Suchergebnisse

This article is devoted to the main problems in the institute of the death penalty. Nowadays, our society concentrates on the humanization of the rule-making framework, and especially on the loyal application of the punishment to the defendants. The State by establishing the death penalty takes away human life and it denies the honor, dignity and social value of human beings as the main goal of the states and social existence. The main idea of this article to analyze the institute of the death penalty, to explore and make statistics of states where it still exists and to determine reasons for its application. Therefore, the author considered the main aspects of the institution of the death penalty and the right to life, their legislative consolidation and concluded that the problem of the death penalty is one of the biggest problems in international law. In today's society, a lot of issues concerning the rightness and legality of the use of the death penalty exist. In this regard, the article focuses on the main regulations in which the prohibition of the death penalty is enshrined, these include the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Protocol No. 13 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on the Abolition of the Death Penalty and the like. The concept of the death penalty, history and current state of its development in the world are also revealed. Also, the author analyzed the doctrine of scholars on this issue and consented that the death penalty is contrary to the principle right to life, which is the major one in international law. The author noted that many countries refuse to recognize international standards in this sphere and refuse to ratify the Protocols to international treaties abolishing the death penalty. Analyzing the issue of the death penalty, the author outlined numerous problems raised during conducting the study and noted that the international community has the task of solving the problems mentioned ...

The article analyzes one of the debatable issues related to the violation of human rights - the practice of the use of the death penalty. Today, the death penalty institution is predominantly recognized as inhuman and is not used as a punishment. However, despite the marked tendency to abolish the death penalty, some countries not only have a legislative basis for this institution, but also use it in practice. The study found that the institution of the death penalty, although it is considered a violation of fundamental human rights and is actively condemned by international organizations, is used both in countries with authoritarian political regimes and with democratic ones. One such state is the United States of America. The practice of this country on the application of such punishment as the death penalty is analyzed. It is established that, in contrast to the beginning of the 19th century, when the death penalty in the United States was used for a significant part of crimes, today this type of punishment is not overly common. Legal norms to some extent limit the use of the death penalty in relation to certain categories of citizens, however, official statistics indicate the annual execution of about thirty relevant sentences. The analysis showed a wider practice of using the death penalty as a punishment in authoritarian countries. Moreover, the analysis of statistical data in them is difficult due to the official prohibition of disclosure established by the authorities. Unlike states with a totalitarian political regime, in authoritarian countries, in practice, it is possible to be exempted from such a punishment as the death penalty by amnesty on behalf of the head of state. The study also showed the vigorous activity of international organizations, in particular the UN, in the field of promoting the complete abolition of the death penalty in the world. Today, thanks to the work of the United Nations, the use of this type of punishment as the death penalty is significantly limited due to the binding ...

In Ukraine, the long period of struggle for the autocephaly of the Orthodox Church from the Moscow Patriarchate has completed. January 6, 2019 the Patriarch of Constantinople granted Tomos to the head of the now canonical Orthodox Church of Ukraine. However, in the future, the Ukrainian Orthodoxy must pass a long period of controversial and conflicting self-determination. In Ukraine the church conflict will be stimulated by the special forces of the aggressor state. In order to reduce the tension in religious and ecclesiastical life, the history of Ukrainian Orthodoxy, especially of the twentieth century, should be actively studied and learned. During World War II, the Ukrainian Orthodoxy made another attempt to get autocephaly. The death of Metropolitan Alexei romadsky, the head of the Autonomous Orthodox Church, which opposed the Ukrainian Autocephalous Church in Nazi-occupied Ukraine, reflected the whole depth of the inter-church conflict and the influence of external factors on it. The main idea of the article is that the Metropolitan Alexei Gromadsky, who may have been recruited by the NKVD in Moscow in 1940, was liquidated for leaving the political line favorable for the Soviet regime by the members of the Soviet special services who were in the ranks of the Ukrainian rebel army.After Volyn's accession to Soviet Ukraine in 1939, Metropolitan Alexei Gromadsky as the ruling bishop of the Volyn diocese of the Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church had to visit Moscow for an official canonical re-subordination to the Moscow Patriarchate, where he agreed to cooperate with the Soviet special services and took appropriate obligations. The main task of the bishop was to ensure the unity of Volyn Orthodoxy with the Russian Orthodox Church. Oleksiy Gromadsky successfully fulfilled this task during the first period of the Nazi occupation of Ukraine. He initiated the creation of the Autonomous Orthodox Church in a canonical unification with the Moscow Patriarchate which was proclaimed by the Cathedral of the Bishops in Volyn in the Pochayiv Lavra. The bishop resolutely refused to participate in the creation of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and did his best to prevent it.October 8, 1942 the Metropolitan radically denied the political line of the Soviet regime concerning the religious and ecclesiastical life on Nazi-occupied territory of Ukraine. That day in Pochayev, together with several bishops of the UAOC he signed the "Act of Merging" of the two Orthodox denominations into a single unity canonically independent from the Russian Orthodox Church. Other bishops of the AOC severely criticized their leader and Alexei Gromadsky had to withdraw his signature from the "Act of Merging". Still from that time on he became one of those who betrayed the NKVD. Before World War II, the Soviet secret services had accumulated considerable experience of massacre on their apostates. This experience is being realized by the successors of the NKVD - Russian special services, employing poison to murder their former employees. It is also known that there were many NKVD agents in the units of the Ukrainian partisans who acted on Nazi-occupied territory of Ukraine. Max Scorupsky, who ordered the URA partisans detachment to shot the car with Metropolitan Alexei Hromadsky May 6, 1943, a few months earlier served in the Soviet partisan detachment. Perhaps, there was an agent of the Soviet secret services in Scorupsky's detachment, who provoked a terrorist attack on the Metropolitan to punish the apostates and intimidate other agents among the churchmen and Ukrainian partisans. ; У статті розкривається соціально-політичний і релігійно-церковний контекст Загибелі митрополита Автономної Православної Церкви періоду нацистської окупації України лексія (Громадського) у травні 1943 р. Висвітлено основні елементи нацистської релігійної політики, умови і причини протистояння міжАвтономною Православною Церквою і Українською Автокефальною православною Церквою. Здійснено історичну реконструкцію спроби об'єднання церков 8 жовтня 1942 р. Охарактеризовано явище переслідувань православного духовенства з боку нацистського окупаційного режиму й окремих підрозділів українських партизанів. Проаналізовано комплекс обставин і чинників, які призвели до загибелі глави Автономної Православної. Запропоновано нову інтерпретацію встановлених фактів на основі ретроспективного підходу.

In Ukraine, the long period of struggle for the autocephaly of the Orthodox Church from the Moscow Patriarchate has completed. January 6, 2019 the Patriarch of Constantinople granted Tomos to the head of the now canonical Orthodox Church of Ukraine. However, in the future, the Ukrainian Orthodoxy must pass a long period of controversial and conflicting self-determination. In Ukraine the church conflict will be stimulated by the special forces of the aggressor state. In order to reduce the tension in religious and ecclesiastical life, the history of Ukrainian Orthodoxy, especially of the twentieth century, should be actively studied and learned. During World War II, the Ukrainian Orthodoxy made another attempt to get autocephaly. The death of Metropolitan Alexei romadsky, the head of the Autonomous Orthodox Church, which opposed the Ukrainian Autocephalous Church in Nazi-occupied Ukraine, reflected the whole depth of the inter-church conflict and the influence of external factors on it. The main idea of the article is that the Metropolitan Alexei Gromadsky, who may have been recruited by the NKVD in Moscow in 1940, was liquidated for leaving the political line favorable for the Soviet regime by the members of the Soviet special services who were in the ranks of the Ukrainian rebel army.After Volyn's accession to Soviet Ukraine in 1939, Metropolitan Alexei Gromadsky as the ruling bishop of the Volyn diocese of the Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church had to visit Moscow for an official canonical re-subordination to the Moscow Patriarchate, where he agreed to cooperate with the Soviet special services and took appropriate obligations. The main task of the bishop was to ensure the unity of Volyn Orthodoxy with the Russian Orthodox Church. Oleksiy Gromadsky successfully fulfilled this task during the first period of the Nazi occupation of Ukraine. He initiated the creation of the Autonomous Orthodox Church in a canonical unification with the Moscow Patriarchate which was proclaimed by the Cathedral of the Bishops in Volyn in the Pochayiv Lavra. The bishop resolutely refused to participate in the creation of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and did his best to prevent it.October 8, 1942 the Metropolitan radically denied the political line of the Soviet regime concerning the religious and ecclesiastical life on Nazi-occupied territory of Ukraine. That day in Pochayev, together with several bishops of the UAOC he signed the "Act of Merging" of the two Orthodox denominations into a single unity canonically independent from the Russian Orthodox Church. Other bishops of the AOC severely criticized their leader and Alexei Gromadsky had to withdraw his signature from the "Act of Merging". Still from that time on he became one of those who betrayed the NKVD. Before World War II, the Soviet secret services had accumulated considerable experience of massacre on their apostates. This experience is being realized by the successors of the NKVD - Russian special services, employing poison to murder their former employees. It is also known that there were many NKVD agents in the units of the Ukrainian partisans who acted on Nazi-occupied territory of Ukraine. Max Scorupsky, who ordered the URA partisans detachment to shot the car with Metropolitan Alexei Hromadsky May 6, 1943, a few months earlier served in the Soviet partisan detachment. Perhaps, there was an agent of the Soviet secret services in Scorupsky's detachment, who provoked a terrorist attack on the Metropolitan to punish the apostates and intimidate other agents among the churchmen and Ukrainian partisans. ; У статті розкривається соціально-політичний і релігійно-церковний контекст Загибелі митрополита Автономної Православної Церкви періоду нацистської окупації України лексія (Громадського) у травні 1943 р. Висвітлено основні елементи нацистської релігійної політики, умови і причини протистояння міжАвтономною Православною Церквою і Українською Автокефальною православною Церквою. Здійснено історичну реконструкцію спроби об'єднання церков 8 жовтня 1942 р. Охарактеризовано явище переслідувань православного духовенства з боку нацистського окупаційного режиму й окремих підрозділів українських партизанів. Проаналізовано комплекс обставин і чинників, які призвели до загибелі глави Автономної Православної. Запропоновано нову інтерпретацію встановлених фактів на основі ретроспективного підходу.

The article analyzes in detail the versions of the arrest (under the guise of evacuation) and mysterious death of Petro Franko who was the youngest son of Ivan and Olha Franko, at the time – a prominent cultural and public – political figure, people's deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of the USSR and the first director of the Ivan Franko's Museum in Lviv. The purpose of the study is to reveal on the basis of all available sources: documental, press, memoirs, etc. the circumstances of the forced deportation of Petro Franko from Lviv with the beginning of the German-Soviet phase of World War II, the possible time and place of his violent death as a result of criminal repressive policy of totalitarian system of USSR towards Ukrainian cultural figures and leaders of public opinion of Galicia. The research methodology is based primarily on archival and source research, using biographical, political and cultural-historical approaches, analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the scientific substantiation of the documented facts of the arrest and death of Petro Franko on the basis of archival sources, as well as in the first introduction into scientific circulation a number of previously unknown documents (in particular from the archives of Soviet Secret Service). Based on a detailed systematic analysis and critical verification of all available sources, it was concluded that on June 28, 1941, exactly on the day of his birth, Petro Franko was arrested on the pretext of «evacuation» by employees of state security bodies of the USSR (namely by NKVD troops) and taken out of Lviv. in the eastern direction, together with Acad. Kyrylo Studynskyi. They were taken to Kyiv and subsequently detained in places of detention (prison or remand). In early July of the same year, P. Franko was sentenced to the «HP» («Highest punishment») and «shot for nationalist activities». This happened no sooner than July 6, 1941; more likely, July 9 or 10, 1941. Thus, Petro Franko became a victim ...

The article examines the functioning of the judicial procedure for establishing the facts of birth and death on the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine in terms of its regulation and effectiveness. The authors analyze the procedural nature of the separate proceeding according to national legislation of Ukraine in comparison with legal framework of several foreign states. As a result, it has been stated that the establishment of the above-mentioned legal facts is not the only Ukrainian know-how. Specific attention has been paid to the issues of juridical technique regarding the determination of participants that can submit an application in order to set a fact of birth or death of a person. In particular, it has been found that Ukrainian legislator does not circumscribe such categories as "persons who can hand in an application" and "applicants". It has been delineated that lodging an application by the applicant's attorney does not substitute the presence of the independent legal interest, which is necessary to become applicant. In addition, the article explores the process of proving. It has been concluded that the burden of proof rests on the applicant. However, the court is obliged to be an active participant of the proving in order to establish the circumstances of the case, namely: to request evidence, order to carry out expertise etc. The subject-matter of the cases concerning the establishment of facts of birth or death of a person on the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine comprises, inter alia, the circumstances regarding time and place of birth (death), familial relationships between the applicant and the person who was born (died). Finally, the article examines the enforcement of the "Namibian exception" in the context of the evaluation of the evidence.

Tragedy by I. V. Fritch (1829–1890) – "Ivan Mazepa" (1865) is considered to be the most important of his works. This work shows the events in Ukraine in the beginning of the XVIII century including the activity of hetman Ivan Mazepa directed on Ukraine's liberation from Russia's domination. The playwright depicts the way how Mazepa's plans became true. The playwright shows the Poltava battle of 1709, its defeat and escape with Carl XII in Moldavia. I. Fritch romanticizes his hero. Instead of his natural death, the author interprets heroic suicide of Ivan Mazepa to testify to reckless adherence to Ukraine and the ideals he had devoted his life to. The author focuses his attention on this very point, highlights democratic tendencies of this work and the significance of this change as well as scrutinizes I. Fritch's motives. Key words: democratic adherence, sacrifice, heroic suicide, patriotism. ; Трагедія Й. В. Фріча (1829–1890) – "Іван Мазепа" (1865) вважається найваж-ливішим його драматичним твором. В ній він представив події в Україні початку XVIII ст., зокрема, діяльність гетьмана Івана Мазепи, спрямовану на визволення України від російської залежності. Драматург зображує реалізацію гетьманом сво-го задуму. Показує перебіг Полтавської битви 1709 р., поразку і втечу з Карлом XII в Молдавію. Фріч романтизує свого героя. Замість природної смерті автор трагедії інтерпретує героїчне самогубство Івана Мазепи як підтвердження саможертовної відданості Україні та ідеї, якій присвятив життя. Автор статті зосередив свою увагу саме на цьому моменті, розкрив демокра-тичні тенденції твору та доцільність такої заміни, проаналізував мотиви, якими ке-рувався Фріч. Ключові слова: національні ідеали, демократичні тенденції, саможертовність, героїчний суїцид, патріотизм.

The political and literary activity of Mykhailo Czajkowski (Sadyk Pasha) was full of many riddles and taunts. The last updates and publications of documents shed light on most of them. The circumstances of the death of a prominent Ukrainian politician still unclear, as there are too many myths and rumors about what actually happened on the night of January 5 (January 17 in the new style) in the Czajkowski estate in Chernigov gubernia. Based on the new data found, in particular – on the metric records of the deaths of Adam Morozovych and Mykhailo Czajkowski, this article rejects outright nonsense and falsifications, which immediately after the death of General reached the press, and from there – to public opinion. The question of the probability of the version of the suicide of a retired Turkish General and a man who first created the concept of the Ukrainian state in the nineteenth century, author is answered negatively. ; Активна політична та літературна діяльність Михайла Чайковського (Садик-паші) залишила після себе багато загадок і таємниць. Останні дослідження та публікації документів проливають світло на більшість із них. Нез'ясованим залишається ще питання обставин смерті видатного українського політичного діяча, адже аж надто багато міфів та чуток виявляється навколо того, що насправді сталось в ніч на 5 січня (17 січня за новим стилем) 1886 року в маєтку Чайковських. На основі віднайдених нових даних, зокрема – на метричних записах про смерть Адама Морозовича та Михайла Чайковського в цій статті відкинуті відверті нісенітниці та фальсифікати, які одразу після смерті Михайла Чайковського потрапили до преси, а звідти – до громадської думки. На питання про вірогідність версії про самогубство відставного турецького генерала та людини, яка вперше створила концепцію Української держави у ХІХ ст., дається негативна відповідь.

У статті на основі аналізу особливостей роману Юрія Винничука «Танґо смерті» проаналізовано авторські наративні стратегії переосмислення на прикладі Львова сюжетів міської історії у 1930–1940-х роках, реконструкції колективної і персональних пам'ятей містян. Проаналізований письменницький текст є суттєвим прикладом «вписування» Львова у пам'яттєвий дискурс сучасної української літератури, а тому має два часові зрізи – довоєнний/воєнний (міжвоєнний період, роки Другої світової війни) і сучасний. Досліджувані події вивчаються як історія містян (зокрема взаємин дітей бійців Армії УНР, розстріляних 1921-го під Базаром), які є носіями різних, часто конфліктних національних ідентичностей, виклику щодо можливостей реконструкції пам'яті про «спільний» Львів в умовах військово-політичного конфлікту і радикального загострення міжнаціональних взаємин, а також як відновлення пам'яті про Янівський концентраційний табір. Стверджується, що уявну та справжню поліфонію взаємин у передвоєнному Львові (як і в інших містах Галичини), а також дитинство-юність героїв «історичної» частини роману Ю.Винничука руйнує вересень 1939 року. Події Другої світової війни, описані на прикладі Львова, є важливим компонентом міської пам'яті, а пережиті страждання героїв роману можна назвати одним із потужних детермінантних елементів національної ідентичності. У своєму романі Ю. Винничук вдається до отілеснення музики, інсценізуючи текст роману як «танґо», створюючи тим самим партитуру поліфонічності Львова з міста-перехрестя у місто-жертву з його мешканцями. На прикладі роману Ю. Винничука показано, що «львівська» пам'ять є маркером темпорального горизонту, зокрема комунікативна пам'ять передає історичний досвід міста у межах індивідуальних біографій протагоністів роману за допомогою живих спогадів, безпосереднього досвіду й усної оповіді. Запропоновано розглядати письменника як носія мнемонічного інформаційного ресурсу, того, хто накопичує пам'ять про трагічні сторінки міської історії і ретранслює до своїх сучасників. Аналіз роману Ю. Винничука «Танґо смерті» показує, що, по-перше, Львів є прикладом не так символічного, як цілком реального місця пам'яті, і, по-друге, підтвердженням сучасної тези А.Ассман про місце пам'яті, що «освячене присутністю мертвих». ; Based on an analysis of the peculiarities of Yuriy Vynnychuk's novel Tango of Death, the author analyzes the author's narrative strategies of rethinking the examples of urban history in the 1930s and 1940s, reconstructing the collective and personal memories of citizens on the example of Lviv. The analyzed text of the writer is a significant example of Lviv's "inscription" into the discourse of memory of modern Ukrainian literature, and therefore has two time sections – the pre-war / military (interwar period, years of World War II) and the modern time. The events under study are studied as the history of the townspeople (in particular, the relationship of the children of the soldiers of the UNR Army, who were shot in 1921 near Bazar), are carriers of different, often conflicting, national identities, a call about the possibilities of reconstructing the memory of the "common" Lviv in the conditions of military-political conflict and a radical aggravation of interethnic relations, as well as the restoration of the memory of the Yanovsky concentration camp. It is argued that the imaginary and real polyphony of relations in pre-war Lviv (as in other cities of Galychyna), as well as the childhood and youth of the heroes of the "historical" part of the novel by Yu.Vynnychuk, are destroyed in September 1939. The events of World War II, described by the example of Lviv, are an important component of urban memory, and the suffering suffered by the heroes of the novel can be defined as one of the powerful determinant elements of national identity. In his novel Yu. Vynnychuk resorts to embodying the body in music, staging the text of the novel as "tango", thereby creating the score of the polyphonic character of Lviv from the crossroads to the victim city with its inhabitants. By the example of the novel by Yu. Vynnychuk, it is shown that the "Lviv" memory is a marker of the temporal horizon, in particular, the communicative memory conveys the historical experience of the city within the individual biographies of the novel's protagonists using live memories, direct experience and oral narration. The author of the article suggests considering the writer as a carrier of a mnemonic information resource, one who accumulates memory of the tragic pages of urban history and relays to his contemporaries. An analysis of Yu. Vynnychuk's novel The Tango of Death shows that, firstly, Lviv is an example of not so much a symbolic but a real place of memory and, secondly, a confirmation of A. Assman's modern thesis about a place of memory that is "sanctified by the presence of the dead".

The article is based on I. Malynovskyi research of death penalty types within the penal perspective as criminal punishment in Moscow state and Russian empire. It has been also stated that death penalty in Kyiv Rus was not imposed whereas in Russia it was established by the Statutory Charter of Dvina (1397) for committing theft for the third time in a row. Pskov Judicial Charter, and further Moscow Codes (1497, 1550), expanded its application, but did not point the types. Council Code (Ulozhennia) of 1649 applied death penalty in sixty cases and pointed such simple and qualified types as hanging, drowning, burning, throat-filling with smelt, and digging into the ground. Death penalty application was on its peak during the era of Petro I, and its types were expanded with dismemberment, head cutting with a sword, the firing squad, breaking wheel, impalement, rib hanging, etc. Death penalty was applied by state courts as well as by ecclesiastical and feudal courts across Moscow state and Russian empire. Even though legislation did not regulate this application completely, the latter one was created by execution practices and by courts, which by 1864 had been the part of governmental administrative bodies, and by verdicts. Since death penalty was aimed at not only retribution for a committed crime, but at crime prevention through threatening of potential criminals, it was connected to rituals focused on torturing the convicts before, during and after their execution which was public, usually at squares. It was fulfilled by a deathman after an official has read the court verdict. As a rule, certain public officials were present. The deathman as well as the court officials were provided with state allowance. Each execution type acquired its own form which was applied throughout Moscow state and Russian empire with some differences. When Elizabeth, the daughter of Petro I, came to throne, death penalty application began to be limited. In the 19th century, after the judicial reform, death penalty was applied in the form of firing squad and hanging, and only within prisons at presence of a prosecutor and a doctor. In the beginning of the 20th century, especially during revolutionary events of 1905-1907, court and out-of-court application of death penalty by the state was drastically expanded. I. Malynovskyi, as a scholar, was quite determined in his position for its abolishment. Public authorities perceived this as the call for throwing them down, and, as a result, I. Malynovskyi was sentenced, and his academic thesis was destroyed by burning after the court verdict. Death penalty was abolished by Provisional Government on March 12, 1917. ; У статті за працями І. Малиновського розглянуто кримінально-виконавчий зріз видів смертної кари як кримінального покарання в Московській державі й Російській імперії. Зазначено, що в Київській Русі смертна кара не застосовувалась, а на теренах Росії вона була запроваджена Статутною Двінською грамотою (1397 р.) лише за один злочин - крадіжку втретє. Псковська Судна грамота, а за нею Московські Судебники (1497 р., 1550 р.) розширили її застосування, але видів ще не вказували. Уложення 1649 р. уже передбачало смертну кару в 60 випадках і вказувало на такі прості й кваліфіковані види, як повішання, утоплен-ня, спалювання, залиття горла розплавленим металом, окопування в землю. За Петра I застосування смертної кари досягло свого апогею, а види доповнились четвертуванням, відсіченням голови мечем, розстрілом, колесуванням, садінням на кіл, повішанням за ребро тощо. Крім державних судів, смертна кара на теренах і Московської держави, й Російської імперії застосовувалась також судами церковними й вотчинними. Хоча в законодавстві майже не регулювався порядок її застосування, його створила практика страт і суди, які до 1864 р. належали державним адміністративним органам, судовими вироками. Оскільки смертна кара мала за мету не лише відплату за вчинений злочин, а й запобігання злочинності шляхом залякування потенційних злочинців, вона була обставлена обрядами, що мали своєю метою наругу над засудженим як до, так і під час і після його страти. Страти здійснювались прилюдно, на площах, за загальним правилом катом, у присутності визначеного кола служивих людей, після оголошення дяком чи іншою служивою особою вироку суду. Кати, як і суд, спочатку перебували на так званому годуванні, а згодом на державному утриманні. Практика виробила й форми кожного окремого виду страти, які з тими чи іншими відмінностями застосовувалися на всій території Московії та Російської імперії. З часів царювання Єлизавети Петрівни застосування смертної кари стало поступово обмежуватися. У XIX ст. після судово-правової реформи вона залишилася лише у виді розстрілу й повішання та застосовувалася тільки в межах тюрем, у присутності прокурора й лікаря. Але на початку XX ст., особливо під час революційних подій 1905-1907 рр. її судове й позасудове застосування з боку держави різко зросло. І. Малиновський як науковець рішуче виступив за її скасування. Влада розцінила це як заклик до її повалення, вченого засудили, а його наукову працю за вироком суду знищили шляхом спалювання. Скасована смертна кара була лише Тимчасовим урядом 12 березня 1917 р.

The purpose of the publication is to introduce into scientific circulation documents that cover the claim and the course of the court case of the cossack Fedor Proskurnenko (Proskurnya) from Pokoshichi of the Ponornytsia squadron of the Chernihiv regiment against fellow villagers Karp Vlasenko and Pylyp Fedosenko for illegally appropriated honey trees and for bullying and humiliation. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. L. Z. Gistsova's "Methodical recommendations on preparation for the publication of the Kosh Archive of the New Zaporozhian Sich" was used in the preparation of documents for printing. The scientific novelty is that for the first time the documents of the mentioned court case, which are stored in the Narodowa Library (Poland, Warsaw), were introduced into scientific circulation, their informative potential was analyzed and commented on. Conclusions. The published documents significantly expand the understanding of the judiciary of the Ukrainian state of the first third of the XVIII century, social communications, court records and document management, enrich the biography of the government officer of the Chernihiv regiment, and revenge information about the historical toponymy of the region.

The article presents analysis for the Moskovskiye Vedomosti and the Political Journal reports on the last days of the ottoman grand vezir Alemdar Mustafa Paşa, who was died during the janissary uprising in Istanbul, November 15-18, 1808. The research is based on socio-cognitive approach to critical discourse analysis ; В статье анализируются сообщения «Московских ведомостей» и «Политического журнала» о последних днях османского великого везира Алемдара Мустафы-паши, который погиб во время янычарского восстания в Стамбуле (15-18 ноября 1808 г.). Исследование базируется на социо- когнитивном подходе к критическому дискурс-анализу

The thesis is devoted to the study of the language representation of the concept death, which being an important element of any national and cultural community participates in the formation of the cultural norms. The concept is viewed as a cognitive and linguocultural phenomenon. The concept is defined as the mental formation which combines certain concepts, ideas, knowledge, associations, emotions connected with a particular phenomenon. Part of the above elements form the core which is collectively developed and conceptually structured, while others form the individual variable periphery. The basic theoretical principles of national, language and cognitive world picture are clarified and revised, the new empirical material is analysed. The terms "concept", "image", "symbol" and "concept" are defined.The concept death occupies a crucial place in the Ukrainian cognitive-language world picture. The six-stage analysis of the concept death is suggested, which combines cognitive and linguocultural approaches to its interpretation. The concept death is qualified as abstract, nominated, relevant, complex (multi-level), binary (has an antonymic couple ‒ life), universal, stable, primary, teleonic unit. Its motivational, notional, figurative, symbolic, value, associative components are revealed through the analysis of lexicographic sources and the Newest Ukrainian literature.In addition to naming the concept, the lexeme death has a number of derivatives, synonyms and idiomatic phrases which are included into nominative means of the concept's linguistic representation. The presence of the voluminous derivational field is a characteristic feature of the concept death in the Ukrainian language; powerful paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships, which the verbalisers of the concept death form, determine its relevance in the Ukrainian linguocultural studied.In terms of its structural organisation the concept involves six aspects and we propose a six-stage analysis of the concept death, combining cognitive and linguocultural approaches to its interpretation. Motivational and conceptual components of the concept find their reflection in lexicographic definitions. The figurative and symbolic components are revealed in the metaphorical meanings of the word functioning as general reflections of the particular subject, phenomenon, etc. The value component dominates the concept and can identify the national specific features of each mental formation being revealed at different stages of the research.Dynamic characteristics of the concept are volatile and limited by consciousness of the collective or individual speaker. The concept as a linguocultural phenomenon is multidimensional, which determines the possibility of different approaches to its structure establishment and is characterised by the presence of universal national-cultural, social, group and individual-personal components.Motivational features of the death concept were formed in Proto-Slavic and Old Kievan Rus' periods of the language formation. Motivational features are stored in the form of trite metaphors or in the form of notional features of the concept. The analysis of keywords in dictionary definitions can provide the concept's meaningful minimum ‒ the direct notional features. Indirect notional features are features expressed through paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations referents of the concept death.Currently, in the native speakers' minds the lexico-semantic field of the concept death (based on the results of the free associative experiment) has the following shape: the core of the concept is formed by the thematic groups "life", "fear", "unnatural death", "the end"; the close periphery contains thematic groups which represent "peace", "natural death", "grief", "ritual", "afterlife" features; the distant periphery is constituted by thematic groups "age", "symbol", "time", "politically marked associations", "socially marked associations", "disease", "color", "subculture". The quantitative analysis of the features found in the Ukrainian discourse has shown that their use is not homogeneous. The highest frequency is observed for signs "termination of existence" (20%), "the end" (16%), "execution" (11%) and "ruin" (9%). The signs of "clinical death" (1%), "death of the soul" (1%), "biological death" (0.5%) and "destruction" (0.5%) have the least frequency.The figurative component of the death concept in the Ukrainian language is predetermined by a number of cognitive features, which serve as the basis for typical metaphorical statements. In the texts of the Newest Ukrainian literature, the figurative aspect of the death concept includes features of animate (vital, anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, vegetative) and inanimate (elements, property, artifacts, substances, food, spatial and temporal features) beings. The concept death is explicated in the texts' symbolic meaning through anthropomorphic signs (images of a young and an old woman), theomorphic features (soul / spirit, punishment), colour symbols (black, white, purple, yellow, blue); images-symbols (sleep, beginning, cold, darkness).The concept death accumulates general and specific values. The most widespread in the Ukrainian cognitive-linguistic picture of the world are the following valuable characteristics of the concept death: natural / unnatural, beautiful, heroic, easy, terrible, shameful, ordinary, majestic, sudden. Within the value component of the concept, we single out such universal values as freedom, will, happiness. In the centre of the concept death scenario lies the situation scheme which contains the event itself, its assessment and emotional experience. In the centre of the emotive scenario, there is the emotion associated with the death. In the event scenario, on the contrary, the emotional experience of death is the consequence of the event. ; Диссертация посвящена исследованию языковой репрезентации концепта смерть, который является важнейшим элементом культуры любой национальной общности, участвует в формировании культурных норм.Концепт рассматривается как когнитивный и лингвокультурологический феномен. Выделены такие его инвариантные признаки: 1) минимальная единица человеческого опыта в его идеальном представлении; 2) експлицированность словом; 3) полевая организация; 4) основная единица обработки, хранения и передачи информации; 5) «размытость» границ; 6) культурная и социальная маркированность; 7) соотношение универсального и индивидуального компонентов.Концепт смерть определяется как абстрактная, номинированная, актуальная, сложная (многоуровневая), парная (имеет антонимическую пару ‒ жизнь), универсальная, стойкая, исконная, телеонимная единица. Описаны мотивирующий, понятийный, образный, символический, ценностный, ассоциативный составляющие исследуемого концепта в сознании носителей украинского языка (на основе анализа лексикографических источников, результатов ассоциативного эксперимента и дискурсивного анализа украинского художественного дискурса). Применен шестиэтапний анализ концепта смерть, объединяющий когнитивный и лингвокультурологический подходы к его интерпретации. ; Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню мовної репрезентації концепту смерть, який є важливим елементом культури будь-якої національно-культурної спільноти, бере участь у формуванні культурних норм.Концепт розглянуто як когнітивний та лінгвокультурологійний феномен. Встановлено такі інваріантні ознаки концепту: 1) мінімальна одиниця людського досвіду в його ідеальному уявленні; 2) експлікованість словом; 3) польова організація; 4) основна одиниця опрацювання, збереження й передавання інформації; 5) «розмитість» меж; 6) культурна й соціальна маркованість; 7) співвідношення універсального й індивідуального компонентів.Концепт смерть кваліфіковано як абстрактну, номіновану, актуальну, складну (багаторівневу), парну (має антонімічну пару ‒ життя), універсальну, стійку, споконвічну, телеонімну одиницю. Визначено мотиваційний, поняттєвий, образний, символьний, ціннісний, асоціативний складники досліджуваного концепту у свідомості носіїв української мови (на ґрунті аналізу лексикографічних джерел, результатів асоціативного експерименту й дискурсивного аналізу українського художнього дискурсу). Застосовано шестиетапний аналіз концепту смерть, який поєднує когнітивний та лінгвокультурологійний підходи до його інтерпретації.

The article analyzes the female representation of war through the prism of women's psychology, axiology, corporeality, and worldview. The writer describes a strong female emotion, portraying a woman as a victim of war: a woman is killed, she leaves orphaned children, or a woman who suffers the depressing trauma of losing – sons, home, peace of mind, or becomes a victim of rape. In the military world of Stefanyk's works, his heroine evolves from the image of an ordinary woman to the archetype of a woman-beregynia, a mother of Ukraine, and then, rising to the heights of the Mother of God («Maria»). The symbolism of the main concept of the analyzed collection – land – also contains a feminine connotation and expresses the idea of genetic rooting of Ukrainians in their own land. The article considers the means of psychological portrayal of women: the description of corporeality, metaphorization of emotions, verbalization of collective lamentation, and biblical allusions.

The interpretation of actual time is considered as an important inure of the development of Russian and Ukrainian literature of the first third of XX century according to the perception of the actual time, the initial artistic strategies suck as a chain of typological similarities are highlighted by the representatives of the group «Serapion Brothers» and «Lanka»-MARS. In postrevolution times the aspect of autobiography one of the main beaters of literature process. The writer were trying to express their own feeling from what they exercised creating a great dial of artistic works dedicated to the current times.The interpretation of actual time in the novel «Cities and years» by K. Fedin is written on the basic of the author's biography, on the realization of social events of beginning of the XX century .The story «The Death» by Antonenko-Davidovich, as well as the novel by K. Fedin, is written on the basic of personal experience and events of the first third of XX century.Typological similarity of interpretation of the actual time in the novel «Cities and years» by K. Fedin and the story. «The Death» deal with the personal experience of the author, in the same time perception expressed through the metaphor of death, betray, in realization of person's tragedy who is involved in political affairs.Key words: author's world, interpretation, literature group, metaphor, world perception, typological similarities. ; Интерпретация современности выступает отличительной особенностью развития русской и украинской литератур первой трети XX столетия. В главных творческих стратегиях представители литературных групп «Серапионовы братья» и «Ланка»-МАРС выявляют ряд типологических схождений. В частности, «Ланку»-МАРС и «Серапионовых братьев» объединяет понимание специфики воздействия на личность социальных обстоятельств. Писатели пытались зафиксировать и передать собственные впечатления от пережитого, создавая таким образом произведения об обстоятельствах собственной жизни.Интерпретация современности в романе К. Федина «Города и годы» построена на биографии писателя, осмыслении социальных событий начала XX века. Повесть Б. Антоненко-Давидовича «Смерт», как и роман К. Федина «Города и годы», представляет пережитое автором, собственные впечатления от событий первой трети XX века. Типологические схождения интерпретации современности в романе К. Федина «Города и годы» и повести Б. Антоненко- Давидовича «Смерть» наблюдаем в художественном переосмыслении собственного авторского опыта, в схожем восприятии времени, переданного через метафору смерти, гибели, измены, в осмыслении трагедии личности, которая оказалась в водовороте политических событий.Ключевые слова: авторский мир, интерпретация, литературная группа, метафора, мировосприятие, современность, типологические схождения. Інтерпретація сучасності виступає прикметною особливістю розвитку російської та української літератур першої третини XX століття. За провідними творчими стратегіями представники літературних угруповань «Серапіонові брати» та «Ланка»-МАРС виявляють низку типологічних сходжень. Зокрема «Ланку»-МАРС та «Серапіонових братів» об'єднує розуміння специфіки впливу на особистість соціальних обставин. Письменники намагалися зафіксувати і передати власні враження від пережитого, створюючи таким чином твори про соціальні обставини свого життя.Інтерпретація сучасності роману К. Фєдіна «Міста та роки» побудована на біографії письменника, осмисленні соціальних подій початку XX століття. Повість Антоненка-Давидовича, як і роман К. Фєдіна «Міста та роки» репрезентує пережите автором, власні враження від подій першої третини XX століття. Типологічні сходження інтерпретації сучасності в романі К. Фєдіна «Міста та роки» і повісті Б. Антоненко-Давидовича «Смерть» спостерігаємо в художньому переосмисленні власного авторського досвіду, у схожому сприйнятті часу, переданого через метафору смерті, загибелі, зради, в осмисленні трагедії особистості, яка опинилася у вирі політичних подій.Ключові слова: авторський світ, інтерпретація, літературна група, метафора, світосприйняття, сучасність, типологічні сходження. Vernik О. A. The interpretation of actual time in the novel «Cities and years» by K. Fedin and in the story «The Death» by B. Antonenko-Davidovich: typological aspect.The interpretation of actual time is considered as an important inure of the development of Russian and Ukrainian literature of the first third of XX century according to the perception of the actual time, the initial artistic strategies suck as a chain of typological similarities are highlighted by the representatives of the group «Serapion Brothers» and «Lanka»-MARS. In postrevolution times the aspect of autobiography one of the main beaters of literature process. The writer were trying to express their own feeling from what they exercised creating a great dial of artistic works dedicated to the current times.The interpretation of actual time in the novel «Cities and years» by K. Fedin is written on the basic of the author's biography, on the realization of social events of beginning of the XX century .The story «The Death» by Antonenko-Davidovich, as well as the novel by K. Fedin, is written on the basic of personal experience and events of the first third of XX century.Typological similarity of interpretation of the actual time in the novel «Cities and years» by K. Fedin and the story. «The Death» deal with the personal experience of the author, in the same time perception expressed through the metaphor of death, betray, in realization of person's tragedy who is involved in political affairs.Key words: author's world, interpretation, literature group, metaphor, world perception, typological similarities.