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By looking into the relation between democratic political regimes, Alexis de Tocqueville sees that an increase of commerce & industry, the ever-growing equality among citizens & the fact that each nation in the international community increasingly resembles each other, makes it intolerable for the democratic man to resort to war. Democracies do not like war & they mistrust the military spirit. War becomes rarer. But when it finally arises, its intensity & scope are totally unusuaI. Tocqueville finds the causes of this paradox in the very nature of democratic armies as well as in the defense of democratic liberty & the fundamental equality of all human beings. He is convinced that to secure a moderate democracy, the main challenge of democratic nations in international relations is to find the right balance between self-interest & great political principles. Adapted from the source document.

The Europe of the future, democratic, freedom fighter, promoter of peace and well-being, is a task of all Europeans. The founding fathers of the European project opened up the path that men of good-will like David Sassoli were capable of dynamizing with determination and wisdom. It is important to follow their example and make of the general interest of Europe the common wish of each citizen and each nation.

This article intends to analyze if the best way to conceptualize security is through the exception. For this reason, the paper aims to explain the securitization theory developed by the Copenhagen School & to understand how close the latter is with the concept of the exception put forward by Carl Schmitt. Because this concept cannot be understood without the concept of the political, it will be analyzed how the concept of the political influenced the concept of the exception & what are the dangers for liberal democracies when security is perceived through the lenses of the relationship friend/enemy. Moreover, it will be suggested that the concept of desecuritization cannot work as an alternative for the concept of securitization. References. Adapted from the source document.

O artigo analisa o processo de institucionalização partidária no Brasil pós-redemocratização. A formação do Partido dos Trabalhadores, e seu repetido enfrentamento eleitoral com o PSDB, aponta para um processo em andamento mas ainda incompleto: a criação, em torno dos dois partidos, de identificações político-partidárias estáveis que podem eventualmente redundar num sistema partidário simplificado e consolidado, com, entre outras coisas, a neutralização do êxito até aqui obtido pela postura excessivamente clientelista e pragmática que orienta o fragmentário enraizamento regional do PMDB.

This article brings an implicit problem: How to unite different peoples and cultures, that are in constant tranformation, around a commom project? The democratic regime is the most approprieate for this task, as it respects diferences and combines it with freedom and justice to promote equal opportunities. On the other hand, the union carried out democratically improves democracy, both favoring each other.

David Sassoli has best interpreted the great Italian tradition of Europeanism, which had in Giuseppe Mazzini, Vincenzo Gioberti, Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto G. Rossi, the highest and most concrete theoretical and political expressions of the contemporary age. Europe means democracy, therefore freedom, social justice, solidarity among the peoples and within the peoples that make up the European Union. It means building and looking upwards towards peace.

The monadic version of the democratic peace theory holds that democracies tend to be more peaceful than non-democracies. Drawn from Kant's original proposal in Perpetual Peace, the great majority of studies published so far tend to focus on concepts of negative peace (absence of war) & on strictly formal models of democracy (in many cases already consolidated). Approaching the young Russian democracy, this article seeks o apply the monadic version of the democratic peace theory to democratization processes & civil society development, suggesting an operational proximity of peace to Galtung & democracy to Gellner. References. Adapted from the source document.