Suchergebnisse

Turkey has adopted the presidential system over parliamentarism in 2018 with the promise that the new system would bring more stability, democracy, and economic growth. As being the most recent country which changed its government system through a referendum to presidentialism, Turkey constitutes a very important example to be analyzed in order to see the effects of it after a long-adopted parliamentary period in the 21st century. This paper compares the basic features of democracy as well as the democratic presidential systems with the example of Turkey and aims at finding out if the presidentialism has performed well and if not, why, in the light of examples and chosen indicators. Findings of this study suggest that presidential system led to a "consolidation of power" which in its nature is anti-democratic. Analysis of certain indicators show that presidentialism did not perform well in Turkey on democratic, political as well as economic fronts.

Disciplined bodies or transgressive subjects. Somatoesthetics of fictional death and black metal bands

The performances of metal music gropus kind be described as a spectacles of a high degree of symbolic convention, which is paradoxically intended to cause the effect of constant authenticity among spectators and listeners. However, it is diffucult to find any kind of material that shows behind-the-scenes existance of those gropus, we can find critical reflection on the phenomenon of behind-the-scenes discipline in meta-music texts, such as comics and animations devoted to the biographies of fictional music groups. These texts transgress the problem of the masochistic spectacle of the body fictional authenticity of the musical groups. Examples of such texts are the Japanese animation Detroit Metal City (2008) and the Polish comic Będziesz smażyć się w Piekle by Krzysztof "Prosiak" Owedyk (2016).

This paper analyzes the discussions and statements of Polish politicians concerning the system of decision-making in the Council of the European Union in the period after the European Convention concluded its work and the Treaty on a Constitution for Europe was signed. Particular attention is paid to the influence this discourse and the attitudes of political leaders exerted on Polish-German relations. ; This paper analyzes the discussions and statements of Polish politicians concerning the system of decision-making in the Council of the European Union in the period after the European Convention concluded its work and the Treaty on a Constitution for Europe was signed. Particular attention is paid to the influence this discourse and the attitudes of political leaders exerted on Polish-German relations.

Reviewed monography Necros. Introduction to death body's ontology by prof. Ewa Domańska (AMU) is a fragmentary reflection on ontological status of dead body and corps (treated subjectively). Review's author presenting the methodological assumptions of the work, its main goals and concepts of consideration for political scientists. Author also indicates how the term (historical) "necropolitics" could be used by political science and sets a potential field for its scientific exploration.

Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a type of bacterium. It is believed to have been responsible for plagues of the early 1300s. More accurately, it is a Gram-negative rod-shaped coccobacillus. It is a facultative anaerobe that can infect humans and other animals. Human Y. pestis infection takes three main forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic plagues. All three forms are widely believed to have been responsible for a number of high-mortality epidemics throughout human history, including the Justinianic Plague of the sixth century and the Black Death that accounted for the death of at least one-third of the European population between 1347 and 1353. It has now been shown conclusively that these plagues originated in rodent populations in China. More recently, Y. pestis has gained attention as a possible biological warfare agent and the CDC has classified it as a category A pathogen requiring preparation for a possible terrorist attack. Every year, thousands of cases of plague are still reported to the World Health Organization, although, with proper treatment, the prognosis for victims is now much better. A five- to six-fold increase in cases occurred in Asia during the time of the Vietnam war, possibly due to the disruption of ecosystems and closer proximity between people and animals. Plague also has a detrimental effect on non-human mammals. In the United States of America, animals such as the black-tailed prairie dog and the endangered black-footed ferret are under threat from the disease.

An American model of peace in the Middle East, which evolved from Kissinger's 'little steps' to the separatist agreements of Camp David, was to serve the purpose of regulating the Arab-Israeli conflict and strengthening Washington's influence. In the address delivered on January 23, 1980 (that provided the foundation for the so called 'J. Carter doctrine') the US President said that every "attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America" and thus it "will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force". The abandonment of the Nasserian tradition did not help A. Sadat to win supporters in internal matters. The protest of Nasserists and the Association of Muslim Brothers against the reconciliation with Israel resulted in a tragic attack against the Egyptian president. A. Sadat's death on October 6, 1981 was a blow for the advocates of the peace process. Whether to continue the separatist policy towards Israel or not was up to the will of the new political authorities in Egypt. ; An American model of peace in the Middle East, which evolved from Kissinger's 'little steps' to the separatist agreements of Camp David, was to serve the purpose of regulating the Arab-Israeli conflict and strengthening Washington's influence. In the address delivered on January 23, 1980 (that provided the foundation for the so called 'J. Carter doctrine') the US President said that every "attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America" and thus it "will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force". The abandonment of the Nasserian tradition did not help A. Sadat to win supporters in internal matters. The protest of Nasserists and the Association of Muslim Brothers against the reconciliation with Israel resulted in a tragic attack against the Egyptian president. A. Sadat's death on October 6, 1981 was a blow for the advocates of the peace process. Whether to continue the separatist policy towards Israel or not was up to the will of the new political authorities in Egypt.

Artykuł recenzowany / peer-reviewed article ; The English Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependents) Act 1975 is one of the legislative solutions that provides, based on the discretionary power of the judge, a possibility of interference of the court in the fate of the inheritance estate after the death of the testator. Recently, the English court has decided a case on the grounds of this Act. The judgement is controversial and bring England closer to the forced heirship rules of many European countries. The article discusses this judgement. ; Angielskie prawo spadkowe należy do rozwiązań legislacyjnych, które przewidują rozwiązania oparte na dyskrecjonalnej władzy sędziego, pozwalające na ingerencję w ostatnią wolę spadkodawcy, po jego śmierci. Ostatnio angielski sąd rozpoznał – na gruncie obowiązujących w tej mierze przepisów – sprawę, której kontrowersyjne rozstrzygnięcie może pozwolić na zerwanie w Anglii z wieloletnią tradycją i zbliżenie tamtejszego systemu do tych systemów, które przewidują obowiązkową część spadku. Artykuł omawia to orzeczenie.

The work aims to show a peculiar perspective of looking at photographs taken on the eve of the broadly understood disaster, which is specified in a slightly different way in each of the literary texts (Stefan Chwin's autobiographical novel Krótka historia pewnego żartu [The brief history of a certain joke], a poem by Ryszard Kapuściński Na wystawie "Fotografia chłopów polskich do 1944 r." [At an exhibition "The Polish peasants in photographs to 1944"] and Wisława Szymborska's Fotografia z 11 września [Photograph from September 11]) – as death in a concentration camp, a general concept of the First World War or a terrorist attack. Upcoming tragic events – of which the photographed people are not yet aware – become for the subsequent recipient an inseparable element of reality contained in the frame. For the later observers, privileged with time perspective, the characters captured in the photograph are already victims of the catastrophe, which in reality was not yet recorded by the camera. It is a work about coexistence of the past and future in the field of photography.

This article concerns the sources and mechanisms of the monopolisation of power in democracy. Where do the claims of people's representatives for exclusive rights to rule come from? The author pleads two arguments and try to prove them in both the history of theoretical frameworks of democracy and its political adaptations. The first argument is that these claims are provoked by the very idea of democracy – they are its structural component which decides on its pharmakonic action, because – that's the second argument – it (the idea) is based on the construction of oppositional concepts like egalitarianism vs. elitism, power of the people vs. power of capital and their derivatives. That's why democracy, as a cure for – in respect of gaining – equality, freedom and justice, can poison these values to death simultaneously. It creates inequalities and discriminates separated people. Every substantial content of its formal values is fatal to it. It tends to move to some kind of authoritarianism, fundamentalism or totalitarianism.

The inauguration of Nelson Mandela as South Africa's first democratic president on 10 May 1994 became a symbol of the end of apartheid and the beginning of a new chapter in the country's history. As South African society was deeply divided, the 1993 Interim Constitution expressed the need for reconciliation between the people of South Africa and the reconstruction of its society. The legacy of apartheid was to be addressed based on 'a need for understanding but not for vengeance, a need for reparation but not for retaliation, a need for ubuntu but not for victimization'. Due to its introduction into the Constitution, ubuntu – a philosophy of unity, cooperation, compassion and respect for human dignity, which originated in small African communities – became a source of values for the whole legal system. The goal of the text is to present the ubuntu philosophy and to describe its role in the South African transitional justice process and in selected areas of South African law (criminal law, evictions and defamation). On the whole, South Africapresents a unique case in which both the political transformation and the legal system were strongly shaped by the said philosophical and ethical concepts, which bear close resemblance to the idea of restorative justice. ; Zaprzysiężenie 10 maja 1994 r. Nelsona Mandeli na pierwszego demokratycznie wybranego prezydenta Republiki Południowej Afryki stało się symbolem końca apartheidu i otwarcia nowego etapu w historii tego państwa. Wobec istniejących w społeczeństwie głębokich podziałów przejściowa Konstytucja RPA z 1993 r. wyrażała potrzebę pojednania pomiędzy obywatelami RPA, a także rekonstrukcji wspólnoty. Przezwyciężenie spuścizny apartheidu miało być oparte na potrzebie "zrozumienia, a nie zemsty", "rekompensaty, a nie odwetu" oraz "ubuntu, a nie wiktymizacji". Filozofia ubuntu (wywodząca się z małych afrykańskich wspólnot filozofia jedności, kooperacji, współczucia i respektu dla ludzkiej godności), do której odwołanie zamieszczono w Konstytucji – stała się rezerwuarem wartości dla całego systemu prawa. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie filozofii ubuntu oraz omówienie jej roli w rozliczeniach z przeszłością w Republice Południowej Afryki i w wybranych obszarach południowoafrykańskiego prawa: w prawie karnym, regulacjach dotyczących eksmisji z nielegalnie zajmowanego gruntu oraz w regulacjach przewidujących odpowiedzialność deliktową za zniesławienie. RPA jawi się przy tym jako wyjątkowy kazus, w którym zarówno polityczna transformacja, jak i system prawny kształtowały się pod istotnym wpływem omawianych koncepcji filozoficznych i etycznych, silnie nawiązujących do idei sprawiedliwości naprawczej.