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It provides a comprehensive summary of the current status of national health and health systems including; mortality and burden of disease, causes of death, reported infectious diseases, health service coverage, risk factors, health systems resources, health expenditures, inequities and demographic and socioeconomic statistics

以往的明末清初耶佛相遇研究,更为注重天主教和佛教间的冲突和对比。本文更倾向于身处耶佛相遇处境内的士人的宗教内对话。来世问题不仅是耶佛宗教间论辩的焦点,也是士大夫的宗教内对话转化信仰的主旨。 ; 这是因为晚明时期传统儒学影响,更加关注生死问题的讨论。晚明儒释交融,逃禅悦禅狂禅成为一时风尚。而天主教的传入给关心生死议题的士大夫提供了另一种资源。相对于流于空虚玄妙的禅学而言,很多人认为天主教是一种"实心"、"实行""实学"的思想体系。 ; 明清之际,佛学的发展趋势是禅净合流,唯心净土与弥陀净土慢慢融合。禅净双修在士大夫中很受欢迎。因此,士大夫对天主教生死关的理解不仅与禅学相关,也与净土相关。 ; 明朝政策使瑜伽僧和禅讲僧鼎立,使经忏法事弥漫于士人的日常生活中,这也与净土信仰相关联。对这些经忏科仪的批判,也成了天主教徒理解来世的一个面向。 ; 来世问题,中国天主教徒认为这是儒学的疏略之处,构成了"补儒易佛"的重要内容。 ; Most of the existing studies of the Buddhist‐Christian encounter during the Ming and Qing dynasties emphasize the conflict and contrast between Chinese Buddhism and Catholicism. The present study tends to focus on the intra religious dialogue of the participants. It will indicate that the problem of next‐life or life after death was not only one of the foci of dialogue, but also one of the key aspects of the transformation of faith caused by intra‐religious dialogue of the Chinese intellectuals at that time. ; During the late Ming period, under the influence of traditional Confucianism, the matters of life and death became a focus of debate. At that time, the escapist Ch'an Buddhism became an ethos, and interactions took place between Buddhism and Confucianism. When Catholicism was introduced into China, it offered a spiritual alternative to the Chinese intellectuals who cared about matters of life and death. In contrast to the relatively more speculative and mysterious Ch'an, many Chinese found Catholicism a more genuine, concrete and practical system of thought. ; With regard to the Buddhism during the Ming and Qing dynasties, an important trend of development was the combination between Ch'an and Pure Land Buddhism, particularly the gradual integration between the Amitabha Pure Land and the Heart‐Only Pure Land. Dual cultivation of Ch'an and Pure Land was very popular among the Chinese intellectuals. For this reason, the Chinese intellectuals' understanding of the Catholic view of life and death related not only to Ch'an, but also to Pure Land Buddhism. ; The governmental policy of Ming dynasty made the ...

Zou, Meiyang. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-103). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Acknowledgements --- p.iii ; Abstract --- p.iv ; 摘要 --- p.vi ; Abbreviations --- p.viii ; Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Nation and nationalism: problems and dilemmas --- p.2 ; James Joyce and Lu Xun --- p.10 ; Critical / ironical nationalism? --- p.16 ; Chapter Chapter Two: --- Negative Images of the Homeland --- p.21 ; Haunting death and insanity --- p.22 ; Problematic national identity and "backward´ح national character --- p.33 ; Chapter Chapter Three: --- Doubts Towards the Foreign Powers --- p.39 ; Criticizing the self-imposed inferiority --- p.42 ; Failed intellectuals --- p.53 ; Chapter Chapter Four: --- Rescuing the Nation Through Language --- p.63 ; Disillusionment with political revolutions --- p.63 ; Literary experimentations as alternative salvation --- p.76 ; Chapter Chapter Five: --- Conclusion --- p.83 ; After the short stories --- p.83 ; Exile and role of the intellectual --- p.89 ; Literature and politics --- p.96 ; WORKS CITED --- p.99

在香港,若逝世者生前沒有宗教信仰或指定的喪葬儀式,家人通常都會為他舉行道教葬禮。黎志添教授認為道教葬儀在香港已經習俗化。事實上,在一般情況下,進行道教葬儀根本不能反映死者生前信奉的宗教信仰。為何道教葬儀在香港會成為大部份香港人的習俗?我認為,道教葬儀音樂已成為香港人不言而喻的一種身份。 ; 港人一般不會關心葬儀,就算舉辦也不會深究儀式內容。但他們卻認為儀式中的音樂代表了他們的身份。在實地考察中,我發現道教葬儀音樂包含了不少廣東音樂的元素,曲牌《一錠金》就是其中的例子;事實上,採用道教儀式是香港人認同本土中國人身份的表現。 ; 在實地考察中,我發現研究道教殯儀音樂可有多個視角,其音樂及宗教元素更蘊含多層意義。本文以樂師的活動為切入點,以政治身份角力的角度,研究香港道教殯儀音樂。 ; In Hong Kong, a Taoist funeral is usually held for a deceased person by his or her family if the deceased did not have any religious belief or preference. In most cases, a Taoist funeral is a mere convention rather than a reflection of choice or religious affiliation of the deceased. To explore the reason of this ritual popularized in this particular region, I would like to suggest that the music played in a Taoist funeral is part of Hong Kong people's identities. ; Most Hong Kong people, in fact, would avoid the idea of death, not to mention death rituals. When they do, they usually have little knowledge of the Taoist ritual. Most, however, consider the music to be an essential part of the ritual, which reflects to a great extent, their identity. They do, however, consider that the music played represent their identity. ; During the fieldwork for this thesis, I identified a number of traditional Cantonese music pieces in the ritual. For example, the Cantonese tune "Yi-ding jin"一錠金has been playing a significant role. Ordinary Chinese people, as a matter of fact, accept that the music in Taoist funeral rituals represent their identity. ; I have come to understand that there are many layers in a Taoist funeral. The musicians, the ritual, and the Taoist philosophy are part and parcel of the funeral other than the music. Through extensive fieldwork and interviews, I attempt to draw a clear picture of Taoist funeral music activities in the Hong Kong community and explore the entwined relationship between politics and identity dynamics within Hong Kong Taoist funeral music. For a long time, perhaps even today, the identity of the Hong Kong people has remained a controversial ...

The poetry of Ruan Ji has been previously translated several times, with one fully scholarly translation of both the poetry and the Fu (poetic expositions). The present translation not only provides a facing page critical Chinese text, it addresses two problems that have been ignored or not adequately treated in earlier works. First, it traces the history of the current text. The rather serious problems with this text will be, if not soluble, at least visible. Second, translations have been shaped by the anachronistic assumption that Ruan Ji was loyal to the declining Wei dynasty, when actual power had been taken by the Suma family, who founded the Jin dynasty after Ruan Ji's death. The introduction shows how and when that assumption took full shape five centuries after Ruan Ji lived and why it is not tenable. This leads to a different kind of translation, closer to what a contemporary reader might have understood and far less certain than referring it to some political event. The Poetry of Xi Kang presents a complete scholarly translation of his poetic works (including "Rhapsody on the Zither") alongside the original texts. Many of Xi Kang's poems are difficult and most are laden with allusions and quotations, adding another level of challenge to interpretation. Basic explanatory notes are provided. The translations are based on the critical modern edition of Xi Kang's work by Dai Mingyang, generally considered to be the best edition available. Important editions by Lu Xun and Lu Qinli are consulted on matters of variants, arrangement, and interpretation.

Preliminary Material /Liu Jianqiang -- On Environmental and Ecosystem Protection: What Have We Done? /LI Dun -- Competition for Water Resources and Its Economic and Political Implications /Guo Weiqing and Zhou Yu -- Initial Exploration of Environmental NGOs' Involvement in Environmental Mass Incidents /Li Bo -- Correlation between Water Pollution and Deaths Caused by Digestive Tract Tumors in the Huai River Basin /Yang Gonghuan -- The Urgent Need for an Environment and Health Law: A Study of 63 Health Hazard Incidents /Lv Zhongmei and Huang Kai -- Environmental and Health Risks: Unusual Expansion of Waste Incineration in China Needs Attention /Yang Changjiang -- War on Smog /Liu Xiaoxing -- Smog Brings Widespread and Far-Reaching Impact to Human Health /Lin Na -- Environmental PILs Returned to the Starting Point in 2013 /Lin Yanmei and Wang Xiaoxi -- The Revision of China's Environmental Protection Law from a Minor Change to a Critical Improvement /Qie Jianrong -- Ecological Red Lines: Concept, Features and Supervision /Zou Changxin -- How to Restore the Siberian Tiger Population at Changbai Mountain /Piao Zhengji -- The Siege of Cities by Chemical Plants: How to Make a Breakthrough? /Peng Liguo -- The 2012 Pollution Information Transparency Index (PITI) Fourth Annual Assessment of Environmental Transparency in 113 Chinese Cities: Bottlenecks and Breakthroughs /Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs (IPE) , Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL) -- The "Last" Report on China's Rivers /Li Bo , Yao Songqiao , Yu Yin and Guo Qiaoyu -- Report on Applying for the Disclosure of Information on 122 Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plants across China /Wuhu Ecology Center -- Annual Indexes of the Environment Green Papers 2013—Changing Trends of the Environment in China /Liu Jianqiang -- Major Environmental Incidents and Events in 2013 /Liu Jianqiang -- Index /Liu Jianqiang.