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Lecture before the Royal united service institution, London, Eng., Oct. 29, 1969; with discussion.

The following information was received from the Department of Defense (DOD). Since no narrative information was provided, the material is reproduced exactly as received. Both dollars figures and personnel classification codes appear under the heading "Annual Costs" below. A key to DOD's personnel classification code was requested but not received.

The following information was received from the Department of Defense (DOD). Since no narrative information was provided, the material is reproduced exactly as received. Both dollars figures and personnel classification codes appear under the heading "Annual Costs" below. A key to DOD's personnel classification code was requested but not received.

EXAMINES JAPANESE DEFENSE POLICY AND SOME OF THE FACTORS WHICH MAY PRODUCE CHANGES IN THIS POLICY. JAPAN'S DEFENSE POLICY HAS REMAINED STABLE, BUT PRESENT INTERSTATE RELATIONSHIPS MAY CHANGE THIS. JAPANESE POLICY IS PULLED BY TWO CONFLICTING GOALS, ONE IS REACISM, TO WATCH THE POLICIES OF OTHER NATION, IN SETTING POLICY, THE OT AER IS IDEALISM, THE DESIRE TO SET AN EXAMPLE IN POLICES.

THE AUTHOR TAKES AS HIS PERMISE THAT THE NUMBER ONE PROBLEM CONFRONTING EUROPE IS THE PROSPECT OF INVASION BY THE SOVIET ARMY. HE CRITICIZES THE NATO DEFENSE STRATEGY, ONE THAT IS BUILT AROUND THE USE OF CONVENTIONAL FORCES, AND SUGGESTS THAT US PROMISES TO PROTECT WESTERN EUROPE HAS BLINDED EUROPE TO THE NEED FOR A UNITED DEFENSE OF HER OWN. FRANCE'S STRATEGY OF INDEPENDENCE IS DISCUSSED.

The broadest concept of defense is that of preventing unwanted change. This implies human evaluations of complex systems, estimating a given change as for the better or for the worse. The distinction between perceived betterment and actual betterment is difficult to make, but not meaningless. 'National Defense' is particularly concerned with conflict systems and threat systems. A conflict process is a change in which one party is perceived to become better off, the other worse off. Again there may be a difference between perceived and actual conflict. Threat systems originate when one party says 'You do something 1 want, or 1 will do something you don't want'. Possible responses are submission, defiance, flight, counterthreat (deterrence), or threat diminution (armor, walls). National defense is basically non-economic; it does not justify itself by cost-benefit analysis, but by absolute values of sacrifice and sacredness. The state is strengthened by sacrificing its own soldiers, not by killing the enemy, for that makes the enemy sacred. National defense however now threatens to destroy us all. The most important conflict in the world today is that between the unilateral national defense organizations of the world and the human race itself. The only national defense that is now feasible is stable peace.

Defense against nuclear attack--so natural and seemingly so compelling a goal--has provoked debate for at least twenty years. Ballistic missle defense systems, formerly called antiballistic missile systems, offer the prospect of remedying both superpowers' alarming vulnerability to nuclear weapons by technological rather than political means. But whether ballistic missile defenses can be made to work and whether it is wise to build them remain controversial. The U.S.-Soviet Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972 restricts testing and deployment of ballistic missile defenses but has not prohibited more than a decade of research and development on both sides. As exotic new proposals are put forward for space-based directed-energy systems, questions about the effectiveness and wisdom of missile defense have again become central to the national debate on defense policy. This study, jointly sponsored by the Brookings Institution and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, examines the strategic, technological, and political issues raised by ballistic missile defense. Eight contributors take an analytical approach to their areas of expertise, which include the relationship of missile defense to nuclear strategy, the nature and potential applications of current and future technologies, the views on missile defense in the Soviet Union and among the smaller nuclear powers, the meaning of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty for today's technology, and the present role and historical legacy of ballistic missile defense in the context of East-West relations. The volume editors give a comprehensive introduction to this wide range of subjects and an assessment of future prospects. In the final chapter, nine knowledgeable observers offer their varied personal views on the ballistic missile defense question.

CHINA, WHO RECENTLY CELEBRATED THE 26TH ANNIVERSARY OF COMMNIST RULE, HAS ALSO STRENCTHENED PARTY CONTROL OVER THE MILITARY APPARATUS. BUT THERE IS A CONTINUING DEBATE OVER THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES AND PAST AND FUTURE DEFENSE STRATEGY, ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO THE SOVIET THREAT.

The presumptuous intention of this otherwise modest little piece is to provide a defense of the notion of theocracy and a constructive theological account of its significance for the late twentieth century. I will look first—and all too briefly—at some relevant biblical materials. It will then be necessary to distinguish the idea of theocracy from a number of political positions sometimes mistakenly judged to be implicit in theocracy. Finally, I will undertake to describe the normative significance of the idea of theocracy for the pluralistic world in which we live.