Suchergebnisse

The role played by the USSR in the popular democracies in Central and Eastern Europe is both overestimated and underestimated in current works. It is overestimated in numerous studies, which consider the imposing force of the "Soviet model" to have been acquired when these countries fell under the Soviet sphere of influence at the end of World War II. The mere definition of a model is however anything but clear: its transplantation had many loopholes and showed significant discrepancies depending on the periods and areas taken into consideration. It is underestimated since the entire array of exchanges made with the USSR during the socialist period have rarely been fully considered. While much attention was paid to the relationship between the East and the West during the Cold War, this special issue aims to address an under-researched topic, the cultural relations between the popular democracies and the USSR. By focusing on different countries and on different forms of exchanges in literature, visual arts, architecture or cinematography, the various contributions to this special issue are hopefully expanding the study of East-East relations, while offering a necessary comparative understanding of how each country shaped its own communist experience.

The exchanges between the Writers' Unions during the communist era are an important part of the cultural policies of the "people's democracies". The circulation of writers in the East-European space has to ensure a certain homogenization of literary practices. This is why literary exchanges between the Communist states are intense but also strongly controlled. Nevertheless, the study of the literary encounters allows us to question this "idea of a great socialist literary community" and also to see, beyond a certain solidarity and some common literary practices, a number of difficulties, differences, inequalities, and even conflicts that often broke out between the brother countries.

Résumé Cet article compare l'extension et l'évolution de l'identité gauche-droite des citoyens des nouvelles démocraties de l'Europe du sud avec celle des citoyens de huit autres régimes démocraties européens de 1976 à 2004. Prenant en compte l'héritage autoritaire de l'Europe du sud, les conditions pour l'émergence des identités droite-gauche se trouvent réduites. Notre intention est donc d'évaluer d'abord si l'auto identification gauche-droite est moins répandue dans les populations Grecque, Portugaise, et Espagnoles que dans d'autres pays européens, et en suite de vérifier si ces pays présentent des tendances contraires à celles des démocraties plus anciennes. Les deux dernières sections de cet article examinent l'impact de la socialisation dans un environnement démocratique sur la formation des identités gauche-droite, utilisant successivement une analyse quantitative multi-nivaux et une analyse par génération. Ces tests empiriques mènent à une confirmation systématique du rôle de la socialisation dans un environnement démocratique pour l'émergence d'une identité politique sur l'axe droite-gauche.