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While they have been experienced in public organisations for more than 30 years, strategic planning and management still raise a number of questions and doubts about their ability to improve public performance. The purpose of this article is to examine the processes for shaping the strategy in the public sphere and the type of strategic approach most suited to the characteristics of this sector. To this end, and as a first step, a theoretical analysis grid, based on the three main approaches to the strategy in the public sector, is being developed. As a second step, an exploratory case study is carried out, highlighting a complex strategic process that combines and hinges on rational, collaborative and political decision-making, as well as planned and incremental development. Comments for practitioners: this research highlights the need to combine different logic and approaches in the strategic steering of public organisations: rational logic, political logic and collaborative logic. In particular, the importance for public managers of developing skills in the development and management of inter-organisational networks and interpersonal relations was stressed. The ability to create interactions between a variety of stakeholders, both internal and external, to mobilise and direct collective intelligence towards the definition and implementation of public projects and policies is a key component of the strategic management of public organisations. ; International audience ; While they have been experienced in public organisations for more than 30 years, strategic planning and management still raise a number of questions and doubts about their ability to improve public performance. The purpose of this article is to examine the processes for shaping the strategy in the public sphere and the type of strategic approach most suited to the characteristics of this sector. To this end, and as a first step, a theoretical analysis grid, based on the three main approaches to the strategy in the public sector, is being ...

Two complementary approaches have been mobilised to highlight the potential links between environmental management, territorial income and development processes. The first approach is experimental and interdisciplinary, combining ecology, cognitive sciences and economy-management, in order to determine the quality of the facilities used (supply) and their perception (demand), followed by their translation into territorial production potential in the Massif des Bauges et du Sancy (France). The second approach is based on a quantitative method with a supervisory group. It compares socio-economic indicators, spatial structure and development allocations for municipalities belonging to Parcs Naturels Régionaux (NRPs) in Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes, linked to equivalent municipalities other than NRP. The first approach identified six systems of organisation perceived by 'users' in a positive and highly differentiated way according to their (permanent or temporary) mode of attendance. However, their environmental preferences are not reflected in territorial rents in the areas studied, both in terms of products and services. Nevertheless, there has been a potential for annuity for some products. The second approach shows that municipalities adhering to a NRP have higher tourism indicators (bed density, jobs) and that their economies are not negatively affected by NRP membership. In order to stimulate the development of territories, there is therefore a need for greater correspondence between their organisation and the associated valorisation of their products and services. ; International audience Two complementary approaches were used to show the potential links between environmental amenities, territorial rent and the development process. The first approach is experimental and multidisciplinary and associates the fields of ecology, cognitive science, management and economics, in order to assess the quality in terms of amenities of visited areas (supply) and their perception (demand), then their potential in terms of ...

Cabarets are important places of sociability in the ancient mesopotamia. Beer is breathe and sold there to consumers. Beer, which is made from barley and then, in the first millennium, also based on dates, is the main alcoholic beverage; the texts attest to different sorts, qualities, colours, some of which are flavoured with spices and aromas. Drinking beer is a sign of civilisation. In the Gilgameš eppopée, Enkidu, a wild man, lives in steppe with the animals, treats the grass and boils the water of the rivers. When he arrives with men, he eat bread and drink beer. We know two songs for drinking, which excuse the benefits of beer. According to J.-J. Glassner, one of them was singled out for the opening of a cabaret. Cabarets are attested from the beginning of the second millennium, but may have existed for a longer period. There are at least two terms referring to beverage establishments: bīt sābîm and aštammum. Only the first one is taken into account here, for the time of the Paleo-babylonian era (the beginning of the second millennium), a period which offers the most abundant documentation on the issue. Its vocabulary will first be examined, before considering the references to these establishments in the official texts (laws and editions) and in the documentation of the practice, which highlight their various functions. ; International audience ; Cabarets are important places of sociability in the ancient mesopotamia. Beer is breathe and sold there to consumers. Beer, which is made from barley and then, in the first millennium, also based on dates, is the main alcoholic beverage; the texts attest to different sorts, qualities, colours, some of which are flavoured with spices and aromas. Drinking beer is a sign of civilisation. In the Gilgameš eppopée, Enkidu, a wild man, lives in steppe with the animals, treats the grass and boils the water of the rivers. When he arrives with men, he eat bread and drink beer. We know two songs for drinking, which excuse the benefits of beer. According to J.-J. Glassner, ...

The reflection embodies this philosophical controversy in the field of legal sociology. More than an admission of the limits of knowledge, chance is a form of sociological or psychological necessity that flires with the nature of things. The rules governing the status and career of academics are hardly escaped, as evidenced by demographic, budgetary or historical constraints in training and adoption of the Staff Regulations, the creation or abolition of categories of academics, the institutionalisation of academic disciplines and the development of academic franchises. These creative forces of university law, which are apories of legal logic, must be supplemented by legal constraints, in particular constitutional constraints. The difficulty of ensuring faithful traceability of the causes of the law and the difficulty of summoning them in order to take the measure of free arbiter into them reveal the complexity of the social facts and justify recourse to the method of explaining the argument to the detriment of that of demonstration in the context of sociology without rigour of university law. ; The reflection writes down this philosophical controversy on the land of the legal sociology. More than a confession of the knowledge's limits, the luck is a form of sociological or psychological necessity which flirts with the nature of the things. The rules which govern the academic's condition and career there hardly escape as testifies the demographic, budgetary or historic constraints's weight in the statute's formation and the adoption, the creation or the deletion of academic's categories, the academic disciplines's institutionalization and the academic exemptions's evolution. These academic law's creative forces, aporias of the legal logic must be completed by the legal constraints notably constitutional. The faithful reconstruction's difficulty of the law's reasons and the one to classify it to take the measure of the free will there reveals the social facts's complexity and justifies the explanatory method of ...

electronic reference: Anna Greissing, "50 years of history of the JARI project. From a major project challenged to a model of entrepreneurial ethics? Policy Area [Online], 15, 2011-3. URL: http://espacepolitique.revues.org/index2118.html located at the confines of the Brazilian Amazon, the Jari region was populated until the middle of the 20th century exclusively by small communities dispersed in the forest and living from the extraction of natural resources (rubber, Brazil nuts). The arrival in 1967 of the American entrepreneur D.K. Ludwig, invited by the Geisel military government to "highlight" part of the Brazilian Amazon, is causing a major regional upheaval: in the middle of an intact tropical forest, it implements a huge economic development project based on mining (kaolin) and a number of large-scale agro-industrial activities (rice, livestock farming), including the production of cellulose based on monoculture. Socially contested and economically unprofitable, the 'Jari project', is still operating to the present day, claiming ownership of more than 1,2 million hectares in the Jari region. However, the 21st century project was developed by a company criticised for its 'waste of human and natural resources' in a modern, highly technical firm which encompasses several activities certified by the FSC (paper, cellulose and tropical forest exploitation). Moreover, the new management of the project since 2000 (the Orsa group, a paulist holding company) has been characterised by an innovative management model, based on the premisses of sustainable development and inspired by the ideas of corporate social and environmental responsibility (RSEE). Thus, the new Orsa management has succeeded not only in making the project profitable, but also in alleviating the social and political challenges caused by its negative impacts and in transforming part of its socio-environmental liabilities into an economic asset. To this end, and in order to respond to the contradictions in economic development caused by the clash ...

Centre for information and studies on international migration "Migration Society" 2011/4 No 136, pages 3 to 12 ISSN 0995-7367 Article available online at Cairn.info Electronic Distribution for International Migration Information and Studies Centre. © International Migration Information and Studies Centre. All rights reserved for all countries. Reproduction or representation of this article, in particular by photocopying, is authorised only within the limits of the general conditions of use of the site or, where applicable, the general terms and conditions of the licence entered into by your establishment. Any other reproduction or representation, in whole or in part, in any form and manner, shall be prohibited unless the publisher has given its prior written consent, except in the cases provided for by the legislation in force in France. It is specified that storage in a database is also prohibited. ; International audience ; Centre for information and studies on international migration "Migration Society" 2011/4 No 136, pages 3 to 12 ISSN 0995-7367 Article available online at Cairn.info Electronic Distribution for International Migration Information and Studies Centre. © International Migration Information and Studies Centre. All rights reserved for all countries. Reproduction or representation of this article, in particular by photocopying, is authorised only within the limits of the general conditions of use of the site or, where applicable, the general terms and conditions of the licence entered into by your establishment. Any other reproduction or representation, in whole or in part, in any form and manner, shall be prohibited unless the publisher has given its prior written consent, except in the cases provided for by the legislation in force in France. It is specified that storage in a database is also prohibited. ; Centre d'information et d'études sur les migrations internationales | « Migrations Société » 2011/4 N° 136 | pages 3 à 12 ISSN 0995-7367 Article disponible en ligne àDistribution électronique ...

International audience According to a grand narrative that long ago ceased to be told, there was a seventeenth century Scientific Revolution, during which a few heroes conquered nature thanks to mathematics. This grand narrative began with the exhibition of quantitative laws that these heroes, Galileo and Newton for example, had disclosed: the law of falling bodies, according to which the speed of a falling body is proportional to the square of the time that has elapsed since the beginning of its fall; the law of gravitation, according to which two bodies are attracted to one another in proportion to the sum of their masses and in inverse proportion to the square of the distance separating them -- according to his own preferences, each narrator added one or two quantitative laws of this kind. The essential feature was not so much the examples that were chosen, but, rather, the more or less explicit theses that accompanied them. First, mathematization would be taken as the criterion for distinguishing between a qualitative Aristotelian philosophy and the new quantitative physics. Secondly, mathematization was founded on the metaphysical conviction that the world was created pondere, numero et mensura, or that the ultimate components of natural things are triangles, circles, and other geometrical objects. This metaphysical conviction had two immediate consequences: that all the phenomena of nature can be in principle submitted to mathematics and that mathematical language is transparent; it is the language of nature itself and has simply to be picked up at the surface of phenomena. Finally, it goes without saying that, from a social point of view, the evolution of the sciences was apprehended through what has been aptly called the "relay runner model," according to which science progresses as a result of individual discoveries. Grand narratives such as this are perhaps simply fictions doomed to ruin as soon as they are clearly expressed. In any case, the very assumption on which this grand narrative relies can be ...

The crisis in the profession of architect is often explained by the impact of the two oil shocks on the building sector. Several years of growth have forced to change this diagnosis. Despite the recent record of the building, architects still say that they are practising a "damaged profession", which can no longer be a sign of an economic crisis. The two competing assumptions, economic crisis vs. crisis of legitimacy, are tested in the prosperous period of the Trento Glorieux. All the signs of the current crisis are already present in the testimonies of architects of those years, describing the negative consequences of market penetration of consultancy firms and demands for independence from an increasing number of players. ; French architects professional crisis is often said to result from the impact of two oil crises on the building trade. Several years of prosperity force to change this diagnosis. In spite of recent building records, French architects still claim to exercise a "disaster profession" that can be no more a sign of economic crisis. The two rival hypotheses, economic crisis vs. crisis of legitimacy, are tested during the 'Trente Glorieuses' prosperous period. Architects' testimonies of these years present all the warning signs of the current crisis. They describe the harmful consequences of design offices' breaking into the market, and the independence claims of a growing number of actors. ; The crisis in the profession of architect is often explained by the impact of the two oil shocks on the building sector. Several years of growth have forced to change this diagnosis. Despite the recent record of the building, architects still say that they are practising a "damaged profession", which can no longer be a sign of an economic crisis. The two competing assumptions, economic crisis vs. crisis of legitimacy, are tested in the prosperous period of the Trento Glorieux. All the signs of the current crisis are already present in the testimonies of architects of those years, describing the negative ...

The restructuring of the armaments industries is first presented as a factor of "creative destruction". Since military and strategic needs are different from those required during the Cold War, the new forms of armaments are also based on the "disarmament" of a number of activities. The influence of these processes is heterogeneous and depends on the conditions under which they are put in place. Finally, since 11 September 2001, global geopolitical conditions have changed. This raises new questions about the new means to be put in place to tackle the new threats. Globalisation, dominated by the richest countries, does not necessarily lead to peace. Today's military authorities combine insatiable demand for new weapons and increased aversion for their use, for fear of the use of nuclear weapons. ; International audience The restructuring of the arms industries is first presented as a factor of "creative destruction". As the military and strategic needs are different from those needed during the Cold War, new forms of armaments are also based on the "disarmament" of a number of activities. The influence of these processes is heterogeneous, it depends on the conditions of their implementation. Finally, since September 11, 2001, global geopolitical conditions have changed. The result is new questions about new ways to tackle new threats. Globalization, dominated by the richest countries, does not necessarily lead to peace. Today's military authorities are combining an insatiable demand for new weapons with increased aversion to their use for fear of using nuclear weapons. ; The restructuring of the armaments industries is first presented as a factor of "creative destruction". Since military and strategic needs are different from those required during the Cold War, the new forms of armaments are also based on the "disarmament" of a number of activities. The influence of these processes is heterogeneous and depends on the conditions under which they are put in place. Finally, since 11 September 2001, global ...

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, major economic, political and social changes have emerged in the Central and Eastern European countries. Among these transformations, the emergence of new economic operators, their adaptation to market conditions and in particular their entry into the global networks are changing, day by day, the old balances between European metropolitan areas. Certaineslarge cities such as Budapest and Warsaw are undergoing an original process of adaptation to new economic, political and technical conditions, which is the result of both their history and their transformative capacity. In broad terms, recent developments in the Polish capital are marked by a spread of the population, a deconcentration of employment, the emergence of commercial hubs in the periphery and the emergence of a business centre. The city becomes multicentric while maintaining a largely dominant centre in terms of employment (Bourdeau-Lepage, 2002). In 1996, Warsaw, with a population of more than 1,6 million, ranked the same among European cities after Budapest but before Prague. The demographic position of the Polish capital in the enlarged Europe, but above all its spatial and sectoral development, raises questions about its place in the network of European and even global economic metropoles. These metropoles concentrate a part of the coordination functions linked to production and trade. Their strategic activity is the input, processing and dissemination of information. They specialise in decision-making, monitoring and creation functions. They are characterised by both a high urban and intra-urban concentration of metropolitan functions performed by higher services (Bourdeau-Lepage -Huriot, 2003). They organise long-distance economic interactions and maintain intense relations with cities of the same rank in a network logic. For example, a metropolis coordinates economic interactions with a dual logic of intra-urban specialisation and interurban networks. The assessment of Warsaw's ability to become a metropolis ...

is there a turning point in cultural policy in France? A number of phenomena, not all recent, point to the fact that the building that has been in place for more than 40 years has a few lezards. On the cultural practices side, statistical disappointments have accompanied the implaceable rigour of bourdieusian analyses over the last 20 years. On the economic logic side, the cultural exception appears to be overshadowed every day by the growing weight of transnational strategies and global trade balances. Philosophically, the old culture-democracy light equation obscures the contemptors of mass culture. In the past seven years, the upward trend in public support has shown new irregularities both on the part of the State and on the part of local authorities. At the territorial level, the emergence of new inter-communal challenges reveals the heterogeneity of local beliefs with regard to a cultural policy which everyone could believe to be legitimate in itself. It is against this background that the possibility of a new division of responsibilities between local and national public authorities in the field of cultural action is discussed. Even if, as we will see, the actual legal dimension of this debate is probably more the result than the key to the process, it is important to establish the basis on which this new stage could start. The aim of this article is therefore to take stock of the current territorial dynamics of cultural policies. After a brief reminder of what has hitherto been the subject of state intervention, we will analyse the economic and political distribution of cultural action between the three levels of local and regional authority: municipalities, departments and regions. Since one of the originalities of the French system is its place for cultural devolution, we will study the content and effects of the partnership between the Member States and local and regional authorities within the regional framework, in which the action of the Regional Directorates for Cultural Affairs is currently ...

Since the late 80s, emerging economies have started a process of financial liberalisation in the context of a significant increase in the number of banking crises. They show in particular the importance of taking the institutional framework into account when analysing the implications of financial liberalisation. In this paper we seek to avoid excessive market alternatives/market insufficiency by stressing that the conditions for the sustainability of financial reforms are the search for complementarity between the market and intermediation in emerging countries. The idea is that the response to financial instability must be understood in an institutional dynamic where emerging economies would use the benefits of an intermediated system to strengthen the market process. Keywords: emerging markets, financial crisis, financial liberalisation, market and institutions Abstract Financial Liberalisation and Stability of the Financial System in Emerging Markets: the institutional dimension of financial crises Emerging economies which have implemented since the end of the 80's financial liberalisation process has been Confronted at the same time to banking crisis. This latter highlight the role played by the institutional framework in the financial liberalisation process. The objective of this paper is to go through the usual alternative too much/too little market in order to explain that the success of any liberalisation process links on the completeness of the market and the intermediary. The point is that the solution to financial independence is to be found into an institutional dynamics into which emerging economies may benefit from intermediaries in order to enforce the market process. ; International audience ; Since the late 80s, emerging economies have started a process of financial liberalisation in the context of a significant increase in the number of banking crises. They show in particular the importance of taking the institutional framework into account when analysing the implications of financial ...

Recycling helps to limit or slow down the creation of entropy of the material system; however, full recycling appears unrealistic, in particular due to physical degradation of the material.The article aims to show that very high recycling rates can only be achieved through "loop" recycling, as opposed to "cascading" recycling. Examples of this are the cases of a few materials: firstly, the case of cardboard paper in 2000 at European level. In addition, plastics and, very succinctly, aluminium. In addition, the case of glass refers to an article already published in Waste, Sciences and Techniques No 13, 1994.However, for a more comprehensive view, the analysis will have to incorporate the energy, environmental, economic and social balances. ; International audience A limit to sustainable development could be the exhaustion of some natural resources. A counterpoint is represented by a global closed-loop replenishing system, but real cycles cannot be completely closed. Concerning material systems a factor of entropy lies in losses of physical properties. However recycling is a way to reduce or slow up entropy of material systems. To reach very high recycling rates, loop recycling, and not only cascade recycling, is needed.Cases of some materials provide illustration : at first the case of paper (and cardboard) for the year 2000 at an European level (on the basis of data from the European Recovery Paper Council). The case of plastics is surveyed too ; by comparison with paper, their recycling rates are low ; however not only mechanical recycling but also chemical (feedstock) recycling and energy recovery have to be taken into account. Another case is aluminium, with a high recycling rate, and the case of glass has been considered previously (Déchets, Sciences et Techniques n° 13, 1994).For a global view, the logic in terms of material entropy would have to be supplemented by energy and environmental balances and economic and social aspects. ; Recycling helps to limit or slow down the creation of entropy of the ...