Suchergebnisse

AbstractDehumanizing language, or language used to describe human beings as non-human entities, is increasingly prevalent in political life. This dehumanization also occurs frequently in the world of sports. Sports and politics intersected notably in 2016, when Colin Kaepernick of the NFL's San Francisco 49ers started protesting the national anthem to raise awareness about police violence against African-Americans. Kaepernick's protests generated considerable vitriol towards him and other protesters, some of which was dehumanizing. In this study, I examine how dehumanizing language used against anthem protesters of different races influences political attitudes. Using experimental data, I find that, when a Black player protesting the national anthem is dehumanized, White citizens are considerably less supportive of the anthem protests and protesters. This effect does not persist when the dehumanized player is White.

"The Rwandan genocide, the Holocaust, the lynching of African Americans, the colonial slave trade: these are horrific episodes of mass violence spawned from racism and hatred. We like to think that we could never see such evils again-that we would stand up and fight. But something deep in the human psyche-deeper than prejudice itself-leads people to persecute the other: dehumanization, or the human propensity to think of others as less than human. This book looks at the mechanisms of the mind that encourage us to see someone as less than human. There is something peculiar and horrifying in human psychology that makes us vulnerable to thinking of whole groups of people as subhuman creatures. When governments or other groups stand to gain by exploiting this innate propensity, and know just how to manipulate words and images to trigger it, there is no limit to the violence and hatred that can result"--

The Rwandan genocide, the Holocaust, the lynching of African Americans, the colonial slave trade: these are horrific episodes of mass violence spawned from racism and hatred. We like to think that we could never see such evils again - that we would stand up and fight. But something deep in the human psyche-deeper than prejudice itself - leads people to persecute the other: dehumanization, or the human propensity to think of others as less than human. This text looks at the mechanisms of the mind that encourage us to see someone as less than human. There is something peculiar and horrifying in human psychology that makes us vulnerable to thinking of whole groups of people as subhuman creatures. When governments or other groups stand to gain by exploiting this innate propensity, and know just how to manipulate words and images to trigger it, there is no limit to the violence and hatred that can result.

After the so-called refugee crisis of 2015–2016 European reactions to foreigners had come to the fore and we are seeing xenophobic political and populist movements become increasingly mainstream. The massive rejection of refugees/asylum seekers taking place has made their conditions before, during and after flight, increasingly difficult and dangerous. This paper relates current xenophobia to historical attitudinal trends in Europe regarding Islam, and claims that a much more basic conflict is at work: the one between anti-modernism/traditionalism and modernism/globalization. Narratives on refugees often relate them to both the foreign (Islam) and to "trauma". In an environment of insecurity and collective anxiety, refugees may represent something alien and frightening but also fascinating. I will argue that current concepts and theories about "trauma" or "the person with trauma" are insufficient to understand the complexity of the refugee predicament. Due to individual and collective countertransference reactions, the word "trauma" tends to lose its theoretical anchoring and becomes an object of projection for un-nameable anxieties. This disturbs relations to refugees at both societal and clinical levels and lays the groundwork for the poor conditions that they are currently experiencing. Historically, attitudes towards refugees fall somewhere along a continuum between compassion and rejection/dehumanization. At the moment, they seem much closer to the latter. I would argue that today's xenophobia and/or xeno-racism reflect the fact that, both for individuals and for society, refugees have come to represent the Freudian Uncanny/das Unheimliche. ; acceptedVersion

The article is devoted to the human values transformation driven by the convergent technologies. Those technologies can open the door to change the human consciousness on organic or neurobiological plane and can stimulate the development of ways to overcome the boundaries of human capabilities and of methods of purposeful modification of the biological human nature. The problem of new military technologies application is particularly underlined and analyzed in the article.

ABSTRACTBetween 2006 and 2009, I attended various peacebuilding and antiwar events in Lebanon, from dialogue sessions and workshops to lectures and demonstrations. One refrain at these events was that war should be avoided because it was dehumanizing or, in a slightly different form, that it results in a loss of humanity. Alongside these gatherings, I conducted interviews and ethnographic fieldwork with former militia fighters from Lebanon's war (1975–1990). Together, these encounters led me to question notions of dehumanization in discourses of war and peace. Did war dehumanize? Did dehumanization lead to war? Did perpetrators lose their humanity through acts of killing? Did their actions stem from the dehumanization of the other? This article explores these questions and interrogates the notion of humanity. I argue that in allowing the notion of humanity to shape our politics, and in centering the loss of humanity in discourses of war and peace, both war and peace are invariably depoliticized. [war, dehumanization, combatants, humanity, Lebanon]

"Intellectual Disability: Ethics, Dehumanization, and a New Moral Community presents an interdisciplinary exploration of the roots and evolution of the dehumanization of people with intellectual disabilities. This book: Examines the roots of disability ethics from a psychological, philosophical, and educational perspective ; Presents a coherent, sustained moral perspective in examining the historical dehumanization of people with diminished cognitive abilities ; Includes a series of narratives and case descriptions to illustrate arguments ; Reveals the importance of an interdisciplinary understanding of the social construction of intellectual disability."--Publisher's website

"Intellectual Disability: Ethics, Dehumanization, and a New Moral Community presents an interdisciplinary exploration of the roots and evolution of the dehumanization of people with intellectual disabilities. This book: Examines the roots of disability ethics from a psychological, philosophical, and educational perspective ; Presents a coherent, sustained moral perspective in examining the historical dehumanization of people with diminished cognitive abilities ; Includes a series of narratives and case descriptions to illustrate arguments ; Reveals the importance of an interdisciplinary understanding of the social construction of intellectual disability."--Publisher's website.

AbstractA study of 211 first responders was conducted to examine the correlation between first responders' perceptions of dehumanization (i.e., meta‐dehumanization and organizational meta‐dehumanization) and burnout. Results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed a significant, positive relationship with large effect size between meta‐dehumanization and burnout when controlling for time in the profession. These findings indicate that first responders may need assistance coping with normal stressors of the job as well as the harm that can result from public perceptions. Implications at the professional and systemic levels are shared.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- Part I Dehumanization of Warfare and International Humanitarian Law -- Autonomous Weapons and International Humanitarian Law -- Dehumanization: Is There a Legal Problem Under Article 36? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Does the Depersonalisation of Warfare per se Raise Legal Issues? -- 3 The Ethical/Legal Dimension -- 4 The Law That Article 36 Reviews Must Apply -- 5 The Legal Criteria to be Applied in a Weapon Review -- 6 How Do Specific Remote Attack Technologies Match Up to These Criteria? -- 6.1 Remotely Piloted Aircraft -- 6.2 Autonomous Weapon Systems -- 6.3 Cyber Weapons -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Ethical Challenges of Dehumanization -- Dehumanization: The Ethical Perspective -- 1 Two Meanings of "Dehumanization" -- 2 Unfairness of Asymmetric Warfare? -- 3 The Distinction Between Evaluation Rules and Imputation Rules -- 4 Ban on Usage of Certain Weapons and Weapon-Systems -- 5 Kant's Suggestion -- 6 The Difference Between Murder and Intentional Homicide in German Criminal Law as Distinctive Criterion -- 7 Consequences for Evaluating Certain Acts of Killing in War -- 8 Drones and "Stealth" -- 9 The Distinction Between Combatants and Civilians -- 10 Problems of Imputation -- References -- Part III Unmanned Systems in Particular at Sea and Land -- Autonomy of Mobile Robots -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Robot Development -- 3 Autonomy of Mobile Robots -- 3.1 Mobile Industrial Robots -- 3.2 Mobile Field and Service Robots -- 3.3 Rational Agents -- 4 Understanding the Surrounding -- 5 Examples -- 5.1 KAIRO III -- 5.1.1 Lessons Learned -- 5.2 CoCar -- 5.2.1 Lessons Learned -- 6 Limits and Possibilities: Capabilities of Modern Robots -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Feasible Precautions in Attack and Autonomous Weapons -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Levels of Autonomy