Suchergebnisse

With the increasing recognition of the need for skilled human resources in developing countries, the role of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) has been an important part of the education system. However, in spite of such a vital role of TVET, challenges exist in designing, planning and implementing it while governing effectively. Such context has raised the issue of governing TVET among educationists, policy makers and all stakeholders to achieve its intended goals. The TVET governing issue has been of serious concern to its stakeholders in Nepal with the introduction of the federal structure in 2015. Hence this paper aims to explore the governing issue of TVET in the context of federal governance of Nepal. For this, this paper employs qualitative research approach in analyzing policy and practice of TVET in Nepal. This paper explores that the process of governing TVET in Nepal has remained highly centralized in spite of rhetoric of decentralization as the main agenda of governing development over the decades. Arguably, there is a reluctant tendency in devolving TVET as per the new structure of federal governance. Instead, conflicts among three levels of governments – federal, provincial and local – are emerging in the case of TVET similar to other development sectors. Hence, for sustainable operation and management of TVET this paper argues that the policy and practice of the TVET need to be guided by the concept of multilevel governance with collaboration among the three levels of government as envisaged by the new federal constitution.

Given that street business is conducted in highly place-specific fashions in different countries, the management of street business as an example of managing urban informality is a subject well worth investigating in the context of urban management. Drawing upon theories of decentralized management, this paper examines the ways in which the Taipei City Government regulates street vendors. This study adopts a qualitative method that includes interviews with members of the street vending community and archival research to identify evolving management strategies. Historically speaking, the management of the Shilin Night Market adopted a mixed approach that incorporated the municipality's oversight, the vendors' organization management, and local proprietors' management. Specifically, the street vendors' self-organized entities negotiated (and cooperated) with the Market Administration in a way that eventually allowed them to occupy a formally built interior market. They also coordinated with private landowners to conduct their businesses inside storefront arcades and on street sides. More recently, the Market Administration implemented an arcade vending allocation plan to handle the unlicensed street vendors who had been occupying the streets and arcades since the early 1990s. Though decentralization has historically helped the market to thrive, two primary issues have emerged. The first is the partial participation of dominating interest groups, which prevents a democratic decision-making process and eventually influences the residents' everyday life experiences in the neighborhood. The second issue results from the established street vendors' spatial exclusion and territorial control as obstacles to fair resource allocation for newly arriving street vendors. This paper argues that in place-based decentralized management, community diversity and social ecology influence the effectiveness of management outcomes. The conclusions summarize the social and political implications of this study, providing suggestions for urban policy implementation.

During the last decade, in Central Africa, timber volume of the artisanal chainsaw milling (CSM) sector, mainly for domestic markets, has exceeded that processed by the export-oriented industrial sector. However, due to lack of legal alternatives, CSM is

SummaryDecentralization is an extensively discussed topic within academic and institutional circles worldwide. While a common argument for decentralization is that it fosters democratic deepening, counterarguments cautiously point to unequal access to resources and distribution of power as factors that inhibit democratization. This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between decentralization and democratization through a comparative study of Water User Associations in two provinces of Turkey and shows in line with the literature that resource and power inequalities hamper the link between decentralization and democratization. However, as this article shows, civic engagement can generate "countervailing power" that can overcome the negative impact of such inequalities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In order to improve the efficiency of government spending, it is necessary for the decentralized irrigation management to gain support from local institutions. Efficient institutions take on several distinct configurations in different irrigation districts. In this research, we upgrade Tang's (1992) framework focusing on incentives, to a framework that includes institutional incentives and coordination. Within the framework, we then classify 5 institutional variables: water pricing reform (P), government funding (F), coordination by administration (C), having formal monitors (M) and self-organized management (S). This article processes the data obtained through a field survey (2009–2011) in 20 of China's southern counties, where they implement the "Small-scale Irrigation and Water Conservancy Key Counties Construction (Key Counties Construction)", a national project supported by the central government. Next, it applies Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the efficiency of government spending and uses Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to extract efficient institutional configurations. It concludes that there are generally three types of institutional configurations able to improve the efficiency of government spending, which are respectively: "government funding combined with coordination by administration", "water pricing reform combined with self-organized management and coordination by administration or water pricing reform combined with self-organized management and government funding and formal monitors" and "self-organized management". Among these, the second configuration is a mixed governance structure with multiple institutions coexisting, and this configuration occurs in the most efficient key counties. For that reason, it is viewed as the mainstream irrigation management approach, and we expect it to be the development trend in the future. Although Chinese irrigation policies are formalizing effective local institutions, they are still not sufficient. Future policies are needed to 1) promote institutions of government support for water laws in order to build stable expectations for both water user associations (WUAs) and farmers, 2) guide water pricing reform by ensuring farmers' water rights and regulating water markets, and 3) provide opportunities for hiring professional monitors and crafting formal rules.

The current strategy of sustainable development of Ukraine should include the development of a nationally consolidated, spiritual-intellectual, open-democratic, cultural-diverse, creative and informational society where the main dominant is the harmonization of the social environment with active horizontal and vertical ties, which are based on a well-grounded institutional provision. The objective of this strategy, given the loss of much of the economic potential, tragic victims and forcible migration from Crimea and East Ukraine, is to ensure the national identity, historical catholicity, comprehensive self-realization, socialization and a decent standard of living, security, formation of an innovatively dynamic economy and the system of national education, science, culture, medicine, physical culture and sports, recreation, and information integration of Ukrainian nation into a civilized world. The purpose of this article is to study the peculiarities of the manifestation of the socio-humanitarian space for the sustainable development of the regions of Ukraine and to develop a spatial model for the organization of social infrastructure under conditions of decentralized management based on the experience of the Republic of Poland. Structural-functional and space-regulating components of the socio-humanitarian space are determined. It is determined that institutions of social infrastructure are characterized by diversified properties, which are the basis for determining the spatial model of the organization of social infrastructure. This model depends on the interconnection of infrastructure facilities with the service space, as well as the number and structure of the population of this space. Based on Poland's experience, a spatial model for the organization of the social infrastructure of the socio-humanitarian space of Ukraine is developed; the model grounds on a clear delineation of tasks and responsibilities between central and local authorities. The vectors of modernization of social infrastructure of the socio-humanitarian space of regions of Ukraine are determined.

У статті розглянуто питання функціонування місцевих бюджетів. Визначено, що бюджетне законодавство спрямовано на фіскальну децентралізацію та зміцнення місцевих бюджетів. Проведено аналіз динаміки надходжень місцевих податків та зборів як основного джерела власних надходжень місцевих бюджетів. Проаналізовано основні показники місцевих бюджетів України, що можуть бути якісними та кількісними критеріями рівня децентралізації з урахуванням зарубіжного досвіду. Визначено негативні тенденції подальшого розвитку автономії органів місцевого самоврядування. ; The article deals with the functioning of local budgets. Determined that the budget legislation aimed at fiscal decentralization and strengthening of local budgets. The analysis of the dynamics of local taxes and fees as the main source of own revenues of local budgets. The basic indicators of local budgets Ukraine, which may be qualitative and quantitative criteria of decentralization based on international experience. The trends in the formation of local budget revenues as a percentage of gross domestic product, local spending as a percentage of gross domestic product. Analyzed the share of local budgets in consolidated revenues, the share of local budgets in consolidated budget. The analysis of the share of transfers from the state budget in local revenues based on international experience. Determined negative trends of further development of the autonomy of local governments. Determined that today their income is not the basis replenish local budgets Ukraine, the main role is played by transfers from the state budget.