Suchergebnisse

Ævintýrið "La Belle et la Bête" eða "Fríða og dýrið", eftir Madame de Villeneuve kom út í París árið 1740. Sagan var stytt og endursögð af Madame Leprince de Beaumont en hún gaf söguna út í London árið 1756 í Magasin des enfants, fræðslu og skemmtiriti sem ætlað var enskum nemendum hennar. Í þeirri gerð varð ævintýrið þekkt víða um lönd enda var bók Beaumonts lengi notuð við frönskukennslu. Þessi fræga saga er eitt þeirra fáu frönsku bókmenntaverka sem þýdd voru á íslensku á 18. öld. Hannes Finnsson, biskup í Skálholti, þýddi söguna og birti, undir heitinu "Skrýmslið góða", í verki sínu Kvöldvökurnar 1794. Í inngangsorðum sínum að Kvöldvökunum fjallar Hannes um þýðingarstarfið og áherslur sínar sem þýðandi. Í þessari grein er rýnt í þýðingu Hannesar á þessu fræga ævintýri sem naut mikilla vinsælda hérlendis á 19. öld og þýðingin birt óstytt.

This introductory chapter focuses on the multiple and diverse representations of urban communities and their infinite complexity. Firstly, the chapter introduces samples of recent representations of the city of Reykjavík, from Icelandic artists and scholars. Then the focus shifts to Enrique del Acebo Ibáñez´s theoretical ideas, as revealed in his book Sociología del arraigo: Una lectura crítica de la teoría de la ciudad (1996), (Sociology of Rootedness: Theories on the Origin and Nature of Urban Communities), translated into Icelandic in 2007, where he discusses the complex phenomenon of the "city" and questions the role of its inhabitants. His reflections substantiate previous theories of scholars such as Ferdinand Tönnies, Emile Durkheim, Georg Simmel, Oswald Spengler, René König and Henri Lefebvre, whose writings are introduced and discussed in the chapter as well. Finally, the chapter applies a critical approach to a brief analysis of well-known Latin American narrative readily available in Icelandic, such as One hundred years of solitude (Cien años de soledad, 1967) by Gabriel García Márquez, The House of the Spirits (La casa de los espíritus, 1982) by Isabel Allende, and Amulet (Amuleto, 1999) by Eduardo Bolaño.

ParlaMint is a multilingual set of comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after October 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the ParlaMint TEI-encoded corpora with the derived plain text version of the corpus along with TSV metadata on the speeches. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. Note that there also exists the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, which is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1405.

ParlaMint is a multilingual set of comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after October 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1388. The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization, sentence segmentation, lemmatisation, Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, such as PoS tagging or named entities according to language-specific schemes, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools. The compressed files include the ParlaMint.ana XML TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpus; the derived corpus in CoNLL-U with TSV speech metadata; and the vertical files (with registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project.

ParlaMint 2.1 is a multilingual set of 17 comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (after November 1st 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the ParlaMint TEI-encoded corpora with the derived plain text version of the corpus along with TSV metadata on the speeches. Also included is the 2.0 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. Note that there also exists the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, which is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1431.

ParlaMint 2.1 is a multilingual set of 17 comparable corpora containing parliamentary debates mostly starting in 2015 and extending to mid-2020, with each corpus being about 20 million words in size. The sessions in the corpora are marked as belonging to the COVID-19 period (from November 1st 2019), or being "reference" (before that date). The corpora have extensive metadata, including aspects of the parliament; the speakers (name, gender, MP status, party affiliation, party coalition/opposition); are structured into time-stamped terms, sessions and meetings; with speeches being marked by the speaker and their role (e.g. chair, regular speaker). The speeches also contain marked-up transcriber comments, such as gaps in the transcription, interruptions, applause, etc. Note that some corpora have further information, e.g. the year of birth of the speakers, links to their Wikipedia articles, their membership in various committees, etc. The corpora are encoded according to the Parla-CLARIN TEI recommendation (https://clarin-eric.github.io/parla-clarin/), but have been validated against the compatible, but much stricter ParlaMint schemas. This entry contains the linguistically marked-up version of the corpus, while the text version is available at http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1432. The ParlaMint.ana linguistic annotation includes tokenization, sentence segmentation, lemmatisation, Universal Dependencies part-of-speech, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, and the 4-class CoNLL-2003 named entities. Some corpora also have further linguistic annotations, such as PoS tagging or named entities according to language-specific schemes, with their corpus TEI headers giving further details on the annotation vocabularies and tools. The compressed files include the ParlaMint.ana XML TEI-encoded linguistically annotated corpus; the derived corpus in CoNLL-U with TSV speech metadata; and the vertical files (with registry file), suitable for use with CQP-based concordancers, such as CWB, noSketch Engine or KonText. Also included is the 2.1 release of the data and scripts available at the GitHub repository of the ParlaMint project. As opposed to the previous version 2.0, this version corrects some errors in various corpora and adds the information on upper / lower house for bicameral parliaments. The vertical files have also been changed to make them easier to use in the concordancers.

Julia Kristeva er einn af helstu hugsuðum póststrúktúralisma og afbyggingar og er þekkt fyrir skrif sín á sviði sálgreiningar, málvísinda og bókmennta. Hún fæddist árið 1941 í Búlgaríu og lagði stund á málvísindi við Háskólann í Sofiu áður en flutti sig um set til Parísar árið 1966. Þar fór hún í doktorsnám í bókmenntum og málvísindum sem hún lauk með ritgerð um 15. aldar rithöfundinn Antoine de La Salle og skáldsögu hans, Le Petit Jehan de Saintré. Í París kynntist hún fljótt fjölmörgum fræðimönnum á borð við Michel Foucault, Émile Benveniste, Lucien Goldmann, Roland Barthes, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Jacques Derrida, Philippe Sollers o.fl. og tók þátt í ritstjórn tímaritsins Tel Quel sem upphaflega var ætlað að fjalla um nýja og róttæka strauma í bókmenntum og menningu en lét sig einnig varða stjórnmál, ekki síst maóisma, um nokkurt skeið.

Að námi loknu fékk hún stöðu við Diderot-háskólann í París (Paris VII) en eftir að hafa gengist undir sálgreiningu á árunum 1974-1979 hjá André Green fór hún sjálf einnig að starfa sem sálgreinandi. Í æðri doktorsritgerð sinni, La Révolution du langage poétique (Bylting í tungumáli skáldskaparins, 1974) beitti Kristeva kenningum sálgreiningarinnar á tungumál og bókmenntir. Þar fjallar hún um tvö svið tungumálsins: hið táknræna svið og hið semíótíska svið sem mynda andstöðu hvort við annað. Sjálfsveran verður til í tungumálinu en þar eiga sér stað átök sviðanna tveggja. Semíótíska sviðið tengist líkama sjálfsverunnar, hvötunum og móðurinni; það verður til á undan tungumálinu en er því til grundvallar. Táknræna sviðið er hins vegar svið tungumálsins, málfræði, setningaskipanar og samfélagsins. Forsenda þess er bæling hins sviðsins sem liggur dýpra en gerir þó vart við sig á ýmsan hátt, t.d. í listrænni sköpun eða meðferð tungumálsins, mismæli, þögnum og stílbrögðum.[1]

Julia Kristeva hefur þróað og sett fram hugmyndir sínar og kenningar í fjölmörgum ritum og útgefin verk hennar – fræðirit, skáldsögur, greinar og greinasöfn – skipta tugum. Greinin sem hér er þýdd, "Unglingsskáldsagan" eða "Le roman adolescent" kom fyrst út í tímaritinu Adolescence árið 1986 en var svo endurútgefin árið 1993 í greinasafninu Les nouvelles maladies de l'âme. Hér fléttar Kristeva saman umfjöllun um bókmenntir og sálgreiningu og skoðar tengslin milli skáldsagnaritunar og unglingsáranna. Unglingurinn í hennar skrifum vísar ekki til ákveðins aldurskeiðs heldur til þess sem hún kallar opna sálræna gerð eða structure psychique ouverte. Unglingsgerðin opnar sig fyrir hinu bælda og í greininni bendir Kristeva á tengsl hennar við skáldsagnaskrif og tvíræðni með því að taka dæmi úr ýmsum skáldsögum, m.a. viðfangsefni fyrri doktorsritgerðar sinnar en einnig verkum eftir þekktari höfunda, s.s. Rousseau og Dostojevskí.

[1] Ítarlegri kynningu á Juliu Kristevu má finna í inngangi Dagnýjar Kristjánsdóttur "Ástin og listin gegn þunglyndinu" í íslenskri þýðingu ritsins Soleil noir : Dépression et mélancolie (París: Éditions Gallimard, 1987). Svört sól: Geðdeyfð og þunglyndi, Ólöf Pétursdóttir þýddi, Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan, Bókmenntafræðistofnun Háskóla Íslands, 2008, bls. 13–45. Einnig má benda á þýðingu Garðars Baldvinssonar á "Le mot, le dialogue et le roman" (Σηµειωτικη. [Semeiotike] Recherches pour une sémanalyse, París: Éditions Seuil, 1969) sem birtist undir heitinu "Orð, tvíröddun og skáldsaga" í Spor í bókmenntafræði 20. aldar: frá Shklovskíj til Foucault, ritstjórn: Garðar Baldvinsson, Kristín Birgisdóttir, Kristín Viðarsdóttir, Reykjavík: Bókmenntafræðistofnun, 1991, bls. 93–128.

Ljóðsaga franska rithöfundarins Chrétiens de Troyes, Perceval eða Saga um gralinn var samin undir lok 12. aldar. Í fyrri hluta hennar segir frá ævintýrum ungs og óreynds pilts sem þráir ekkert frekar en að gerast riddari við hirð Artúrs. Með þessari frægu riddarasögu hefst leitin að Gralnum í bókmenntasögunni en það stef er nátengt spurningum um syndina sem setur svip sinn á fleiri frönsk bókmenntaverk frá svipuðum tíma. Í greininni er sagt frá helstu birtingarmyndum syndarinnar í frönsku ljóðsögunni. Sagan um gralinn barst til Íslands í norrænni miðaldaþýðingu og hefur varðveist í íslenskum handritum. Áhrifa þýddu riddarasagnanna á íslenska ritmenningu gætir víða. Sagt er stuttlega frá viðtökum verksins í norrænni þýðingu þess, Parcevals sögu, en að lokum bent á ýmis líkindi ljóðsögunnar og hinnar viðburðaríku Grettis sögu, sem talið er að sé frá byrjun 14. aldar. Bæði verkin flétta flóknar spurningar um synd, sekt og oflæti við myrkrið sem setur svip sinn á aðalsöguhetjur þeirra.