Not only Russian, but also foreign modern legal science bypasses the issue of the legal nature of the state's right to expropriate private property. Its limits and limitations are unclear, as are the guarantees of the right to private property. In most cases, the right to expropriate is perceived as a given and the prerogative of the state. However, it is quite obvious that the principle of the certainty of law presupposes the normative clarity of the regimes and types of expropriation, the conditions for its implementation in relation to other restrictions and methods for the forced termination of the right to private property. In conditions of high turbulence in international relations, the question of the correlation between the norms of international, private international and national (domestic) law in determining the mechanism and legal regime of expropriation is especially relevant. Discussions on the relationship between the legal mechanisms of expropriation and nationalization, on the denition of criteria and the very legal nature of the compensation due to a private owner during expropriation do not leave the agenda. Particularly acute is the question of the grounds and forms of international responsibility of states exercising the right to expropriation, both in violation of the general norms and principles of international law, and special in relation to expropriation in relation to the interests and rights of private owners. The attention of the author is focused on this issue in connection with the emerging negative trends in the development of lawmaking in this area, not only at the national, but also at the international level.
Предметом анализа настоящей статьи являются криптовалюты и их функции в современной экономике. Цель исследования - выявление возможностей выполнения криптовалютой основных функций денег и условий, при которых она может быть признана в качестве национальной денежной единицы. В процессе подготовки статьи использовались исторический, логический, сравнительный и статистический методы анализа. Во исполнение поставленной цели было проанализировано на конкретных примерах выполнение криптовалютой функций меры стоимости, средства платежа, накопления и мировых денег. При анализе выполнения крипто - валютой функции мировых денег раскрыто ее внутреннее противоречие («первородный грех»), препятствующее признанию ее в качестве национальной денежной единицы и как срдства межгосударственных расчетов. По итогам исследования сформулирован вывод, что наиболее вероятная возможность разрешения этого противоречия состоит в создании стейблкоинов. Выделяются два направления на этом пути. Одно связано с проектом Facebook по созданию стейблкоина Либра, который должен контролироваться сообществом крупнейших цифровых компаний, но без участия государства. Второе касается создания государственных крипто - валют, обеспеченных либо фиатными деньгами, либо физическими активами, либо другими цифровыми валютами, выпуск и обращение которых должны происходить под государственным контролем. Именно на этом пути сегодня наблюдается высокая активность центральных банков. Результаты исследования могут быть полезны при разработке теории денег, а в практическом плане - при выработке концепции цифрового рубля.
A. de Montchretien is known mainly by the fact that in 1615 coined the term «political economy», which became the name of science. The purpose of this publication is to consider what the author puts in this concept. At this angle the first time in the domestic literature was analyzed «Treatise on political economy» by A. de Montchretien (used the publication of 1889 in the edition T. Funk-Brentano). The article shows that Montchretien uses the phrase «political economy» for the presentation of a set of rules of economic activity across the state. The ideal of Montchretien – economically active people, honest and hardworking and the country, similar to a well-managed company. In his treatise the author tries to answer the main questions of political economy – what is national wealth, where is its source and what are the methods to increase it? An analysis of his book leads to the conclusion that he came to an understanding of wealth as a natural product created by labor. This allows to put Montchretien between mercantilists and economists of the classical school of political economy.
Economic integration in the EEU region naturally captures the area of cooperation in the monetary sphere, which is a more high-level stage of integration in its classical understanding. The imbalances in macroeconomic development and a number of problems in the monetary systems of the EEU member-countries are an obstacle to the intensification of cooperation in the monetary sphere. One of the significant problems, common to all the EEU member-states is the dollarization of their economies, which imposes restrictions on the ability of monetary bodies to regulate macroeconomic processes in the country. Replacing national currencies in settlements, payments and savings with «hard currencies» reduces the efficiency of transmission channels, worsens volatility indicators of national currencies and strengthens the spiral of formation of negative expectations regarding inflation levels. An increase in the debt load denominated in foreign currency, in particular for individuals, creates additional risks to the monetary systems of countries. This article is devoted to the study of the problems of dollarization of the economies of the EEU member-states, of the required de-dollarization measures, as well as to the analysis of the prospects for the de-dollarization process spreading at the regional grouping level.
В статье рассмотрены некоторые наблюдения и умозаключения, сделанные французским путешественником и литератором А. де Кюстином в течение нескольких летних месяцев 1839 г., проведенных им в России. Он тогда ездил по стране, побывав не только в ее крупнейших городах, но и в провинции. В отечественной историографии уже имеется немало работ о Кюстине и его книге «Россия в 1839 году». Однако представляется интересным проанализировать не только обобщенные суждения Кюстина о России, но и конкретные детали, приведенные в его знаменитой книге. В ней не слишком много зарисовок провинциальной жизни, зато есть масса дорожных впечатлений. Дорожная традиция – это условия, обстоятельства и ситуации, которые сопутствовали дальнему сухопутному перемещению. Такая тематика находится на пересечении исторического знания с антропологическим и этнографическим. Она связана с социальным измерением повседневности. Дорожная традиция России привлекала пристрастное внимание путешественников-иностранцев, которые вольно или невольно сравнивали ее с более привычными для них иноземными дорожными обстоятельствами и ситуациями. Кюстин подмечал особенности уличного движения и экипажей, дорожное обустройство, сценки на загородных трактах и многое другое. Изученные и прокомментированные в статье материалы позволяют уточнить отношение Кюстина к дорожной традиции России. Было бы неверно полагать, что он лишь критиковал российское провинциальное дорожное обустройство. Некоторые его наблюдения в достаточной мере точны, что подтверждается иными историческими источниками, тем самым делая их интересными для нас. Однако в случае с некоей параллельной дорогой на участке между Петербургом и Москвой, якобы существовавшей ради удобства российского самодержца, он оказался не вполне прав. Привычка Кюстина по самым разным поводам вдаваться в морализаторство, блистая мыслями и формулировками, в этом случае сыграла с ним злую шутку. This paper discusses some observations and conclusions made by Astolphe de Custine, a French traveler and writer, during the summer months he spent in Russia in 1839. He traveled a lot around Russia and visited not only the largest cities of the empire but also the provinces. There are quite a few works about de Custine and his book Russia in 1839 in Russian historiography. However, it is important to pay attention not only to his generalized judgments about Russia but also to the specific details that are included in his famous book. The book contains few sketches of Russian provincial life, but a lot of road impressions of Custine's travels in the Russian provinces. The road tradition encompasses the conditions, circumstances and situations that accompanied the long-distance overland movement. This topic is located at the intersection of historical knowledge, anthropology, and ethnography. It is connected with the social dimension of daily life. The road tradition of Russia attracted close attention of foreign travelers, who voluntarily or involuntarily compared it with their native road circumstances and situations to which they were more accustomed. Custine noticed the peculiarities of traffic and carriages, road improvement, scenes on suburban highways, and much more. The material reviewed and commented on in this paper makes it possible to clarify Custine's attitude to the road tradition of Russia. It would be wrong to assume that he did nothing more than criticized the Russian provincial road infrastructure. Some of his observations are quite accurate, which is confirmed by other historical sources, and therefore are of interest to us now. However, in the case of a parallel road between St Petersburg and Moscow, which allegedly existed for the convenience of the Russian tsar, he turned out to be mistaken. In that instance, Custine's habit of moralizing, shining with his thoughts and formulations on various occasions, played a mean trick on him.
This article focuses on the role of personality in the case of Brexit, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union on January 31, 2020. A decisive step in Brexit were the general elections on December 12, 2019, in which Boris Johnson, Conservative Prime Minister of the UK and advocate of Brexit, defeated Jeremy Corbyn, Leader of the Labour Party and 'neutral' about Brexit. Political psychology considers personality as a major factor in political developments. This article presents the results of an assessment of the personalities of Johnson and Corbyn, and it argues that the personality of these key players influenced the Brexit process. The analysis is based on the theory and methods of Immelman, Immelman & Steinberg, and Mastenbroek. Our findings suggest that Johnson's charismatic personality, his dominant leadership style, and his negotiating skills contributed to his electoral victory and to the realization of Brexit. Johnson profited from Corbyn's lack of personal charisma and from his undecisive and divisive leadership regarding Brexit.
This article highlights the difference between Jean Renart's novels and French novels of the "golden" 12th century. Its main feature is the absence of magic and Breton material. Instead, Jean Renart and some other 13th-century authors build their novels on the "material of reality". During the 20th century, these novels were considered examples of the so-called "medieval realism". Th e idea was introduced by French medievalist Anthime Fourier, who distinguished an "escape novel" (roman évasion) and a "mirror novel" (roman mirroir). Th e latter is a "refl ection" of reality, and the former is based on the Breton or Ancient Greek material. However, this distinction is controversial: the concept of "refl ection" of reality cannot be applied to 13th-century texts. More likely, the elements of "reality" — description of food, clothes, character's appearance, and gestures — are also artistically transformed material, similar to the Breton material. They have a particular function and influence a character's image and plot development. In this article, we analyze the elements of the "material of reality" and show how they are integrated in the novel's universe. Also, this research provides a better insight into Jean Renart's artistic methods: the "material of reality" becomes a canvas of which his text is made, transforming a "conte" into a "romans".
The article is devoted to the study of two works created by the outstanding Spanish philosopher and writer M. de Unamuno in 1920-1922. Based on Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet, a poem (1920) and an article (1922) with the same title Repose is Silence were written. Their name is interpreted by Spanish researchers as a curious translation error of Hamlet's last words: "The rest is silence". The considered works are vivid examples of meta-translation reflecting the conceptual image of the artist's world. The study and reconstruction of the context of the creation of two texts and the analysis of their ideological and artistic content allow not only to get closer to understanding the peculiarities of the linguistic consciousness of the Spanish philosopher and poet, but also to understand the huge potential of meta-translation as the realization of Bakhtin's idea of the life of great works in the 'big time' of culture. These Unamuno meta-translations embody two artistic methods of mastering Shakespeare's spiritual experience and at the same time are the result of Unamuno's understanding of the Spanish (and wider European) reality of the turning point.
Until recently, the history of the Francophone sociolinguistics has known two dictionaries of sociolinguistic terms. The article provides the context of the development of a new dictionary of sociolinguistics edited by J. Boutet and J. Costa, published in Paris in 2021, the main purpose of which, according to the authors, is to reflect the current state of sociolinguistics. The brief description of the structure, as well as of the word-list of the dictionary, the analysis of the composition of the dictionary entry and specific examples of definitions allow us to draw conclusions about the peculiarities of the reviewed issue. In addition, this collective publication seems to be essential not only as a new tool for further research, but also as the confirmation of the active development of sociolinguistics as the independent branch of the science of language.
I.I. Shuvalov, after reading the poem Man-Godby Genu-Soalhat de Mainvilliers, decided to commission its author to write an epic poem about Peter the Great; he invited the potential author to Moscow and gave him the post of a teacher in the gymnasium of the Imperial Moscow University, which he fulfilled for a very short time. He carries out the commission to completion; but the epic becomes obsolete at the time of publication, incurring (both the content and one of the engravings in the edition) the wrath of Empress Catherine II. This poetic work meets with an unkind reception. It differs in character from most epic poems, being less 'poetic' and more down-to-earth than other representatives of the genre, and containing few elements of the genre's obligatory or nearly obligatory features or the epic poem's characteristic topoi. There are few touching or horrific scenes; there is only one duel. The epic consists of ten books. It has been seen as a subjugation to Voltaire's Henriade. This is only partly true. Such a number among the authoritative repre-sentatives of the genre, apart from Voltaire, is contained in Lucan's Farsaliaand Camoens' Lusiades. Menvillier's structuring 'prophetic' part is contained in Book VI (Voltaire's in Book VIII, Lucan's in Book VI, Camoens' at the end). Assuming that the original idea envisaged 12 books (which is hinted at by the uneven distribution of material: five books before the 'prophetic' contain the prehistory, while four are devoted to almost the entire Northern War), one would expect the structure to reproduce the Aeneid. It would be interesting to consider its ideological conception in the context of the use of the figure of Peter in Russian propaganda addressed to Western European countries.
