"July 2002." ; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 420-466). ; Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. ; Mode of access: World Wide Web. ; Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Ng Hoi Lam. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-149). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.ix ; Acknowledgments --- p.xi ; List of Abbreviations,Tables and Figures --- p.xii ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction: Summit in Sino-American relations --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Magic Figure --- p.1 ; Chapter - --- 30th Anniversary of Rapprochement between the US and China ; Chapter 1.2 --- Puzzle --- p.3 ; Chapter - --- The Central question ; Chapter 1.3 --- Layout --- p.6 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Argument --- p.6 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review: Linking the internal politics to decision-making process of foreign policy Rational model VS Power model in High politics --- p.8 ; Chapter 2.1 --- What is a Summit? --- p.8 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Who is/ are the person(s) in-charge of foreign policy making process? --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Foreign Policy decision making model(s) ; Chapter - --- Rationality model VS Power model --- p.16 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Linking internal and external politics ; Chapter - --- Two-level game instead of realism --- p.21 ; Chapter 2.5 --- Value of summitry --- p.25 ; Chapter - --- A photo-taking arena ; Chapter - --- Symbolism or substance? ; Chapter 2.6 --- Summitry in APEC --- p.32 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology & Theoretical Framework: Summitry for settling legitimacy dilemma by two-level game --- p.34 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Focusing the subject --- p.34 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Research Method and Data --- p.38 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Nature of Sino-American relations --- p.39 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Summitry under two-level game --- p.47 ; Chapter 3.5 --- Pattern in APEC summits --- p.53 ; Chapter 3.6 --- "Modeling in 3 'I's´ؤInternational, internal and individual" --- p.55 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- A Year of Presidential Elections: The case of 1996 --- p.61 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Manila APEC --- p.61 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Jiang's Taiwan Policy ; Chapter - --- How did the 'Eight Points' work under internal politics --- p.62 ...
Abortion has become a common practice in modern China since the implementation of birth limitation policy in the 1950s. In recent decades, the growing prevalence of abortion among young unmarried migrant workers has aroused public concern. Socially, abortion among this group of young women is often seen as a reproductive health problem or anomalous phenomenon that needs to be managed and handled; at the individual level, abortion is singled out as a behavioural misconduct of young women, which signifies their moral failure. However, these indiscreet and injudicious perceptions fail to acknowledge the complexity and structural dynamics behind their choices.While past studies have examined abortion through perspectives including law, morality, policy and reproductive health, or analyzed its impact on macro politics and institutions at a societal level, few of them have looked into the authentic experiences of these women and examined the whole issue from the perspective of interpersonal and gender dynamics. To fill the gap of knowledge, the present study aims at comprehending this distinctive life event of women and reflecting women's agency. Through conducting intensive ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews with 20 unmarried female migrant workers aged from 17 to 28 years old with diverse background, the underlining forces behind the occurrence of abortion are revealed, such as the influence of state family planning policy, the complex changes of lifestyle under market reform,and the heavy influence of partners and families on the decisions concerning marriage and childbirth. This study also traces the process within which abortion decisions are made, from sexual contacts, contraceptive uses, abortion decision-making,to the negotiation between partners, depicting women's responses to structural constraints and how their choices are made under the influence of migration. ...
by Chau Ho Wai. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-140). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.iv ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.v ; ABBREVIATIONS --- p.vi ; CHAPTER ; Chapter ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- The Question: How the civil-military relations evolved during the post-Deng era? ; Chapter 1.2 --- The Case of the 1996 Taiwan Straits Crisis ; Chapter 1.3 --- Framework: Allison's Model of Decision-Making ; Chapter 1.4 --- Data and Organization ; Chapter TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Non-Communist Regimes ; Chapter 2.2 --- Communist Regimes ; Chapter 2.3 --- Post-Communist World ; Chapter 2.4 --- Military Politics in China ; Chapter THREE --- INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF PLA: FROM DENG TO POST-DENG ERA --- p.34 ; Chapter 3.1 --- PLA in the Deng Era ; Chapter 3.2 --- PLA in the Post-Deng Era ; Chapter 3.3 --- "Professionalization, Differentiation and Institutionalization" ; Chapter FOUR --- ORGANIZATIONAL INTERESTS OF PLA IN THE TAIWAN STRAITS CRISIS --- p.64 ; Chapter 4.1 --- The War Games and the Policy Handle ; Chapter 4.2 --- Employing the Organizational Process Model ; Chapter 4.3 --- Organizational Interests and Demands of the PLA ; Chapter 4.4 --- Information Processing of the PLA ; Chapter 4.5 --- Resource Acquisitions of the PLA ; Chapter FIVE --- BRINGING THE PLA INTERESTS INTO GOVERNMENTAL POLITICS --- p.100 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Employing the Governmental Politics Model ; Chapter 5.2 --- Perspectives of Jiang Zemin and PLA on the Taiwan Question ; Chapter 5.3 --- Political Pulls and Hauls in the Taiwan Straits Crisis ; Chapter 5.4 --- Legitimacy and Leadership Succession ; Chapter SIX --- CONCLUSION --- p.126 ; Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of Findings ; Chapter 6.2 --- Prospects of Future Research ; BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.134
Tse, Yuen Man. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 209-222). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.iii ; Acknowledgements --- p.vi ; Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 ; The Research Question ; Terminology ; Literature Review ; Methodology ; The Structure of the Thesis ; Chapter Chapter Two: --- Schooling in Hong Kong --- p.42 ; Structure and Characteristics of the Education System ; Language and Hong Kong´ةs Education ; History Education in Hong Kong ; Civic and Political Education in Hong Kong: A Brief History ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Three: --- An Overview of the Organization of Patriotic Education at School Level --- p.62 ; Differences in the Pattern of Organizing Nationalistic Education in Individual Schools ; Concrete Changes in the Implemented Patriotic Education Curriculum and their Ambiguous Implications ; Decision Making and Power Relations in School-Based Curriculum ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Four: --- The Meanings of National Identity and Nationalistic Education: Views of Education Practitioners --- p.89 ; Teachers´ة Background ; Teachers´ة Attitudes towards Nationalistic Education ; Which Patriotism? Ambivalences in the Teaching of Patriotism for China ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Five: --- Nationalistic Education in Practice: The Conflicting Meanings of China and Love for Country I --- p.126 ; "Which China Should Be Loved? Ancient, Cultural China versus Contemporary, Political China" ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Six: --- Nationalistic Education in Practice: The Conflicting Meanings of China and Love for Country II --- p.148 ; Affective or Critical Education/ Loving the Country as a Duty or a Choice ; Conclusion ; Chapter Chapter Seven: --- Conclusion --- p.175 ; Summary of Chapters ; The Teaching of National Identity in Hong Kong in Review ; The Future of the Teaching of National Identity in Hong Kong: The Promotion of a New Form of National Belonging ; Appendices --- p.206 ; Bibliography ...
Lo Suet-yee. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-153). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstracts --- p.i-iii ; Acknowledgements --- p.iv ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1. 1 --- Emergence of Primary Science Education and the General Development of Science Curriculum in the World ; Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review of Development of Primary Science Curriculumin Hong Kong ; Chapter 1.3 --- The Organization of This Study ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Historical Review of the Hong Kong Primary School System and Major Research Concerns of This Study --- p.8 ; Chapter 2.1 --- "Historical Review of Primary Schooling and its Political, Social, and Economic Context" ; Chapter 2.2 --- Curriculum Decision-Making in Hong Kong Primary Schooling ; Chapter 2.3 --- Concluding Remarks ; Chapter 2.4 --- Major Research Concerns of This Study ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Literature Review --- p.29 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Functionalist Theory ; Chapter 3.2 --- Conflict Theory ; Chapter 3.3 --- Institutionalist Theory ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- Methodological Approach --- p.56 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Official Syllabi of Primary Science Curriculum ; Chapter 4.2 --- Government Document on Educational and Curricular Policies ; Chapter 4.3 --- Documentary Analysis ; Chapter 4.4 --- Limitations of My Study ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Historical Analysis of Primary Science Curriculum in Hong Kong --- p.63 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Historical Review of Primary Science Curriculum in Hong Kong ; Chapter 5.2 --- Analysis of Educational Aims ; Chapter 5.3 --- Analysis of Pedagogy ; Chapter 5.4 --- Analysis of Educational Content ; Chapter 5.5 --- "Summary of the Evolving Pattern of Primary Science Curriculum: Aims, Pedagogy, and Educational Content" ; Chapter 5.6 --- Historical Changes of the Primary Science Curriculum and Assessment of Major Sociological Perspectives ; Chapter 5.7 --- Some Concluding Remarks ; Chapter Chapter 6 --- The Role of Government in the Development of ...
Tsui, Sing Yan Eric. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-145). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Chapter Chapter 1. --- Concern on State-Business Relations ; Introduction: Political Debates on State-Business Relations ; Theorietical Debates on State-Business Relations ; Cipher State Models ; Guardian State Models ; Partisan State Models ; Theories on Hong Kong´ةs Situation ; Synarchy and Administrative Absorption ; Boundary Politics and Bureaucratic Politics ; Overview ; Chapter Chapter 2. --- Power and Network ; The Problem of Power ; Dahl and his Critics ; Power and Networks ; "Power, Brokerage and Closure" ; Centrality and Power ; Lessons from Social Capital Studies ; Brokerage and Closure as Indicators of Power ; Conclusions ; Chapter Chapter 3. --- Methodology and Research Design ; Concepts of the Study ; Data Collection and Research Design ; Executive Council as Decision Making Network ; Measuring Social Linkages ; "Measuring Brokerage, Closure and Power" ; Assessing the Business Community ; Comparing State and Business Power ; Chapter Chapter 4. --- Research Findings ; The Network of Executive Councilors ; The Network of HSIC firms ; HSIC firms´ةs representative in Executive Council ; Comparing the Power of the State and Prominent Business ; Summary of Findings ; Chapter Chapter 5. --- State-Business Relations from 1982 to 1988: On the Edge of Transformations ; Findings in the Period ; Events in the Period ; The Problem of Political Future ; Beijing-Business Relations ; Localization of the Business Community ; Impacts of the Events ; Impacts from the role of Sovereigns ; Impacts from Localization of the Business Sector ; Summary ; Chapter Chapter 6. --- State-Business Relations from 1989 to 1996: Transition and Transformations ; Findings in the Period ; Events in the Period ; Changes in British Policy ; The Strengthening of Beijing-Business Alliance ; Impacts of the Events ; The Pushing Effect of London´ةs Policies ; The Pulling ...
by Cheng Chi-man, Francis. ; Thesis submitted in: December 1998. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-199). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Acknowledgments --- p.i ; Abstract --- p.iii ; List of Figures --- p.v ; Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION ; Background of This Study --- p.1 ; Aims and Objectives --- p.6 ; Conceptual Framework --- p.7 ; Civil Organization --- p.12 ; Civil Society --- p.14 ; State-Society Relationship --- p.15 ; justification of this study --- p.20 ; A Methodological Note --- p.24 ; Chapter Outline --- p.26 ; Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- CONCEPT OF CIVIL SOCIETY REVISITED ; Introduction --- p.30 ; Western Tradition --- p.35 ; Political Society and Civil Society --- p.36 ; Economic Society and Civil Society --- p.37 ; Paradoxes of Civil Society --- p.39 ; Western Definition of Civil Society --- p.43 ; Eastern Europe Tradition --- p.45 ; Civil Society in Poland --- p.45 ; Chinese Tradition --- p.48 ; Philosophical-moral Reflection in China --- p.50 ; Historical-sociological Reflection in China --- p.53 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.56 ; Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- "STATE OVERWHELMED SOCIETY: STATE- MERCHANTS RELATIONSHIP FROM EARLY TO MIDDLE QING," ; Introduction --- p.59 ; Autocratic Legacies of Qing Dynasty --- p.61 ; Merchants under Autocratic Tradition --- p.64 ; Co-hong System: Representation of State-Merchants Relationship --- p.69 ; Guilds of Merchant: A Long Haul --- p.76 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.80 ; Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- "GENERAL BACKGROUND OF MERCHANTS' ORGANIZATIONS AT CANTON IN THE LATE QING,1896-1911" ; Introduction --- p.84 ; Popular Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.86 ; Semi-official Type of Merchants' Organization --- p.89 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.93 ; Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- ANALYSIS OF CANTON GENERAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: REALIZATION OF MERCHANTS' AUTONOMY? ; Introduction --- p.96 ; Autonomy over Election and Decision Making Process --- p.98 ; Autonomy over Finance --- p.103 ; Autonomy over ...
The spatial planning of land use is the process of allocating different uses or activities to specific areas in a region and is the core content of land use planning systems. Land use planning is increasingly becoming complex because of the multifaceted problems it faces, such as guaranteeing economic growth, maintaining social equity, and preserving the environment. These objectives present conflicting demands from various land use groups and interest groups. The increased inclusion of objectives leads to different demands on the expected results. Moreover, the increased complexity of land use planning problems is influenced by the involvement and definition of multiple objectives. These objectives may be unstructured, nonlinear, and difficult to handle. Within this context, computer-based techniques have been developed to assist planners in decision making. Among all of the techniques, multi-objective optimization (MOO) approaches are the most well-known techniques in addressing multi-objective problems in land use planning. MOO approaches have successfully accomplished significant achievements. However, literature shows that some spatially-related environmental objectives, such as carbon emission, non-point source pollution, and soil erosion, are missing because of the difficulty in evaluating, analyzing, and measuring such complex land use objectives. ; The land use planning process in China is divided into a series of land use plans at different levels. Among these plans, the municipal overall land use plan and the urban master plan are involved in managing the land use resources in a city. The municipal overall land use plan administers the urban and non-urban areas in an administrative scope, whereas the urban master plan focuses only on the development of urban areas. These two types of land use plans are conducted by two different government departments. These plans are usually inconsistent, particularly in terms of space. ; Considering the spatial inconsistency between the municipal overall land use ...
Abstract: The year 2019 marks the 5th anniversary of Chinese President Xi Jinping's vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security. This article firstly makes a general summary of the progress made in national decision-making, policy oath and international recognition in the past five years since China put forward the vision of sustainable security.The article will then analyze the current challenges in global security governance. Based on the above information, the way forward for global security governance in the 21st century is discussed. Lastly, the vision of sustainable security is applied to practical issues of international security governance such as climate change and the future prospects of the Korean Peninsula. Additionally, a new security paradigm and specific resolutions for those problems are put forward. Keywords: Sustainable security; Global governance; International security; Climate change; Korean peninsula ; 2019是中国国家主席习近平提出共同、综合、合作、可持续安全观5周年。拙文首先就中国提出可持续安全观5年来,在国家决策、政策宣誓、国际认同方面取得的进展做一概要的总结;然后分析当前全球安全治理方面面临的挑战;在此基础上探讨21世纪全球安全治理的出路,将可持续安全观与气候变化问题、朝鲜半岛前景等国际安全治理的实际问题相结合,创造性地提出新的安全范式及解决问题的具体措施。 【关键词】可持续安全;全球治理;国际安全;气候变化;朝鲜半岛
The Nancy N. Boothe papers, 1980-2009 [bulk 1990-1997], are composed of articles, notes, reports and a wide variety of feminist publications. Much of the material documents the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women, which Ms. Boothe attended as Executive Director of Atlanta's Feminist Women's Health Center. Artifacts, artwork and textiles relate to the conference and to other women's and health issues. ; Born in Battles Wharf, Alabama (1948), Nancy N. Boothe graduated from the University of South Alabama as a registered nurse (1971). She received a B.S. in nursing from the Medical College of Georgia (1976), and a master's degree in Counseling from Troy State University [Florida Region] (1981). Boothe served in the U.S. Nurse Corps in the U.S. and Korea (1970-1984), and worked as clinical director and consultant at a number of health facilities in Louisiana and Florida. She became Executive Director of the Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center in 1994. In 1995, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, where she taught the workshop, ""GYN Self-Help."" Boothe has served on the boards of All Women's Health Services in Portland and Eugene, Oregon; the Sexual Assault Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Jeanette Rankin Foundation, Athens, Georgia. She is also a member of the Feminist Majority Foundation's ""Women's Commission for Congressional Oversight"" and A.P.D. Citizen Review Panel.; Founded in California in 1971 by Carol Downer (1933-) and Lorraine Rothman (1932-2007), the Feminist Women's Health Center was established to empower women through self-knowledge, education and self-help groups. The Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center was established in 1977. Its mission is to ""provide accessible, comprehensive gynecological healthcare to all who need it without judgment. As innovative healthcare leaders, [they] work collaboratively within [their] community and nationally to promote reproductive health, rights and justice. [They] advocate for wellness, uncensored health information and fair public policies by educating the larger community and empowering [their] clients to make their own decisions.""; The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, China, with a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. Three previous World Conferences were held in Mexico City (International Women's Year, 1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985). 189 governments and more than 5,000 representatives from 2,100 non-governmental organizations participated in the Beijing Conference. The principal themes were the advancement and empowerment of women in relation to women's human rights, women and poverty, women and decision-making, the girl-child, violence against women and other areas of concern. The resulting documents of the Conference are The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women manifested a global women's movement for change and has been called ""the Woodstock of the women's movement.""; The World Conference on Women was also accompanied by an informal meeting (August 30-September 8) of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This NGO Forum on Women, Beijing '95, brought together thousands of women from around the world to exchange information and ideas, celebrate women's achievements and contributions and draw attention and develop solutions to discrimination facing women world-wide.
The Nancy N. Boothe papers, 1980-2009 [bulk 1990-1997], are composed of articles, notes, reports and a wide variety of feminist publications. Much of the material documents the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women, which Ms. Boothe attended as Executive Director of Atlanta's Feminist Women's Health Center. Artifacts, artwork and textiles relate to the conference and to other women's and health issues. ; Born in Battles Wharf, Alabama (1948), Nancy N. Boothe graduated from the University of South Alabama as a registered nurse (1971). She received a B.S. in nursing from the Medical College of Georgia (1976), and a master's degree in Counseling from Troy State University [Florida Region] (1981). Boothe served in the U.S. Nurse Corps in the U.S. and Korea (1970-1984), and worked as clinical director and consultant at a number of health facilities in Louisiana and Florida. She became Executive Director of the Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center in 1994. In 1995, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, where she taught the workshop, ""GYN Self-Help."" Boothe has served on the boards of All Women's Health Services in Portland and Eugene, Oregon; the Sexual Assault Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Jeanette Rankin Foundation, Athens, Georgia. She is also a member of the Feminist Majority Foundation's ""Women's Commission for Congressional Oversight"" and A.P.D. Citizen Review Panel.; Founded in California in 1971 by Carol Downer (1933-) and Lorraine Rothman (1932-2007), the Feminist Women's Health Center was established to empower women through self-knowledge, education and self-help groups. The Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center was established in 1977. Its mission is to ""provide accessible, comprehensive gynecological healthcare to all who need it without judgment. As innovative healthcare leaders, [they] work collaboratively within [their] community and nationally to promote reproductive health, rights and justice. [They] advocate for wellness, uncensored health information and fair public policies by educating the larger community and empowering [their] clients to make their own decisions.""; The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, China, with a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. Three previous World Conferences were held in Mexico City (International Women's Year, 1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985). 189 governments and more than 5,000 representatives from 2,100 non-governmental organizations participated in the Beijing Conference. The principal themes were the advancement and empowerment of women in relation to women's human rights, women and poverty, women and decision-making, the girl-child, violence against women and other areas of concern. The resulting documents of the Conference are The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women manifested a global women's movement for change and has been called ""the Woodstock of the women's movement.""; The World Conference on Women was also accompanied by an informal meeting (August 30-September 8) of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This NGO Forum on Women, Beijing '95, brought together thousands of women from around the world to exchange information and ideas, celebrate women's achievements and contributions and draw attention and develop solutions to discrimination facing women world-wide.
The Nancy N. Boothe papers, 1980-2009 [bulk 1990-1997], are composed of articles, notes, reports and a wide variety of feminist publications. Much of the material documents the U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women, which Ms. Boothe attended as Executive Director of Atlanta's Feminist Women's Health Center. Artifacts, artwork and textiles relate to the conference and to other women's and health issues. ; Born in Battles Wharf, Alabama (1948), Nancy N. Boothe graduated from the University of South Alabama as a registered nurse (1971). She received a B.S. in nursing from the Medical College of Georgia (1976), and a master's degree in Counseling from Troy State University [Florida Region] (1981). Boothe served in the U.S. Nurse Corps in the U.S. and Korea (1970-1984), and worked as clinical director and consultant at a number of health facilities in Louisiana and Florida. She became Executive Director of the Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center in 1994. In 1995, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, where she taught the workshop, ""GYN Self-Help."" Boothe has served on the boards of All Women's Health Services in Portland and Eugene, Oregon; the Sexual Assault Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Jeanette Rankin Foundation, Athens, Georgia. She is also a member of the Feminist Majority Foundation's ""Women's Commission for Congressional Oversight"" and A.P.D. Citizen Review Panel.; Founded in California in 1971 by Carol Downer (1933-) and Lorraine Rothman (1932-2007), the Feminist Women's Health Center was established to empower women through self-knowledge, education and self-help groups. The Atlanta Feminist Women's Health Center was established in 1977. Its mission is to ""provide accessible, comprehensive gynecological healthcare to all who need it without judgment. As innovative healthcare leaders, [they] work collaboratively within [their] community and nationally to promote reproductive health, rights and justice. [They] advocate for wellness, uncensored health information and fair public policies by educating the larger community and empowering [their] clients to make their own decisions.""; The United Nations convened the Fourth World Conference on Women, September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, China, with a Platform for Action that aimed at achieving greater equality and opportunity for women. Three previous World Conferences were held in Mexico City (International Women's Year, 1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985). 189 governments and more than 5,000 representatives from 2,100 non-governmental organizations participated in the Beijing Conference. The principal themes were the advancement and empowerment of women in relation to women's human rights, women and poverty, women and decision-making, the girl-child, violence against women and other areas of concern. The resulting documents of the Conference are The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The U.N. Fourth World Conference on Women manifested a global women's movement for change and has been called ""the Woodstock of the women's movement.""; The World Conference on Women was also accompanied by an informal meeting (August 30-September 8) of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This NGO Forum on Women, Beijing '95, brought together thousands of women from around the world to exchange information and ideas, celebrate women's achievements and contributions and draw attention and develop solutions to discrimination facing women world-wide.
