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Psychological pain is a social issue which is highly present in societies, and can accordingly have a significant negative effect on all aspects of a person's existence with particularly harmful consequences on chronic pain, thus increasing the possibility of developing comorbid psychiatric disorders. Clinicians often tend to label the appearance of psychological symptoms as a "normal" or usual response to physical ailments. Psychological pain or suffering is not only manifested on a psychological level, nonetheless, it is usually in a certain way immanent in the body itself. As regards the physical pain, there is an evident connection between awareness of the physical spot of pain in the body and the psychological experience of pain, which is not the case when it comes to emotional pain. The aim of this paper is to systematize and classify scientific findings and knowledge about psychological pain. The paper is based on the results of contemporary research in the field of psychology and other related sciences and scientific disciplines related to social and scientific issues. Psychological assessment of pain is of great importance due to the consequences it entails – including primarily the impaired physical and psychological integrity of a person, since the mind, reason, and emotions are mainly conditioned by the normal existence of the body. Psychological assessment of pain can have significant results in applied scientific research and modern social practice.

For researchers of political phenomenons, one of the most attractive phenomenons in research has been modern terrorism. Moreover, the research and defining of terrorism is of first rate political significance, as the USA and a number of other states imperiled by terrorism are pointing out that the battle against terrorism is a first rate political goal for international community. However, still in international circles there has not been a definition of terrorism that would be accepted as a standard one, although within the OUN there have been some moves forward in that direction as far as time goes back. There are various reasons for that, and many among them are related to so-called problems in defining terrorism. Analysis of such problems has confirmed that terrorism indeed is a very complex and extremely developmental phenomenon which consists of a number of various forms in appearance. In addition, its defining has been obstructed by: ignorance and unfamiliarity of the phenomenon itself, its conceptual mesh with related models of political violence, arising of emotions while defining it, and, in particular, political interest of those who define it, as well as a number of other, less obvious, but not less important factors. ; Savremeni terorizam je jedan od najatraktivnijih fenomena za istraživače političkih pojava. Osim toga, istraživanje i definisanje terorizma je od prvorazredne političke važnosti budući da SAD i niz drugih zemalja koje su ugrožene terorizmom postavljaju pred međunarodnu zajednicu borbu protiv terorizma kao prvorazredni politički cilj. I pored toga, još nije međunarodno prihvaćena neka definicija terorizma kao opštevažeća, mada se u okvirima OUN već odavno radi na tome. Razlozi za to su brojni, a mnogi od njih spadaju u takozvane probleme definisanja terorizma. Analiza tih problema potvrđuje da je terorizam veoma složen i izrazito razvojan fenomen koji ima niz pojavno raznovrsnih formi, ali i to da njegovo definisanje ometaju: nepoznavanje fenomena, pojmovna isprepletenost sa srodnim oblicima političkog nasilja prisutnost emocija pri definisanju, a naročito politički interesi onih koji ga definišu, kao i niz drugih, manje uočljivih, mada ne i manje bitnih faktora.

The article analyses what aspects should be considered when deciding on the subjective scope of application of lobbying regulation in a country. Any country defining a lobbyist should first of all take into account its political and legal context, and theoretical insights about the types and activities of lobbyists that may exist. Furthermore, good practice and lessons from the experience of other countries should be evaluated. The legal definitions of the terms lobbyist and lobbying activities in Lithuania and Poland – the first EU member states to start regulating lobbying activities – are analysed in the article in order to highlight the main shortfalls of the existing legislation. The article provides guidelines on defining a lobbyist for countries planning to adopt legal regulation of lobbying activities, as well as countries wishing to improve existing regulation. ; U radu se analiziraju aspekti koje je potrebno uzeti u obzir prilikom određivanja subjektivnog dosega primjene zakonske regulacije lobiranja u pojedinoj državi. Prilikom definiranja pojma lobista svaka država mora uzeti u obzir vlastiti politički sustav i zakonodavni kontekst, kao i teorijske spoznaje o mogućim vrstama lobista i aktivnostima kojima se oni bave. Također, potebno je sagledati dobru praksu i iskustva drugih zemalja. U radu se analiziraju zakonske definicije pojmova lobista i aktivnosti lobiranja u Litvi i Poljskoj – prvim državama članicama EU-a koje su uvele zakonsku regulaciju aktivnosti lobiranja – kako bi se naglasili glavni nedostatci postojećeg zakonodavstva. Također, ističu se smjernice o tome kako definirati pojam lobista u onim državama koje namjeravaju zakonski regulirati aktivnosti lobiranja, kao i u onim državama koje žele unaprijediti postojeće zakone. Potebno je imati na umu kako aktivnosti lobiranja čine samo dio šireg pojma sudjelovanja javnosti u javnome odlučivanju. Postoji niz drugih zakona kojim se reguliraju razna prava, npr. pravo na sastanak s članovima parlamenta, pravo na podnošenje peticije, pravo na pristup informacijama i podnošenje informacija javnim vlastima te druga prava. Nacrt zakona o aktivnostima lobiranja trebao bi sadržavati procjenu postojećeg zakonskog okvira kojim je uređeno pravo na sudjelovanje u javnome odlučivanju te bi trebao ukloniti sva moguća preklapanja i praznine koje u pravilu imaju kao posljedicu zakonsku nesigurnost i poteškoće kod pravilne implementacije zakonskih odredbi.

It is known that to define the object of research is the first and indispensable step on the road to a more objective indicators of the studied phenomena. Specifically, precise and unambiguous definition is one of the key preconditions for success of the research. However, anyone who chooses police corruption as the subject of his research will encounter, at the very outset, the problem of how to define the phenomenon which he intends to investigate. The reason for this is the fact that corruption in general, and thus the 'police corruption', is interpreted in very different ways. As a result, it is obvious that the literature designates as police corruptions a wide range of behaviors and even phenomena of significantly different nature, such as violent behavior, for example. Such behavior is admittedly much easier to separate from corruption and to look into independently, whereas it is much harder to do so in case of practices which are very close to corruption, especially as some of them are referred to as being corrupt. In this sense, two phenomena appear to be particularly indicative - conflicts of interest and process corruption. The tendency of the author is to - as part of this study - examine the characteristics of these two phenomena and their relationship with corruption, trying in this way to contribute to finding the most precise definition of 'police corruption'. ; Poznato je da definisanje predmeta istraživanja predstavlja prvi i neizostavni korak na putu do što objektivnijih pokazatelja proučavane pojave. Tačnije, precizno i nedvosmisleno definisanje je ključni preduslov uspešnosti samog istraživanja. Međutim, svako ko izabere korupciju u policiji za predmet svog istraživanja već na samom početku će se susresti sa problemom kako da definiše pojavu koju namerava da istraži.Razlog tome treba tražiti u činjenici što se korupcija generalno, pa time i 'policijska korupcija', tumači na veoma različite načine. Kao posledica takvog stanja primetno je da se u literaturi pod pojam korupcije u policije svrstavaju brojna ponašanja, pa čak i pojave bitno drugačije prirode, kao što su recimo ponašanja sa elementima nasilja. Ovakva ponašanja je doduše znatno lakše odvojiti i nezavisno sagledati od korupcije, dok je to mnogo teže učiniti u slučaju pojava koje su veoma bliske korupciji, posebno što neke od njih u svom nazivu čak i nose tu odrednicu. U tom smislu posebno indikativnim smatramo dve pojave - sukob interesa i tzv. 'korupciju procesa'. Težnja autora je da u sklopu ovog rada sagleda osobenosti ovih dveju pojava i njihov odnos sa korupcijom, nastojeći na taj način da doprinese iznalaženju što preciznije definicije 'policijske korupcije'.

In different countries the profession of social work has "done its work" for more or less than a century. In Lithuania its history is revived and closely related to social transformation that has taken place after the restoration of independence in 1990. The question of how fully. if at all, social work has achieved professional status has been debated throughout the last century. It is known that efforts to evaluate whether social work is a "semi-profession" or a "fully developed profession" have been made by .l. Baird. Already in 1972 social work was considered as a profession. In the opinion of J. Baird to evaluate the status of the profession depends on whether social work is being measured by classical criteria of once "free" professions, or by contemporary criteria that are relevant to helping professions which are substantially committed to public and governmental service enterprise. The present picture of the professionalization of social work has changed. American social work's aspirations to professionalization is a natural process in a liberal market economy, because the profession is created and strengthened as a result of the personal interests of those earning a living by it. The status of social work as a profession is not unequivocally fixed. There are some aspects that are considered as negative to the professionalization of social work. Namely. the private practice of social work which is said has been growing dynamically since the middle of the 2th century. But with the dramatic rise of medical care, social workers are said to return to their original mission. The nature of professional practice in any particular stale is grounded in the historical and cultural context as mediated through political, economic and social systems. This makes social work difficult to define at the global level, and attempts to identify a universal essence of social work are problematic. Despite this apparent difficulty, there are some general definitions of social work. Definitions provokc many questions. ls it possible to develop a universal definition of social work? If so, how well docs this definition describc social work throughout thc world? Does this definition apply to social work where l live? And the likc. At the beginning of the 21 st century, the European countrics have faced many problems of a diffcrent naturc. In ordcr to understand the nature of these problems an attempt is made to catcgorize them. Much is asked of social workers, and thcy are ones that are cxpccted to make a difference by empowering human beings to change sclf and socicty. The conclusion is that it is worthwhilc to explore, review social work as a profcssion becausc, according to Midgley, therc is a "need to dcvclop a broad intcrnational approach to the study of social work to generate a globai awareness that enhances the ability of social workers to transcend their preocupation with the local and contextualize their role within a globai setting"'. ; Straipsnyje aptariami socialinio darbo profesijos raidos ypatumai, pabrėžiant socialinių darbuotojų pastangas stiprinti šią profesiją ir kreipti ją klasikinės profesijos link. Apžvelgiama dabartinė socialinio darbo profesija globaliu požiuriu ir kaip besiplėtojanti, stiprėjanti profesija Lietuvoje. Remiantis įvairiomis socialinio darbo definicijomis, ryškinama socialinio darbo esmė. Aptariamas socialinio darbo, kaip pagalbos žmogui profesinės veiklos, sudėtingumas, parodant sunkumus ir problemas, su kuriais susiduriama praktinėje veikloje.

Dostignut nivo demokratičnosti jedno je od najvažnijih pitanja za sociologiju politike. Izborna demokratija može da posluži kao precizan i validan referentni sistem za longitudinalno praćenje razvoja demokratije u nekoj zemlji, pa čak i kao adekvatan metodološki okvir za međudruštvenu komparaciju. U ovom radu analizuju se parlamentarni izbori u Srbiji 2014. godine koristeći se teorijskim konceptom minimalne definicije demokratije. Nakon primene nekoliko kriterijuma koje postulira dati teorijski okvir, daje se procena o tome da li Srbiju i dalje (kao nakon izbora 2012) možemo svrstati u kategoriju zemalja u kojima je na snazi izborna demokratija. ; Question of the achieved level of democracy in a given society is one of the most important issues in sociology of politics. We believe that electoral democracy can serve as an accurate and valid reference system for longitudinal monitoring of the development of democracy in the country, and it can even serve as an adequate methodological framework for comparison between states. In this paper we will try to give an objective analysis of the parliamentary elections in Serbia in 2014 using the theoretical concept of minimal definition of democracy. After the application of several criteria which postulated by theoretical framework, we will try to give an assessment on whether is Serbia still can be classified into the category of countries with effective electoral democracy (as we could after the previous election held in 2012).

Straipsnyje kognityvinės definicijos metodu atliekama EUROPOS koncepto analizė. Iš jos išryškėja, kas lietuviams yra Europa, su kuo ji asocijuojasi, kokia galima žodžio "Europa" kognityvinė definicija. Ji formuluojama iš šiandienio jaunimo apklausose pateiktų minčių apie Europą ir atskirų diskursų analizės, išryškėjusių semų bendrybių ir skirtumų.

Straipsnyje kognityvinės definicijos metodu atliekama žodžio garbė koncepto analizė. Iš jos išryškėja, kas lietuviams yra garbė, kokios yra svarbiausios šio žodžio semos, kokia galima žodžio garbė kognityvinė definicija. Tiek atskirų diskursų analizė, tiek jaunimo apklausos rezultatai rodo, kaip per šimtmetį pakito garbės samprata, koks yra studentų požiūris ne tik į garbę, bet ir apskritai į moralines vertybes, kas jaunimui daro didžiausią įtaką formuojantis jų vertybių sistemai.

[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Straipsnyje Liublino etnolingvistų sukurtu kognityvinės definicijos metodu siekiama ištirti lietuviškąją išmintį ir jos vietą vertybių sistemoje. Pirma, nagrinėjami įvairiuose lietuvių kalbos žodynuose pateikiami žodžio išmintis ir jo vedinių straipsniai. Toliau aprašoma atlikta apklausa, atskleidžianti šių laikų jauno žmogaus suvokimą. Galiausiai tiriami šeši diskursai, apibrėžiantys išmintį kaip daugiaplanę sąvoką. Pabaigoje pateikiama kognityvinė definicija, žyminti, kaip lietuvių tautos suvokiama, vertinama, kaip apibūdinama ir su kuo siejama išmintis.