brucei, wird vor über 100 Jahren entdeckt. Diese unbehandelt immer tödlich verlaufende Erkrankung zählt zu den Neglected Tropical Diseases. Es existiert keine Impfung und die Behandlung ist nebenwirkungsreich. Das weltweite Forschungsaufkommen zu diesem Thema wird von 1900 bis 2016 anhand von Metadaten untersucht, die aus dem Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics) extrahiert wurden. Die 5079 Publikationen werden mittels bibliometrischer Parameter ausgewertet. Diese umfassen chronologische Publikationsparameter, Analysen der Länder, Institutionen, Autoren, Fachzeitschriften, Fachbereiche, Kooperationen und Geschlechterparität. Die Analyse zeigt ein aufkommendes Forschungsinteresse der Kolonialmächte Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in den okkupierten Koloniegebieten Afrikas. Zu dem Zeitpunkt als der Erreger entdeckt wird, grassiert eine Epidemie der Ost-und Westafrikanischen Schlafkrankheit. Mit Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges brechen die Publikationszahlen ein. Erst ab den 1970ern steigen die Artikelzahlen kontinuierlich. Die Vernachlässigung der Erkrankung resultiert in einer Epidemie mit geschätzt 300.000 Fällen (1998). In den letzten Jahren verringerte sich die Anzahl der Neuinfektionen erheblich, im Jahr 2016 werden 2184 Fälle gemeldet. Zwischen 1964 und 2013 kommt es zu einer mehr als 11-fachen Steigerung der Publikationen. Ab 1980 nehmen die Zitierungen sprunghaft zu, wahrscheinlich konnten viele neue Erkenntnisse aufgrund der hohen Prävalenz gewonnen werden. Der meistzitierte und produktivste Fachbereich ist die Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Der Anteil Pharmacology and Pharmacy nimmt kontinuierlich zu. Die Popularität könnte auf 2 Faktoren zurückgeführt werden, den steigenden Bedarf an neuen Medikamenten und den Einfluss der WHO. 2009 wird NECT als Kombinationstherapie zugelassen, 2018 folgt Fexinidazole. Das durchschnittliche Literaturverzeichnis vergrößert sich, ebenso die Forschungsgruppen, denn die durchschnittliche Autorenzahl steigt von 2,5 (1975) auf 8,03 (2014). Die Zahl der internationalen Kooperationsartikel wird innerhalb der letzten 30 Jahre versechsfacht. Die publikationsstärkste Nation ist die USA, gefolgt von Großbritannien, weiteren westeuropäischen Staaten sowie Kenia und Nigeria. 36% der 25 produktivsten Länder sind afrikanische. Gemessen an ihren ökonomischen Daten ist die Forschungsleistung extrem hoch. Unter den 15 produktivsten Institutionen ist als einziges afrikanisches das International Livestock Research Institut (Nairobi) vertreten. Diese Forschungseinrichtung wird durch Stiftungen wie Wellcome Trust finanziell unterstützt, welche bei mehreren hundert Publikationen als Funding Agency dient. Zwei weitere außeruniversitäre Institutionen zählen zu den produktivsten: Das Center of Infectious Disease Research (USA) sowie das Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (Belgien). Die zehn produktivsten Länderkooperationen finden innereuropäisch oder mit den USA statt, darunter existiert eine europäisch-afrikanische Kollaboration (ITM Antwerp, Ministry for für Public Health (DR Kongo)). Bei Analyse der europäisch-afrikanischen Kooperationen fällt auf, dass diese mit der ehemaligen Kolonialpolitik korrelieren könnten. Die meisten afrikanischen Nationen publizieren in Kooperationen, eine Ausnahme bildet Nigeria. Sie veröffentlichen nur 18,7% der Artikel in Zusammenarbeit. Sie sind das Land mit dem höchsten BIP der ausgewerteten afrikanischen Nationen. Der produktivste Autor ist E. Pays der an der Université Libre de Bruxelles forscht. Der meistzitierte Autor G.A.M. Cross von der Rockefeller University ist Verfasser von zwei der meistzitierten Artikel. Die erfolgreichsten Wissenschaftler stehen eher am Ende ihrer Karriere und fungieren meist als Letztautoren und als Leiter einer Einrichtung. Obwohl in den letzten Jahren eine zunehmende Geschlechterparität auf dem Forschungsgebiet identifiziert werden konnte, ist die Chancengleichheit für Frauen abhängig vom Land. In Brasilien überwiegt als einzige Nation der Anteil weiblicher Autoren, während Japan den geringsten Frauenanteil besitzt. 11,2% der Artikel erscheinen in der Fachzeitschrift Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology und deckt somit die beiden meistzugewiesenen Themenfelder ab. Infektiöse Erkrankungen, die vor allem Drittweltländer mit geringen finanziellen Möglichkeiten betreffen, müssen im Interesse der Weltgemeinschaft weiter intensiv erforscht werden. Um dies zu ermöglichen ist eine Finanzierung und Stärkung der Wissenschaft in den betroffenen Ländern vor Ort nötig. ; The African Sleeping Sickness (HAT), transmitted by the Tsetse fly and caused by the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei, was discovered over 100 years ago. This disease, always fatal if left untreated, belongs to the Neglected Tropical Diseases. No vaccine exists and the medical treatment has a great number of side effects. The worldwide research volume on this topic from 1900 to 2016 will be examined using metadata extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics). The 5079 publications are evaluated by instrumentalizing bibliometric parameters, including chronological publication parameters, analysis of countries, authors, journals, subject areas, cooperation and gender parity. This analysis shows an increasing research interest by the Colonial Powers in the occupied African colonies at the beginning of the 20th century. An epidemic of East- and Westafrican Sleeping Sickness was raging at the time the pathogen was discovered. With the outbreak of World War I, the numbers of publications dropped. The neglection of this disease resulted in an epidemic with estimated 300.000 cases (1998). The numbers of infections rapidly dropped in the last years, only 2184 cases were reported in 2016. The publication rate shows an eleven-fold increasement between 1964 and 2013. From the 1980's on, the numbers of citations rapidly increased, very likely due to a lot of scientific findings on the basis of the high prevalence of the disease. The most cited and most productive subject area is Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The percentage of Pharmacology and Pharmacy has steadily risen. The popularity of this subject could be attributed to two factors: on the increasing requirement of new medications and the influence of the WHO. In 2009 Nifurtimox-Eflornithine- Combination-Therapy was admitted, Fexinidazole followed in 2018. The average list of references grows as well as the size of the research groups, the average number of authors increased from 2,5 (1975) to 8,03 (2014). The number of the international cooperation articles has increased six-fold over the last 30 years. The nations with the most publications are the USA, followed by Great Britain, other Western European States as well as Kenia and Nigeria. 36% of the 25 most productive countries are African. Measured by their economic figures, the research output is extremely high. The International Livestock Research Institute (Nairobi) is the only African institute represented among the 15 most productive ones. This research facility is financially supported by foundations like Wellcome Trust, which serves as a funding agency for over hundreds of publications. Two further non- university institutes are included in the most productive ones: Center of Infectious Disease Research (USA) and Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (Belgium). The 10 most productive country cooperations take place within Europe or between Europe and the USA, among those, only one European-African collaboration (ITM Antwerp, Ministry for Public Health (DR Congo)) exists. An analysis of the African-European cooperations shows that these collaborations correlates with the former colonial politics. Most African nations publish in cooperation, except Nigeria. It published just 18,7% of its articles in collaboration. Nigeria is the country with the highest GDP among the evaluated African nations. The most productive author is E. Pays, who is researching at Université Libre de Bruxelles. The most cited scientist G.A.M. Cross from Rockefeller University is the author of two of the most cited articles. The most successful scientists tend to be at the end of their careers and usually act as last author and as the head of an institute. Although an increasing gender parity within the research field can be identified over the past years, the equal opportunities for women is country-specific. Brasil is the only nation showing a female quota higher than 50%, while Japan has the lowest percentage of female authors. 11,2% of the articles where published by the journal Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, which covers the two most assigned subject areas. Infectious diseases, which mainly affect third world countries with limited financial resources, must be further intensively researched, in the interest of the global population. In order to make this happen local funding support and strengthening of science in the affected countries is required.

Introduction: Obesity is classified as a global epidemic and judged to be the greatest public health threat in Western countries. The tremendously increasing prevalence rates in children lead to morbidity and mortality in adults. In many countries, prevalence has doubled since the 1980s. Other countries show a continuous increase or stagnate at a very high level. Given these regional differences, this study aims to draw a global world map of childhood obesity research, including regional epidemiological characteristics, to comprehensively assess research influences and needs. Methods: In addition to established bibliometric parameters, this study uses epidemiological data to interpret metadata on childhood obesity research from the Web of Science in combination with state-of-the-art visualization methods, such as density equalizing map projections. Results: It was not until the 1990s that belated recognition of the dangerous effects of childhood obesity led to an increase in the number of publications worldwide. In addition, our findings show that countries' study output does not correlate with epidemiologic rates of childhood obesity. In contrast, the primary driver of the research efforts on childhood obesity appears to be largely driven government funding structures. Discussion/Conclusion: The geographical differences in the epidemiological background of childhood obesity complicate the implementation of transnational research projects and cross-border prevention programs. Effective realization requires a sound scientific basis, which is facilitated by globally valid approaches. Hence, there is a need for information exchange between researchers, policy makers, and private initiatives worldwide.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is one of the most threatening pandemics in human history. As of the date of this analysis, it had claimed about 2 million lives worldwide, and the number is rising sharply. Governments, societies, and scientists are equally challenged under this burden. Objective: This study aimed to map global coronavirus research in 2020 according to various influencing factors to highlight incentives or necessities for further research. Methods: The application of established and advanced bibliometric methods combined with the visualization technique of density-equalizing mapping provided a global picture of incentives and efforts on coronavirus research in 2020. Countries' funding patterns and their epidemiological and socioeconomic characteristics as well as their publication performance data were included. Results: Research output exploded in 2020 with momentum, including citation and networking parameters. China and the United States were the countries with the highest publication performance. Globally, however, publication output correlated significantly with COVID-19 cases. Research funding has also increased immensely. Conclusions: Nonetheless, the abrupt decline in publication efforts following previous coronavirus epidemics should demonstrate to global researchers that they should not lose interest even after containment, as the next epidemiological challenge is certain to come. Validated reporting worldwide and the inclusion of low-income countries are additionally important for a successful future research strategy.