Suchergebnisse

In Lithuania and other European countries (Italy, Poland) politicians and the public discuss on the issue is it worth restoring the death penalty. Europe after the Second World War, has made maximum efforts to abolish the death penalty throughout the continent. The work was long, it took many decades, but after the diplomatic virages, almost all European countries have abolished death penalty. Current retencional discusses for some seems like a step back, because abolutionists believe that the prohibition of the death penalty is same great achievement, as the global entrenchment of democracy in most countries of the world. Retencionists look in other way to the death penalty and sees it as a normal criminal policy. Therefore, the debate between two opposite camps is going both about death penalty pros and cons, both for the general possibility of restoring the death penalty, at least in certain countries. Aboliucionists has long fought for universal aboliutionizm and do not intend to relinquish any of the positions they have already achieved. Abolutionists rely on the arguments used by the recent debates for and against the death penalty. Retencionists use different arguments for debates, but apparently their rhetoric, and the position is different because of their criminal policies are different goals. Countries of the retencionists has other objectives for the law- it is faced with other problems, and the public, unlike the EU's old member countries's societies understand the purpose. Europe took all EU members under a single umbrella with the slogan "all equal", which reminds much the socialist rhetoric. The slogan "all equal" is not acceptable because the member states are not equal, the differences are not only social, economic life but also criminal policy. However there is a problem: no one can fight alone in battlefield and to fight against a common position is impossible. Moreover, the old member state European Union countries, whose is significantly influential in the EU, has no interest in restoring the death penalty, their values and objectives very different from retencionist countries. They carry out their policy for many decades and does not want the newly accepted countries to ruin all the achievements.

In Lithuania and other European countries (Italy, Poland) politicians and the public discuss on the issue is it worth restoring the death penalty. Europe after the Second World War, has made maximum efforts to abolish the death penalty throughout the continent. The work was long, it took many decades, but after the diplomatic virages, almost all European countries have abolished death penalty. Current retencional discusses for some seems like a step back, because abolutionists believe that the prohibition of the death penalty is same great achievement, as the global entrenchment of democracy in most countries of the world. Retencionists look in other way to the death penalty and sees it as a normal criminal policy. Therefore, the debate between two opposite camps is going both about death penalty pros and cons, both for the general possibility of restoring the death penalty, at least in certain countries. Aboliucionists has long fought for universal aboliutionizm and do not intend to relinquish any of the positions they have already achieved. Abolutionists rely on the arguments used by the recent debates for and against the death penalty. Retencionists use different arguments for debates, but apparently their rhetoric, and the position is different because of their criminal policies are different goals. Countries of the retencionists has other objectives for the law- it is faced with other problems, and the public, unlike the EU's old member countries's societies understand the purpose. Europe took all EU members under a single umbrella with the slogan "all equal", which reminds much the socialist rhetoric. The slogan "all equal" is not acceptable because the member states are not equal, the differences are not only social, economic life but also criminal policy. However there is a problem: no one can fight alone in battlefield and to fight against a common position is impossible. Moreover, the old member state European Union countries, whose is significantly influential in the EU, has no interest in restoring the death penalty, their values and objectives very different from retencionist countries. They carry out their policy for many decades and does not want the newly accepted countries to ruin all the achievements.

On 12 March 1919, the Military Aviation wing of the armed forces and the Military Aviation School were both established, and combat flights to the Bolshevik and Polish fronts were being carried out. During one of these flights, Lithuanian military aviation lost its first Lithuanian pilot, Flight Lt Juozas Kumpis. Lt Kumpis studied at Šiauliai's city gymnasium. In her memoirs, Sofija Lukauskaitė Jasaitienė describes Lt Kumpis as communicative and diplomatic, but at the same time a restrained person and an artistic and talented soul. All of these qualities were perfect for learning the profession of a military aviator. On 29 January 1919, Juozas Kumpis was not yet fully eighteen years of age when he started his service as a volunteer in the Hussar Squadron of the Lithuanian Armed Forces. He soon enrolled in the Military Aviation School. Three German instructors were assigned a total of six student pilots each. Juozas Kumpis was one of those to be assigned to the group which was being tutored by Lt-Gen Fritz Schulz. Lt Kumpis was the only one of all six students to have been prepared by this particular German instructor to end up flying on his own. In addition, he had already been entrusted with important positions both on the ground and when flying on missions. [.]

On 12 March 1919, the Military Aviation wing of the armed forces and the Military Aviation School were both established, and combat flights to the Bolshevik and Polish fronts were being carried out. During one of these flights, Lithuanian military aviation lost its first Lithuanian pilot, Flight Lt Juozas Kumpis. Lt Kumpis studied at Šiauliai's city gymnasium. In her memoirs, Sofija Lukauskaitė Jasaitienė describes Lt Kumpis as communicative and diplomatic, but at the same time a restrained person and an artistic and talented soul. All of these qualities were perfect for learning the profession of a military aviator. On 29 January 1919, Juozas Kumpis was not yet fully eighteen years of age when he started his service as a volunteer in the Hussar Squadron of the Lithuanian Armed Forces. He soon enrolled in the Military Aviation School. Three German instructors were assigned a total of six student pilots each. Juozas Kumpis was one of those to be assigned to the group which was being tutored by Lt-Gen Fritz Schulz. Lt Kumpis was the only one of all six students to have been prepared by this particular German instructor to end up flying on his own. In addition, he had already been entrusted with important positions both on the ground and when flying on missions. [.]

On 12 March 1919, the Military Aviation wing of the armed forces and the Military Aviation School were both established, and combat flights to the Bolshevik and Polish fronts were being carried out. During one of these flights, Lithuanian military aviation lost its first Lithuanian pilot, Flight Lt Juozas Kumpis. Lt Kumpis studied at Šiauliai's city gymnasium. In her memoirs, Sofija Lukauskaitė Jasaitienė describes Lt Kumpis as communicative and diplomatic, but at the same time a restrained person and an artistic and talented soul. All of these qualities were perfect for learning the profession of a military aviator. On 29 January 1919, Juozas Kumpis was not yet fully eighteen years of age when he started his service as a volunteer in the Hussar Squadron of the Lithuanian Armed Forces. He soon enrolled in the Military Aviation School. Three German instructors were assigned a total of six student pilots each. Juozas Kumpis was one of those to be assigned to the group which was being tutored by Lt-Gen Fritz Schulz. Lt Kumpis was the only one of all six students to have been prepared by this particular German instructor to end up flying on his own. In addition, he had already been entrusted with important positions both on the ground and when flying on missions. [.]

On 12 March 1919, the Military Aviation wing of the armed forces and the Military Aviation School were both established, and combat flights to the Bolshevik and Polish fronts were being carried out. During one of these flights, Lithuanian military aviation lost its first Lithuanian pilot, Flight Lt Juozas Kumpis. Lt Kumpis studied at Šiauliai's city gymnasium. In her memoirs, Sofija Lukauskaitė Jasaitienė describes Lt Kumpis as communicative and diplomatic, but at the same time a restrained person and an artistic and talented soul. All of these qualities were perfect for learning the profession of a military aviator. On 29 January 1919, Juozas Kumpis was not yet fully eighteen years of age when he started his service as a volunteer in the Hussar Squadron of the Lithuanian Armed Forces. He soon enrolled in the Military Aviation School. Three German instructors were assigned a total of six student pilots each. Juozas Kumpis was one of those to be assigned to the group which was being tutored by Lt-Gen Fritz Schulz. Lt Kumpis was the only one of all six students to have been prepared by this particular German instructor to end up flying on his own. In addition, he had already been entrusted with important positions both on the ground and when flying on missions. [.]

The subject of analysis in this article comprises folkloric motives related to death and funeral in the late Lithuanian military-historical folksongs. The scope of investigation embraces the songs that became popular approximately in the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, chiefly related historically to the Russian–Japanese War and the World War I, in which Lithuanians had to participate as soldiers of the Tsarist Russian army. The main attention is paid in the article to the following folkloric motives of the songs: the seeing of the soldier off to the war and saying farewell to him; death in the battlefield, far away from home; the soldiers' graves; the nameless mass burials; death without funeral. The farewell motives found in some of the examined songs contain reflections of certain rituals of farewell and seeing the man off to the war, existing in the traditional Lithuanian culture. The foreboding of death is very distinctly expressed here. In the late military-historical folksongs, image of the battlefield emerges as the specific space of death, becoming a popular folkloric motive. The poetics of the death 179 in the battlefield is subtly supplemented by quite frequently used Christian religious images. Among numerous realistic and sometimes even openly naturalistic motives, the much more lyrical poetic parallel of bullet and bee could be discerned, encountered not only in Lithuanian, but also in Latvian military songs. A special place in the late. [to full text]

The subject of analysis in this article comprises folkloric motives related to death and funeral in the late Lithuanian military-historical folksongs. The scope of investigation embraces the songs that became popular approximately in the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, chiefly related historically to the Russian–Japanese War and the World War I, in which Lithuanians had to participate as soldiers of the Tsarist Russian army. The main attention is paid in the article to the following folkloric motives of the songs: the seeing of the soldier off to the war and saying farewell to him; death in the battlefield, far away from home; the soldiers' graves; the nameless mass burials; death without funeral. The farewell motives found in some of the examined songs contain reflections of certain rituals of farewell and seeing the man off to the war, existing in the traditional Lithuanian culture. The foreboding of death is very distinctly expressed here. In the late military-historical folksongs, image of the battlefield emerges as the specific space of death, becoming a popular folkloric motive. The poetics of the death 179 in the battlefield is subtly supplemented by quite frequently used Christian religious images. Among numerous realistic and sometimes even openly naturalistic motives, the much more lyrical poetic parallel of bullet and bee could be discerned, encountered not only in Lithuanian, but also in Latvian military songs. A special place in the late. [to full text]

Damage to the employee's disability or other damage to health or the victim's death both in Lithuania and Poland rewarded in several different ways, which is regulated by public and private law. Master at work compared to the above-mentioned members of the European Union, its neighbors, the total content of the law and the history of the employee's health damage caused by the system, these advantages and disadvantages of the criteria. Employee health damage caused by the system in Lithuania and Poland have different ways to redress the alternative (complex): in particular, for damages is decided on the basis of public law mis-occupational accidents or occupational illness through social insurance, and after the damage of the non-remunerated may be remunerated on the basis of the employer's liability or civil liability rules. Master's work of comparative analysis carried out in the employee's health and lives of damage caused by Lithuania and Poland, the state social insurance investigation, the legislation regulating social security of those countries in the participants, the health damage caused by the employee's compensation terms, these terms differences and similarities. Analysis of employer liability in place of compensation system in Lithuania and Poland, the legislation of the employer's liability in terms of content, the content representing the criteria in their treatment of the differences and similarities of Lithuania and Poland the right sources, and the judicial practice in these countries. Basic concepts: accidents at work of social security participants, accident, event of accidents at work in social insurance provided by types of compensation, employer's liability conditions, economic and moral damage.

Damage to the employee's disability or other damage to health or the victim's death both in Lithuania and Poland rewarded in several different ways, which is regulated by public and private law. Master at work compared to the above-mentioned members of the European Union, its neighbors, the total content of the law and the history of the employee's health damage caused by the system, these advantages and disadvantages of the criteria. Employee health damage caused by the system in Lithuania and Poland have different ways to redress the alternative (complex): in particular, for damages is decided on the basis of public law mis-occupational accidents or occupational illness through social insurance, and after the damage of the non-remunerated may be remunerated on the basis of the employer's liability or civil liability rules. Master's work of comparative analysis carried out in the employee's health and lives of damage caused by Lithuania and Poland, the state social insurance investigation, the legislation regulating social security of those countries in the participants, the health damage caused by the employee's compensation terms, these terms differences and similarities. Analysis of employer liability in place of compensation system in Lithuania and Poland, the legislation of the employer's liability in terms of content, the content representing the criteria in their treatment of the differences and similarities of Lithuania and Poland the right sources, and the judicial practice in these countries. Basic concepts: accidents at work of social security participants, accident, event of accidents at work in social insurance provided by types of compensation, employer's liability conditions, economic and moral damage.

The work is aimed at the analysis of the practice of appointment and application of the death penalty and life imprisonment as a form of punishment in the Republic of Belarus; identification of the specifics and problematic aspects of the legal regulation of the death penalty and life imprisonment; provision of relevant information and legal framework on this issue. Respect for human rights and freedoms is a fundamental principle of international law, and the right to life is enshrined in many international instruments. In the work it was concluded that the issue concerning the use of exceptional criminal penalties is regulated in detail at the international level and the practice of using these types of punishment on the example of complaints of Belarusian citizens. The study showed that the judicial system of Belarus violated the provisions of the International Covenant on civil and political rights. The case-law of the European court of human rights on the death penalty and life imprisonment was also studied for a more detailed study of the topic. The work consists of two chapters. The first Chapter deals in more detail with the legal regulation of the death penalty and its abolition in international legal instruments, in the practice of the human rights Committee, the European court of justice, as well as the legal regulation of the death penalty in the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The second Chapter is devoted to the issue of life imprisonment without the right to release in international legal documents and the practice of universal Treaty bodies, in the practice of the European court of human rights and, accordingly, the use of life imprisonment in the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. On the basis of this work it was found that the death penalty as a type of criminal is ineffective and violates human rights. With regard to the study aimed at the use of life imprisonment without the right to release, it should be noted that the practice shows the lack of proper correction of criminals, through complete isolation from society, and international instruments enshrine the right to parole sentenced to life imprisonment. The legislation of the Republic of Belarus provides for the possible replacement of further serving of life imprisonment with imprisonment for a certain period, but not more than five years, but so far there is no information about such cases. Moreover, it was concluded that life imprisonment does not work for the purpose of crime prevention, criminal justice and re-socialization of potential criminals.

The work is aimed at the analysis of the practice of appointment and application of the death penalty and life imprisonment as a form of punishment in the Republic of Belarus; identification of the specifics and problematic aspects of the legal regulation of the death penalty and life imprisonment; provision of relevant information and legal framework on this issue. Respect for human rights and freedoms is a fundamental principle of international law, and the right to life is enshrined in many international instruments. In the work it was concluded that the issue concerning the use of exceptional criminal penalties is regulated in detail at the international level and the practice of using these types of punishment on the example of complaints of Belarusian citizens. The study showed that the judicial system of Belarus violated the provisions of the International Covenant on civil and political rights. The case-law of the European court of human rights on the death penalty and life imprisonment was also studied for a more detailed study of the topic. The work consists of two chapters. The first Chapter deals in more detail with the legal regulation of the death penalty and its abolition in international legal instruments, in the practice of the human rights Committee, the European court of justice, as well as the legal regulation of the death penalty in the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The second Chapter is devoted to the issue of life imprisonment without the right to release in international legal documents and the practice of universal Treaty bodies, in the practice of the European court of human rights and, accordingly, the use of life imprisonment in the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. On the basis of this work it was found that the death penalty as a type of criminal is ineffective and violates human rights. With regard to the study aimed at the use of life imprisonment without the right to release, it should be noted that the practice shows the lack of proper correction of criminals, through complete isolation from society, and international instruments enshrine the right to parole sentenced to life imprisonment. The legislation of the Republic of Belarus provides for the possible replacement of further serving of life imprisonment with imprisonment for a certain period, but not more than five years, but so far there is no information about such cases. Moreover, it was concluded that life imprisonment does not work for the purpose of crime prevention, criminal justice and re-socialization of potential criminals.

SUMMARY Material liability under labour law, representing a separate type of legal responsibility, includes common and special features of legal responsibility. The paper discusses theoretical conditions for material liability and methods to implement the same. After Lithuania regained independence, new Labour Code and a number of other laws, governing labour relations and material liability, was enacted. The new code provides for conditions for material liability, key principles on application of material liability, introduces a completely new remedy, i.e. indemnification of moral damage based on labour legal relations, as well as compensation of lost income. In analysis of case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, when examining cases on material liability for damage through maiming or other injury, or death of the injured party, the paper mainly deals with cases examined in 2005 – 2010. The paper further includes structured information on the rulings delivered by the Supreme Court of Lithuania in determining the limits of material liability on the part of employer, the duties of employer to indemnify the damage to the health of employee by third parties, liability of possessor of a potentially hazardous object for injury, compatibility of legislation in the field of indemnification of damage, and issues on indemnification of moral damage. The analysis of the case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania in the case categories above is complemented by summary trends and conclusions.

SUMMARY Material liability under labour law, representing a separate type of legal responsibility, includes common and special features of legal responsibility. The paper discusses theoretical conditions for material liability and methods to implement the same. After Lithuania regained independence, new Labour Code and a number of other laws, governing labour relations and material liability, was enacted. The new code provides for conditions for material liability, key principles on application of material liability, introduces a completely new remedy, i.e. indemnification of moral damage based on labour legal relations, as well as compensation of lost income. In analysis of case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, when examining cases on material liability for damage through maiming or other injury, or death of the injured party, the paper mainly deals with cases examined in 2005 – 2010. The paper further includes structured information on the rulings delivered by the Supreme Court of Lithuania in determining the limits of material liability on the part of employer, the duties of employer to indemnify the damage to the health of employee by third parties, liability of possessor of a potentially hazardous object for injury, compatibility of legislation in the field of indemnification of damage, and issues on indemnification of moral damage. The analysis of the case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania in the case categories above is complemented by summary trends and conclusions.

Trauma is the main cause of death in paediatric population worldwide. Lithuania has the highest trauma-related mortality in the European Union (EU). Lithuanian standardised injury death rate is 150.9 per 100000 inhabitants while in comparison the mean standardised injury death rate in the EU is 41.4, and the lowest one is in the Netherlands (26.4 injury death rate per 100000 inhabitants). The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of pre-hospital and in-hospital emergent trauma care on severe pediatric trauma outcomes, performing a prospective observational clinical trial in the Vilnius University Children's Hospital and Vilnius Pre-hospital Emergency Service Center. Trauma registry fields were defined in details and validated during this study. The recommended quality indicators were defined and used for pre-hospital pediatric trauma care and in-hospital emergent management evaluation. The study results showed that the level of pre-hospital care is associated statistically significantly with trauma outcomes: higher pre-hospital care level caused better trauma outcome assessed according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale. The longer time until the first key emergency intervention in hospital was associated statistically significantly with the worse trauma outcomes. Calculation of the Probability of survival (Ps) according to Trauma Score Injury Severity Score model (TRISS) revealed unexpected death (Ps > 50 %) rate 74%. The reasons for fatal outcome in the patient group with the survival probability over 50% should be further investigated.