Suchergebnisse

Les nombreux impacts négatifs liés à la démocratisation de l'automobile dans le dernier siècle ont mené à repenser les systèmes de transport et les pratiques de planification des transports. Les systèmes de transport devraient être planifiés pour protéger la viabilité écologique à long terme, pour fournir une accessibilité de base et pour assurer un accès équitable intergénérationnel et intragénérationnel au transport : c'est le transport durable. Plusieurs actions et stratégies ont été proposées dans les dernières décennies pour mettre en œuvre le transport durable. Le réaménagement des rues en faveur du transport actif et en commun est une de ces stratégies. Toutefois, il existe actuellement un décalage entre les plans, qui adoptent une vision de transport durable, et la pratique, qui réalise encore des projets de transport non-durables. Les différentes échelles de gouvernements requièrent de nouveaux outils d'aide à la décision pour changer les processus décisionnels. L'aide multicritère à la décision (AMCD) est une approche de mise en œuvre par divers processus possibles et proposant diverses méthodes d'analyse qui est de plus en plus discutée dans la littérature en transport afin d'intégrer une perspective holistique dans les processus décisionnels et l'évaluation de projet. Dans cette optique, cette thèse étudie plus particulièrement l'utilisation de l'AMCD pour améliorer les processus décisionnels liés au réaménagement de rues. Tout d'abord, une revue de littérature a été réalisée afin de mieux comprendre les méthodes d'évaluation actuellement utilisées dans les processus décisionnels en transport. Les deux principales méthodes d'évaluation dans le domaine (analyse coût-bénéfice et AMCD) ont été analysées selon leurs forces et leurs faiblesses perçues, les différentes manières de les combiner et leurs capacités à intégrer les principes de développement durable dans les processus décisionnels. Afin de considérer les différentes conceptualisations de l'aide à la décision, les résultats ont été analysés en considérant quatre approches d'aide à la décision basées sur le concept d'agir communicationnel d'Habermas (objectiviste, conformiste, ajustable et réflexive). Ensuite, une méthode pour développer un outil cartographique d'AMCD qui priorise le réaménagement de rues en rues conviviales a été proposée et a été appliquée en collaboration avec la Ville de Québec, Canada. Les rues conviviales sont l'objet d'un mouvement populaire en Amérique du Nord pour l'aménagement de " rues pour tous ". L'outil a été développé lors d'ateliers multidisciplinaires (transport, urbanisme, environnement, infrastructure, etc.) réunissant des professionnels de Québec selon la méthode d'AMCD MACBETH. Le développement de l'outil a été réalisé en cinq phases : (1) la structuration du problème, (2) la construction d'échelles d'attractivité, (3) l'élicitation de taux de substitution, (4) la validation du modèle et (5) la production de cartes de priorité. Forte du succès de la démarche, la Ville de Québec intègre cet outil dans sa stratégie de rues conviviales depuis 2017. Pour faire suite à l'outil développé avec la Ville de Québec, un cadre d'évaluation post-projet dans un contexte d'AMCD a été développé et appliqué à propos du développement et de l'utilisation de l'outil. Le cadre d'évaluation se base sur cinq questions : pourquoi évaluer?, quoi évaluer?, sur quoi est basée l'évaluation?, comment évaluer? et qui est impliqué dans l'évaluation?. L'évaluation a pris la forme d'une série d'entretiens individuels réalisés avec les professionnels impliqués dans le développement et l'utilisation de l'outil cartographique d'AMCD. Les entretiens portaient sur le développement, l'utilisation et la pérennité de l'outil et ont été analysés selon la méthode d'analyse thématique. Enfin, afin d'évaluer le potentiel d'application de la démarche dans d'autres contextes, les pratiques et les perceptions de professionnels quant à la réfection et au réaménagement de rues provenant de 11 municipalités québécoises ont été documentées lors d'ateliers multidisciplinaires de groupe (infrastructure, transport, urbanisme, environnement et géomatique). Les objectifs de ces ateliers étaient (1) de brosser un portrait des pratiques actuelles et (2) d'identifier les enjeux et les défis à développer un outil cartographique d'AMCD dans des contextes municipaux différents. Les ateliers ont été analysés en schématisant les processus décisionnels actuels et en utilisant la méthode de cartographie causale. Une série de lignes directrices a été proposée pour permettre le développement d'outils cartographiques d'AMCD au sein de municipalités. Ainsi, ces lignes directrices visent à faciliter le développement d'un nouveau type d'outils d'aide à la décision pour les municipalités, mais également à permettre d'améliorer les processus décisionnels actuels des municipalités afin de mieux arrimer les visions et les objectifs adoptés dans les politiques et les plans avec les projets réalisés et les pratiques professionnelles. ; The numerous negative impacts linked to the democratization of cars in the last century led to rethink transportation systems and transportation planning practices. Transportation systems should be planned to safeguard long-term ecological vitality, provide basic accessibility and ensure equal access to transport services. This is sustainable transportation. Many actions and strategies were proposed in the last decades to implement sustainable transportation. Redesigning streets in favor of active and public transportation is one of these strategies. However, there is currently a gap between the plans, that adopt a sustainable transportation vision, and practices, that still realize unsustainable transportation projects. The different government levels require new decision aid tools to change their decision processes. Multicriteria decision aiding (MCDA) is one method that is more and more discussed in the transportation literature to integrate a holistic perspective to decision processes. In this regard, this thesis studies more specifically the use of MCDA to improve decision processes linked to street redesigns. First of all, a descriptive literature review was conducted to better understand the evaluation methods that are currently used in transportation decision processes. The two main evaluation methods in the field (cost-benefit analysis and MCDA) were examined according to their perceived strengths and weaknesses, to the different ways to combine them and to their abilities to integrate sustainable development principles in the decision processes. To take into account the different conceptualizations of decision-aiding, the results were analyzed according to four decision-aiding approaches based on the concept of communicative action from Habermas (objectivist, conformist, adjustive and reflexive). Subsequently, a method to develop a multicriteria spatial decision support system (MC-SDSS) to prioritize the streets to redesign as Complete Streets was proposed and applied in collaboration with the City of Quebec in Canada. Complete streets is a popular movement in North America for sustainable transportation to design " streets for everyone ". The MC-SDSS was developed during multidisciplinary group workshops (transportation, urban planning, environment, infrastructure, urban design and public participation) gathering Quebec City professionals using the MCDA method MACBETH. The development of the MC-SDSS was split in five phases: (1) structuring the problem, (2) constructing attractiveness scales, (3) deriving scaling constants, (4) validating the model and (5) producing priority maps. The process has been successful. Indeed, Quebec City has been using this MC-SDSS in the elaboration of its Complete Streets strategy since 2017. Following the MC-SDSS developed in Quebec City, a post-project evaluation framework, specific to MCDA, was generated and applied to the MC-SDSS. The evaluation framework is based on five questions: why evaluate?, what to evaluate?, on what is the evaluation based?, how to evaluate? and who is involved in the evaluation?. The evaluation was applied under the form of a series of individual interviews carried with the professionals involved in the development and use of the MC-SDSS. The interviews were about the development, use and future of the MC-SDSS and were analyzed according to the thematic analysis method. Based on the challenges and difficulties identified in the thematic analysis, various recommendations are suggested to improve practices. Finally, to assess the potential to export the development of MC-SDSS to other contexts, the practices and perceptions of professionals from 11 municipalities in the Province of Quebec were documented during multidisciplinary group workshops (infrastructure, transport, urban planning, environment and geomatics). The objectives of these workshops were (1) to create a portrait of current practices for street rehabilitation and redesign to integrate urban planning, transportation and environment and (2) to identify the issues and challenges of developing MC-SDSS in various municipal contexts. The workshops were analyzed by schematizing the current decision processes and by using the causal mapping method. A series of guidelines is proposed to allow the development of MC-SDSS with the municipalities. Those guidelines aim at easing the development of a new type of decision support system for municipalities, but also at allowing the improvement of current municipal decision processes by better integrating the sustainable vision adopted in the politics and plans and the projects realized by the professionals.

This study addresses the issues of everyday etiquette situations in various cultures. The purpose is to establish shared and culture-specific rules of speech behaviour.The comparative analysis of the etiquette in British, American, Australian and Ukrainian speaking cultures is complemented and extended by cognitive and semiotic perspectives.The novelty of this research results from distinguishing the notions of etiquette, speech etiquette, and politeness; introduction of the notion of etiquette space, which is defined as a structure including interlocutors, standardized (etiquette) situations, etiquette norms and rules, and cultural values; discovering common features of various etiquette situations, and the causative factors of the ritualization degree in everyday communication; classifying everyday etiquette situations by the degree of their ritualization; cognitive (frame) modelling of stereotypical etiquette situations; comparing and contrasting the etiquettes of Ukrainian speaking and English speaking, British, American and Australian in particular, cultures; discovering how everyday etiquette behaviour and the choice of verbal and nonverbal communication means are guided by cultural dominant values; revealing the etiquette sign plasticity and how it enables a sign form to vary and agree with interlocutors' cognitive and pragmatic preferences, degree of cultural tolerance, and mundane everyday behaviour.The comparative analysis of English and Ukrainian speaking etiquettes revealed that mandane everyday behaviour is grounded in shared mental models (frames). However, it exhibits culture-specific modifications at frame content level and means of its manifestation.The discussion of theoretical issues concerning the inclusivity relations between etiquette and speech etiquette, relatedness of politeness to etiquette, and ties between etiquette and ritual, contributed to the treatment of etiquette as a universal phenomenon, an integral constituent of cultural and social life. Etiquette establishes rules and norms of social interactions, regulates strategies and tactics of politeness, and ensures conflict-free communication. Speech etiquette provides successful implementation of interlocutors' pragmatic intentions, facilitates the establishment and maintenance of contact, harmonises forms and conditions of communication.The achievements in the study of speech etiquette in diachronic, sociological, pragmatic, cognitive, and semiotic aspects proved that this phenomenon requires a complex, multidisciplinary approach. The conclusion drawn from a cognitive approach is that etiquette manifests internal mental processes and embodies mental models of everyday behaviour. In addition, a semiotic approach adopted for the study of etiquette can illuminate the etiquette sign plasticity and complexity, as well as explain variations in its form and content.This research also addresses a range of issues concerning the specificity of etiquette as a semiotic system, properties of verbal and non-verbal etiquette signs, their functional traits. The main properties of etiquette signs are those connected with complexity, multimodality, form and content variability, functional flexibility, and combinatorial potential. The complexity of the etiquette signs is created by the integration of their components appealing to different sensory modalities. Paraverbal and non-verbal means of communication accompany verbal interaction and thus increase the etiquette sign plasticity, making its form and content more variable and adoptive to different types and conditions of social behaviour.It can be argued that the etiquette space embraces subjects of interaction, etiquette situations, etiquette signs, norms and rules, and dominant values. In this respect, it is possible to distinguish several types of everyday etiquette situations relying upon their ritualisation degree. They include the least ritualised daily situations ("Greetings"), occasional situations ("Receiving guests"), festive situations ("Birthday celebrations"), the most ritualised ceremonial situations ("Weddings).An amicable and successful involvement into an everyday etiquette situation presupposes a knowledge of its normative and evaluative aspects: a knowledge of the scenario (required and/ or accepted sequence of performance), a knowledge of rules of behaviour (for instance, prescribed for greeting another), and awareness of evaluative judgements. A knowledge of these aspects is stored as a mental frame, which components are arranged in a certain sequence. The content level of frame structures is manifested by verbal, paraverbal and non-verbal means of expression to meet culture-specific requirements and behavioural stereotypes of interlocutors.Despite the differences between English and Ukrainian speaking cultures, communication is successfully executed in multicultural settings when etiquette norms and politeness rules demand particular modes of behaviour. The implementation of etiquette rules in everyday communication is determined by cultural and historical traditions, changing social settings as well as gender. A significant factor leading to differences in the etiquette acts sequence, their means of expression, is the speakers' cultural identity defined by either collectivism or individualism. In amicable everyday interactions, the British etiquette tends to establish and preserve the most personal space of speakers. The American etiquette values the economy of communicative efforts and democratization of social behaviour rules. The Australian etiquette norms are liberalized to favour the increase of emotional involvement and expressivity of interlocutors. On the other hand, intimization, i.e. more personal mode of interaction, is appropriate in the Ukrainian conduct. With numerous manifestation differences, everyday etiquette situations in English speaking and Ukrainian speaking cultures share such fundamental properties as functional relevance, basic frame structure, simulations use of verbal, paraverbal and nonverbal means of expression, types and forms of employed formulae.The results of the study may suggest a broader hypothesis for further research into a diachronic investigation of etiquette situations, their manifestation in written and business communication as well as in various types of communication involving speakers of different polycentric languages. ; Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню актуалізації повсякденних етикетних ситуацій у різних культурах, виявленню спільного й специфічного в процесах регулювання мовленнєвої поведінки. Зіставний аналіз етикету різних культур доповнено лінгвокогнітивним та лінгвосеміотичним аспектами.Наукова новизна здобутих результатів полягає в тому, що в дисертації конкретизовано поняття «етикет», «мовленнєвий етикет», «ввічливість» та обґрунтовано необхідність їхнього розмежування; уперше розкрито поняття «етикетний простір», окреслено його структуру; встановлено спільні ознаки різних повсякденних етикетних ситуацій; виявлено чинники, що впливають на ступінь ритуалізованості повсякденного спілкування; розвинено класифікацію повсякденних етикетних ситуацій за ступенем їх ритуалізованості; за допомогою фреймового аналізу змодельовано стереотипну етикетну ситуацію, що трапляється у повсякденному спілкуванні; повсякденні етикетні ситуації вперше стали об'єктом внутрішньосистемного зіставлення (у межах внутрішнього кола англійськомовних культур), а також міжкультурного порівняння; з'ясовано залежність актуалізації стереотипних ситуацій та мовленнєвих засобів їхнього оформлення від типу відповідної культури та ціннісних домінант; виявлено пластичність етикетного знака, форма якого варіюється залежно від когнітивно-прагматичних настанов мовців, ступеня толерантності комунікантів по відношенню до регламентації повсякденного спілкування.Зіставний аналіз показав, що реалізація етикетних ситуацій повсякденного спілкування в англійськомовній та українськомовній культурах ґрунтується на спільних ментальних моделях, проте виявляє відмінності змістового наповнення фреймів, вербальних та невербальних засобів маніфестації.У роботі розглянуто загальнотеоретичні проблеми мовленнєвого етикету, розкрито поняття «етикет» та «мовленнєвий етикет», а також розмежовані поняття «етикет», «ввічливість», «ритуал». Етикет – компонент культури суспільства, що встановлює правила й норми взаємодії її представників, регулює стратегії й тактики ввічливості, забезпечує безконфліктність спілкування. Мовленнєвий етикет забезпечує успішну реалізацію прагматичних інтенцій комунікантів, сприяє встановленню та підтриманню контакту, спрямовує форми комунікативної поведінки відповідно до настанов культури.Узагальнено досягнення у вивченні мовленнєвого етикету, в діахронічній, соціологічній, прагматичній, когнітивній, семіотичній площинах; аргументовано переваги інтеграційного підходу. Культурологічний аспект дозволяє з'ясувати залежність актуалізації етикетних знаків від типу відповідної культури та її ціннісних домінант. Когнітивний підхід до вивчення мовленнєвого етикету виявляє структуру ментальних моделей та визначає межі їх варіативності. Семіотичний підхід встановлює пластичність та комплексність етикетного знака, пояснює варіювання його форми й змісту.Розкрито особливості етикету як знакової системи, розглянуто властивості вербальних та невербальних етикетних знаків, їх функційні, ознаки. Виявлено основні властивості етикетних знаків: комплексність, мультимодальність, варіативність форми й змісту, функційна гнучкість і комбінаторність.Визначено структуру етикетного простору, яка охоплює суб'єкти взаємодії, етикетні ситуації, етикетні знаки, норми та ціннісні домінанти.За ступенем ритуалізованості розрізняємо такі види етикетних ситуацій: найменш ритуалізована щоденна («Вітання»); оказіональна («Прийом гостя»); святкова («День народження»); найбільш ритуалізована церемоніальна («Весілля»).Етикетна ситуація має визначену структуру, чіткий регламент дій в її межах та ціннісне наповнення. Зазначене зберігається у вигляді ментального фрейму, складники якого аранжовані в певній послідовності. Проаналізовано наповнення фреймової структури, вербальні та невербальні засоби актуалізації етикетних ситуацій повсякденного спілкування на монокультурному та міжкультурному рівнях. Описано спільні та специфічні характеристики етикетизації повсякденного спілкування, які виявляються між різними англійськомовними культурами (британська, американська, австралійська), а також між англійськомовною й українськомовною культурами. Попри відмінності реалізації етикетних ситуацій повсякденного спілкування у досліджуваних культурах, слід відзначити їх спільні властивості, зокрема актуальність, фреймову структуру, вербальні, паравербальні та невербальні засоби реалізації, з арсеналу яких обираються культурно релевантні знаки.Перспектива дослідження полягає в екстраполяції запропонованого підходу до аналізу етикетних ситуацій в діахронічній площині, їх актуалізації в різних сферах спілкування носіїв варіантів поліцентричних мов.

The present number of University Trajectories, it is proposed to cover some of the current dimensions that cross university teaching, reconfiguring it, in relation to processes that are articulated both with the scenario of current cultural transformations and with academic public policies for the higher level that they rethink Some of its traditional features. One of these policies, central in the sense we propose, of implementing the so-called teaching career or academic career in the national universities of Argentina, is addressed by Daniela Atairo and Laura Rovelli. The authors' work presents results of an ongoing investigation, in which this policy is analyzed, recovering the complexity of the process and the senses that are articulated to it. One of the conclusions that emerges refers to the fact that it exists in the configuration of teaching, caused by the profiles of these careers, is a tendency towards the differentiation of functions and trajectories, attending to the difficulties that these university functions pose in the same subject (teacher). This trend, without a doubt, takes up a long-standing discussion about the configuration of teaching work in the university and specifically about the quality of the development of its task in institutional scenarios of intensification of academic work and unequal recognition of the functions it develops. On the other hand, public policies aimed at educational inclusion and the democratization of higher education, also form a powerful plot that challenges university teaching, along the entire training course, although drawing more strongly on income and the first year of university studies. Around this process, the work of Eva Mariani, Glenda Morandi and Mónica Ros analyzes, from an exploratory investigation, the perspectives and pedagogical proposals of chairs of the first year of the UNLP, about the challenges of educational inclusion, and the answers in terms of strategies and practices from which they try to promote it. It is possible to observe how the processes articulated to the policies of inclusion, deeply discuss with some traditional senses about university teaching, the senses of the training, the knowledge that is cut as legitimate and the micro scenarios in which the training processes have place. In this framework of reconfiguration of academic practices at the University, Marcela Sosa's article analyzes the trajectory of young researchers in their incorporation into the academic experience once they have graduated, in a context of complexing the possibilities of exercising their role in the College. According to the author, the transience of the current employment relationship, in the passage from intern to temporary plant, refers to uncertainties in science policies in our country, in a scenario of budgetary restriction, different from the previous one, as well as the maintenance of the projects initiated in your institution. It is also crucial in this regard, the conclusion about the relevance they have for the academic insertion of these professionals, the previous school biographies in their possible dialogue or framework with the hegemonic academic and disciplinary models. The reconfigurations that occurred in teaching, are also recovered in the work of Lucarelli, who focuses the analysis on the ways in which the meaning of teacher training and the role of Pedagogical Advisors in the spaces they coordinate is reconsidered. As the author points out, the actions begin to be characterized by creating situations in which the "trainer explicitly incorporates the knowledge of himself, of the affective, of the relational, as strategy and content of those programs". The active and participatory role of both subjects of the process is deepened, in a context in which the problematization of practices and subjectivities, becomes fundamental to go through the changes and variations that arise in teaching and teaching.This number also substantially recovers the innovative experiences that university professors from different disciplines and areas have built, reflected and implemented based on the debates and commitments that go through this institution. The works of the Experiences and Proposals section configure creative and critical contributions that express the concrete possibility of articulating theories and practices, realities and challenges, desires and achievements. We invite you to tour it. ; El presente número de Trayectorias Universitarias, se propone recorrer algunas de las dimensiones actuales que atraviesan a la docencia universitaria, reconfigurándola, en relación con procesos que se articulan tanto con el escenario de transformaciones culturales actuales como con políticas públicas académicas para el nivel superior que replantean algunos de sus rasgos tradicionales. Una de estas políticas, central en el sentido que planteamos, de implementación de la denominada carrera docente o carrera académica en las universidades nacionales de Argentina, es abordada por Daniela Atairo y Laura Rovelli. El trabajo de las autoras presenta resultados de una investigación en curso, en el que se analiza esta política, recuperando la complejidad que presenta el proceso y los sentidos que se articulan a la misma. Una de las conclusiones que emergen refiere a que existe en la configuración de la docencia, provocada por los perfiles de estas carreras, es una tendencia hacia la diferenciación de funciones y trayectorias, atendiendo a las dificultades que plantea que estas funciones universitarias recaigan en un mismo sujeto (docente). Esta tendencia, retoma sin duda una discusión largamente desarrollada en torno de la configuración del trabajo docente en la universidad y específicamente en torno de la calidad del desarrollo de su tarea en escenarios institucionales de intensificación del trabajo académico y de desigual reconocimiento de las funciones que desarrolla. Por otro lado, las políticas públicas orientadas a la inclusión educativa y a la democratización de la educación superior, configuran también una trama potente que interpela a la docencia universitaria, a lo largo de todo el recorrido de formación, aunque dibujándose con más fuerza en el ingreso y el primer año de los estudios universitarios. En torno de este proceso, el trabajo de Eva Mariani, Glenda Morandi y Mónica Ros analiza, a partir de un investigación exploratoria, las perspectivas y propuestas pedagógicas de cátedras del primer año de la UNLP, acerca de los desafíos que supone la inclusión educativa, y las respuestas en términos de estrategias y prácticas desde la que intentan promoverla. Es posible observar cómo los procesos articulados a las políticas de inclusión, discuten profundamente con algunos sentidos tradicionales acerca de la enseñanza universitaria, los sentidos de la formación, los saberes que se recortan como legítimos y los micro escenarios en los que los procesos de formación tienen lugar. En este marco de reconfiguración de las prácticas académicas en la Universidad, el artículo de Marcela Sosa analiza la trayectoria de jóvenes investigadores en su incorporación a la experiencia académica una vez graduados, en un contexto de complejización de las posibilidades de ejercicio de su rol en la Universidad. De acuerdo con la autora la transitoriedad del vínculo laboral actual, en el pasaje de becario a planta transitoria, remite a las incertidumbres en las políticas en ciencia en nuestro país, en un escenario de restricción presupuestaria, diferente del anterior, así como al mantenimiento de los proyectos iniciados en su institución. Es crucial también en ese sentido, la conclusión acerca de la relevancia que tienen para la inserción académica de estos profesionales, las biografías escolares previas en su posible diálogo o entramado con los modelos académicos y disciplinares hegemónicos. Las reconfiguraciones acontecidas en la docencia, se recuperan también en el trabajo de Lucarelli, quien centra el análisis en los modos en que se replantea, en consecuencia, el sentido de la formación docente y el rol de los Asesores Pedagógicos en los espacios que coordinan. Como señala la autora, las acciones comienzan a caracterizarse por crear situaciones en que las que el "formador incorpora explícitamente el conocimiento de sí mismo, de lo afectivo, de lo relacional, como estrategia y contenido de esos programas". Se profundiza en el rol activo y participativo de ambos sujetos del proceso, en un contexto en que la problematización de las prácticas y las subjetividades, se torna fundamental para atravesar las mudanzas y variaciones que se plantean en la docencia y la enseñanza. Este número recupera de manera sustancial también, las experiencias innovadoras que los docentes universitarios de distintas disciplinas y áreas han construido, reflexionado e implementado a partir de los debates y compromisos que atraviesan a esta institución. Los trabajos de la sección Experiencias y Propuestas configuran aportes creativos y críticos que expresan la posibilidad concreta de articular teorías y prácticas, realidades y desafíos, anhelos y logros. Los invitamos a recorrerla.

The article touches upon the problems of changing grammatical norm occurring in contemporary Spanish under the influence of various factors (internal and external) and their interpretation by linguists and the newest grammar editions.It has been pointed out the need to revise the attitude towards a deviation from the norm and to a grammatical mistake, especially in the case of the phenomena in respect of which scientists haven't reached agreement yet. In connection with the testing of knowledge (introductory tests for universities, introductory tests for the magistracy, university disciplines tests), there may be misunderstandings about the corrected errors. There is a need to determine which deviations are considered false, which are already normalized, and especially those that are bounded by the norm. The attention is focused on the question of how to correlate that are not norm yet, but commonly used linguistic phenomena, with mistake. It is noted that recently, in teaching Spanish as a foreign language, the emphasis has shifted from written speech to oral, more affective and expressive, but where deviations from the normare even more. One of the reasons is the usage of the Internet. The language is realized today, first of all, as one of the means of communication.It is noted that a large number of scientists recently noted the convergence of literary norms with spoken language, the growth of the variability of linguistic means within the norm, its greater democratization and liberalization, mitigation of the norm by mitigating its prescriptive function, which in modern Spanish grammar is designated as "serecomiendaevitar" (recommended not to use). Attention is drawn to the fact that the situation with the grammatical norm in Spain is further complicated by the fact that it is a country formed of regions, each of which speaks its own language or dialect, which does not contribute to consolidating a single norm in the country. On the defense of the unity of the linguistic norm there is a very conservative Grammar of the Spanish Royal Academy. Although in its last editions attention is focused on polycentrism of the Spanish linguistic norm. The baThe backlog of grammatical publications from the fixation of the usage phenomena as normative on the example of cklog of grammatical publications from the fixation of the usage phenomena as normative on the example of the use of Gerund in the attributive function (the Spanish grammarians call it incorrect), in the modern codified professionathe use of Gerund in the attributive function (the Spanish grammarians call it incorrect), in the modern codified professional l university norm, where university norm, where it even substantiates: el / la doctorando (it even substantiates: el / la doctorando (--a) (doctoral student), is used in the documents and thematic a) (doctoral student), is used in the documents and thematic words to the Higher Education section in the textbook for preparing for the exam on the Spanish as a Foreign Language words to the Higher Education section in the textbook for preparing for the exam on the Spanish as a Foreign Language (DELE) level C1.(DELE) level C1. References1. Bally, Ch. 1955. Obschaya linguistika i voprosy frantsuzkogo iazyka.Transl.into Russian from French E. V. Ventzel, U. V.Ventzel. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo inostrannoy literatury. 2. Bogdanova-Beglariyan, N. "Aggressive usage o evolution of language". Verhnevolzhskiy filologicheskiy vestnik 1: 25–28. 3. Boyko, L. Iazykizloman?Chtozh! – Gliadite. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/yazyk-izloman-chto-zh-glyadite-o-nekotoryh-aspektah- regulirovaniya-v-yazyke.4. Gak, V. 2000. Teoreticheskay agramatik afrantsuzkogo iazyka [Theoretical grammar of the French language: Textbook for universities]. Moskva: Dobrosvet.5. Itskovich, N. 1982. Ocherki sintaksicheskoy normy [Essays on the syntactic norm]. Moscow: Nauka.6. Koseriu, E. 1963. "Sinkhroniya, diakhroniya iistoriya (Problema yazykovogo izmeneniya)". Novoevlingvistike 3:143–343.7. Krysin, L. 2017. "To the correlation of the language system, its norms and usage". Communication Studies 2 (12):20–31.8. Firsova, N. 1999. Ispanskaya razgovornaya rech [Spanish oral speech]. Moskva: Nauka.9. Alarcos, Llorach. 1999. Gramática de la lengua española. Real Academia Española. Colecciónde Nebrijay Bello–Madrid: Espasa. 10. Borrego Nieto, Julio. 2013. "Elespañolys us variedades dominantes enla Nueva gramática de la lengua española". En Exploring Linguistic Standards In Non-Dominant Varietiesof Pluricentric Languages. 11. Diccionario panhispánico de dudas. 2005. Real Academia Española, Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. Madrid: Espasa.12. Gramática descriptiva de lа lengua española. 2000. Real Academia Española. Colección Nebrija y Bello. Madrid: Espasa.13. Nueva gramática de la lengua española. 2010. Real Academia Española; Asociación de Academias Americanas. Madrid: Espasa. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу змін граматичної норми, що відбуваються в сучасній іспанській мові під впливом різноманітних факторів (внутрішніх і зовнішніх) та їх тлумаченню лінгвістами і новітніми граматичними виданнями. Вказано на необхідність перегляду ставлення до відхилення від норми та до граматичної помилки, особливо у випадках, коли мова йде про явища, відносно яких граматисти ще не дійшли спільної думки. У зв'язку з тестуванням знань (вступні тести до вузів, вступні тести до магістратури, тести з вузівських дисциплін), може виникати непорозуміння з приводу виправлених помилок. Виникає потреба визначити, які відхилення вважати помилковими, які вже нормованими, і особливостi, що межують з нормою. Зосереджено увагу на проблемі співставлення ще ненормованих, але розповсюджених в узусі лінгвістичних явищ, із помилковими.Спостережено, що останнім часом при викладанні іспанської мови як іноземної центр уваги зміщений із письмового мовлення на усне, більш афективне і експресивне, але де відхилень від норми ще більше. Одна з причин цього – поширення Інтернету.Зазначено, що значна кількість вчених останнім часом відмічає зближення літературної норми з розмовною, зростання варіативності мовних засобів у межах норми, її більшу демократичність і лібералізацію, пом'якшення норми за рахунок пом'якшення її директивної функції, що в сучасних іспанських граматиках означено як"serecomiendaevitar" (рекомендовано не вживати).Акцентовано увагу на тому, що ситуація з граматичною нормою в Іспанії ускладнена ще й тому, що ця країна сформована із регіонів, кожний із яких розмовляє на своїй мовi або діалектi, що не сприяє укріпленню єдиної норми в країні. На захисті єдності лінгвістичної норми стоїть дуже консервативна Граматика Іспанської Королівської Академії. Хоча в останніх її виданнях сконцентровано увагу на поліцентризми іспанської лінгвістичної норми.Підтверджено відставання директивних граматичних видань від фіксації узуальних явищ як нормативних на прикладі вживання герундію в атрибутивній функції (іспанські граматисти називають його некоректним), у сучасній кодифікованій професійній університетській нормі, де він навіть субстантивувався (el/ladoctorando (-a) (докторант (-ка)) і є вживаним в документах та серед тематичних слів до розділу Вища освіта в підручнику для підготовки до складання екзамену з іспанської мови як іноземної (DELE), рівень С1. Джерела та література 1. Балли Ш. Общая лингвистика и вопросы французского языка / Ш. Балли ; пер. с фр. Е. В. Вентцель, Т. В. Вентцель. – М. : Изд-во иностр.лит., 1955. – 416 с. 2. Богданова-Бегларян Н. В.Aгрессивный узус или эволюция языка / Н. В. Богданова-Бегларян // Верхневолжский филологический вестник. – Ярославль, 2015. – №1. – С.25–28. 3. Бойко Л. Б. Язык изломан? 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Tese de doutoramento em Direitos Humanos nas Sociedades Contemporâneas, apresentada ao Instituto de Investigação Interdisciplinar da Universidade de Coimbra ; The current democratization of Mozambique has to be described and analyzed in relation to a vast array of existing mechanisms of citizen consultation and participation at local level. This has entailed electoral citizen-centric processes, negotiations, and discourses on development plans, concomitant with budget allocations devised to ensure consensual decision-making. There is strong evidence in the literature to show that participatory governance mechanisms directly contribute to deepening local democracy in cities and municipalities that have adopted it around the world. Consequently, its adoption and implementation became increasingly in many countries and is being taken to sustain administrative and political reforms throughout developing countries. However, whereas there is extensive literature on the topic of local democracy, participatory budgeting concerning the rights to municipal and urban development remains one of the most under-explored aspects of democratic decentralization (Cabannes & Delgado 2015; Chigbu et al. 2017). Yet, it is crucial that if we are to understand how decentralization contributes to the promotion of urban development, two aspects of human rights pertinent to urban development are essential, they are the right to the city and inclusionary rights to urban planning. The main purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to examine the socioeconomic and political role played by citizens and a set of local actors (civil society organizations; local consultative councils; public participation professionals; NGOs; local government; and private sector) through participatory processes that promote urban development and social well-being in Mozambique. It demonstrates how the mechanism of decentralization has contributed to enhancing the protection of right to the city and the promotion of local democracy. The dissertation questions a variety of concepts and methods, from the social and economic perspective to the political relationships among the actors involved. Furthermore, it presents how the citizens' rights to participate in public affairs is granted and promoted through bottom-up democratic innovations, and its interactions with the top-down mechanisms. Its methodological approach is based on transnational models of citizen participation in urban affairs proposed by Sintomer et al., (2012; 2013) and Arnstein (1969)' ladder of citizen participation, to study the degrees of citizen involvement in municipal planning and participatory budgeting. The dissertation explored two case studies: the urban planning in Maxixe in the south and, the Quelimane participatory budgeting in central Mozambique. Due to the aims of this dissertation and its adopted methodology, the practical research is based on data collection from secondary sources; and participatory action research that explored the role played by all stakeholders who operate significant social changes in both Maxixe and Quelimane. The researcher spent eight months observing local dynamics, attending public consultation meetings and addressing questions and issues relevant to the study. To analyse the complex framework of this study, the researcher applied grounded theory and document analysis because it allows departure from the case study to the conception of a theory during data analysis. Based on the analyses made, this dissertation argues that, despite the great emancipatory capacity tied to participatory budgeting process in Mozambique and the actions taken to promote citizens' engagement in urban development, the rights to participate in the conception, management and enjoyment of the city is stratified upon territorial asymmetry and thus is not equally granted to all Mozambican citizens. Consequently, there are social resentment and a potential conflict of interests which may turn into a total distrust of the democratic institutions and its incumbents resulting from the degree of non-participation. Even though the idea of participatory budgeting in Mozambique is usually associated with a mechanism of social and economic development, in practice, the local participatory budgeting process is not necessarily linked to the promotion of urban development or to the citizens' rights to the city. It is oriented to operate inter-institutional innovations and modernization of the public administration procedures in line with the process of decentralization, deconcentration and local power sharing. Therefore, the citizen involvement in the urban affairs is restricted to a symbolic act of consultation (direct or by representation) to legitimating the urban planning and activities. Given this situation, citizens are powerless to influence and change the decisions already taken. In fact, Mozambique is yet to promote and secure full citizenship rights to the city and urban development. ; O atual processo de democratização em Moçambique deve ser visto na sua relação com os inúmeros mecanismos de consulta e participação pública nas deliberações locais, visíveis num processo eleitoral baseado no indivíduo, nas negociações e discussões dos planos de desenvolvimento e os respetivos orçamentos. Há evidências na literatura que comprovam que os mecanismos de governação participativa contribuem diretamente para o aperfeiçoamento da democracia local nas cidades e municípios que os implementam. Consequentemente, a sua adoção e implementação tem sido expressiva em vários países, particularmente naqueles em vias de desenvolvimento. Contrariamente ao que se passa com a democracia local, o orçamento participativo na sua dimensão do direito à cidade, é um aspeto ainda pouco explorado e estudado (Cabannes & Delgado 2015; Chigbu et al. 2017). O orçamento participativo é crucial para a forma como a descentralização contribui para a promoção de duas questões dos direitos humanos pertinentes nesta tese – direito à cidade e os respetivos direitos a planificação e desenvolvimento urbano. O objetivo desta tese de doutoramento é o de examinar, através dos orçamentos participativos, o papel social, económico e político dos cidadãos e dos diversos atores locais, na proteção e promoção do direito à cidade, à democracia local, ao desenvolvimento urbano e ao bem-estar social em Moçambique. As questões aqui discutidas levam-nos a questionar diversos conceitos e modelos, desde a perspetiva social e económica ao relacionamento político dos atores envolvidos. Nestes termos, pretende apurar-se de que modo o direito à participação nas questões locais é promovido e concedido a partir de inovações democráticas ascendentes (dos cidadãos em relação ao estado), e a sua interação com os mecanismos do estado (em relação aos cidadãos). Deste modo, recorre-se à uma abordagem baseada nos modelos transnacionais de participação cidadã concebido por Sintomer et al., (2012; 2013) e a escala de participação de Arnstein (1969), para descrever o grau de envolvimento dos cidadãos nos planos municipais e nos orçamentos participativos. Entretanto, foram conduzidos dois estudos de caso, a saber: a participação cidadã nos planos de desenvolvimento urbano no município da Maxixe no sul, e nos orçamentos participativos em Quelimane, no centro de Moçambique. Para os objetivos desta tese e a metodologia aqui proposta, a pesquisa consistiu em recolha de dados secundários e primários obtidos através da pesquisa-ação participativa, com o objetivo de apurar o papel dos atores locais de desenvolvimento e o grau do seu envolvimento nas questões locais em Maxixe e Quelimane. Para tal, observaram-se as dinâmicas locais através de participação em reuniões de consultas públicas. E, na sua analise, recorreu-se a teoria fundamentada nos dados do estudo de caso. Deste modo, o estudo conclui que, apesar do grande potencial emancipador dos orçamentos participativos em Moçambique e as ações objetivas de promoção do engajamento dos cidadãos no desenvolvimento urbano, o direito à participação na conceção, gestão e ''usufruto'' da vida na cidade não é universalmente garantido a todos os Moçambicanos. Isto ocorre sobretudo porque os mecanismos locais de participação tendem a ser estratificados com base em assimetrias territoriais. Desta forma, como resultado da não participação cidadã, é evidente a existência de descontentamento social e de um potencial conflito de interesses que pode resultar num total descrédito dos cidadãos em relação as instituições democráticas e aos seus incumbentes. Apesar da narrativa criada à volta do orçamento participativo em Moçambique estar ''sempre'' associada ao desenvolvimento económico, social, e político, na prática, apresenta evidências pouco significativas da sua ligação ao desenvolvimento urbano e ao direito à cidade. Por outro lado, constatam-se evidências da sua orientação para a modernização dos procedimentos internos da administração pública, aperfeiçoamento e reforço da partilha de poder pelos atores locais. Por conseguinte, o envolvimento dos cidadãos nas questões locais é restrito ao âmbito de uma consulta pública frágil, que legitima os planos e as atividades dos governos locais. Deste modo, a participação pública em Moçambique está longe de garantir plenos direitos aos cidadãos. ; Tokyo Foundation; The Nippon Foundation; Sylff Scholarship; Governo do Distrito da Massinga (Moçambique); Cáritas de Coimbra

In the article the essence and peculiarities of the digital economy, which develop from exponential rate, fundamentally changing the nature of business dematerializuye, demonetyzuye and democratize all branches of the national economy found its impact on the economic conditions and business management, outlined the preconditions, opportunities and reasonable objectives and measures to change the values, priorities and targets of building high quality new models of business management based on modern digital technology, which will provide for the transition from ltu efficiency and rationality to the transfer of emphasis on openness, democratization, sotsiologizatsii, creativity, organizational processes, and nonlinearity nerivnovazhnist hierarchical chain management, unpredictability and variety of trajectories of successful enterprises. Key words: digital economy, enterprises, enterprise management, new models of management, digital technologies. REFERENCES1. Apalkova, V. V. (2015). 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Kontseptualʹni zasady (versiya 1.0). Pershocherhovi sfery, initsiatyvy, proekty ―tsyfrovizatsiyi‖ Ukrayiny do 2020 roku. [The Digital Advent of Ukraine 2020 ("Digital Agenda" - 2020). Conceptual basis (version 1.0). Priority areas, initiatives, projects of "digitalization" of Ukraine by 2020]. / HITECH office. – hrudenʹ 2016. – 90 s. Retrieved from: https://ucci.org.ua/uploads/files/58e78ee3c3922.pdf.8. Gemius. Retrieved from://www.gemius.com.ua /./internet-auditorija-ukrainy-ijul-2015- goda.html9. Kelly, K. (2009) Health Science Libraries: future trends. An Leabharlann.The Irish Library.№ (18(1)). Retrieved from: http://epubs.rcsi.ie/libraryart/4.10. Mesenbourg, T. L. (2001) Measuring the Digital Economy / US Bureau of the Census, Suitland, MD. Retrieved from: https://www.census.gov/content/ dam/ Census/library/workingpapers/2001/econ/umdigital.pdf.11. Tapscott, D. (1995).The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. McGraw-Hill, 342.13. Taking leadership in a digital economy / Telstra corporation limited, Deloitte digital. November 2012. Retrieved from: deloittedigital.com.au / telstra.com. ; В статье уточнены сущность и особенности проявления цифровой экономики, которая развиваются с экспоненциальной скоростью, коренным образом меняя суть бизнеса, дематериализует, демонетизует и демократизует все отрасли национальной экономики, обнаружено ее влияние на условия хозяйствования и управления предприятиями, обозначены предпосылки, возможности и обоснованны задачи и мероприятия по изменению ценностей, приоритетов и ориентиров построения качественно новых моделей управления предприятиями на основе современных цифровых технологий, что обеспечит переход от культа эффективности и рациональности к переносу акцентов на открытость, демократизацию, социологизации, креативность организационных процессов, неравновесность и нелинейность управленческих иерархических цепей, непредсказуемость и разнообразие траекторий успешного развития предприятий. Ключевые слова: цифровая экономика, предприятия, управление предприятиями, новые модели управления, цифровые технологии. Список использованной литературы1. Апалькова В. В. Концепція розвитку цифрової економіки в Євросоюзі та перспективи України. Вісник Дніпропетровського університету. Серія: Менеджмент інновацій. 2015. Вип. 4. С. 9-18.2. Гройсман В. Цифрова економіка здатна стрімко підвищити ВВП. Новини економіки. 8 вересня 2017.3. Коляденко С. В. Цифрова економіка: передумови та етапи становлення в Україні та світі. Економіка. Фінанси. Менеджмент: актуальні питання науки і практики. 2016. № 6. С. 105-112.4. Краус Н. М., Клаус К. М. Інноваційне табло України. Східна Європа: економіка, бізнес та управління. – 2017. – № 6. [Електронний ресурс]. URL: http://www.easterneurope- ebm.in.ua/6-2017-ukr.5. Криворучко О. С., Краус Н. М. Імперативи формування та домінанти розвитку цифрової економіки у сучасному парадигмальному контексті. Парадигмальні зрушення в економічній теорії ХІХ ст.: ІІІ Міжнародна науково-практична конференція, 2–3 лист. 2017 р.: тези доповідей. Київ: КНУ ім. Т. Шевченка, 2017. С. 681–685.6. Норец Н. К., Станкевич А. А. Цифровая экономика: состояние и перспективы развития. Инновационные кластеры в цифровой экономике: теория и практика: Научно- практическая конференция с международным участием 17–22 мая 2017 года / под ред. д-ра экон. наук, проф. А. В. Бабкина: тезисы докладов. Санкт-Петербург: Изд-во Политехн. ун-та, 2017. С. 173–179. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://inecprom.spbstu.ru/files/inprom-201езисі 7/inprom-2017.pdf.7. Цифрова адженда України – 2020 (―Цифровий порядок денний‖ – 2020). Концептуальні засади (версія 1.0). Першочергові сфери, ініціативи, проекти ―цифровізації‖ України до 2020 року. / HITECH office. грудень 2016. 90 с. [Електронний ресурс]. URL: https://ucci.org.ua/uploads/files/58e78ee3c3922.pdf.8. Gemius. [Електронний ресурс]. URL://www.gemius.com.ua /./internet-auditorija- ukrainy-ijul-2015-goda.html9. Kelly K. (2009) Health Science Libraries: future trends. An Leabharlann. The Irish Library.№ 18(1). Retrieved from: http://epubs.rcsi.ie/libraryart/4.10. Mesenbourg T. L. Measuring the Digital Economy / US Bureau of the Census, Suitland, MD. 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.census.gov/content/ dam/ Census/library/workingpapers/2001/econ/umdigital.pdf.11. Tapscott D. The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. McGraw-Hill, 1995. 342 p.12. Taking leadership in a digital economy / Telstra corporation limited, Deloitte digital. November 2012. Retrieved from: deloittedigital.com.au / telstra.com. ; У статті уточнено сутність та особливості прояву цифрової економіки, яка розвиваються з експоненційною швидкістю, докорінно змінюючи суть бізнесу, де матері- алізує, демонетизує та демократизує усі галузі національної економіки, виявлено її вплив на умови господарювання й управління підприємствами, окреслено передумови, можливості та обґрунтовано завдання й заходи щодо зміни цінностей, пріоритетів та орієнтирів побудови якісно нових моделей управління підприємствами на основі сучасних цифрових технологій, що забезпечить перехід від культу ефективності й раціональності до перенесення акцентів на відкритість, демократизацію, соціологізацію, креативність організаційних процесів, нерівноважність та нелінійність управлінських ієрархічних ланцюгів, непередбачуваність і різноманітність траєкторій успішного розвитку підприємств. Ключові слова: цифрова економіка, підприємства, управління підприємствами, нові моделі управління, цифрові технології. Список використаної літератури1. Апалькова В. В. Концепція розвитку цифрової економіки в Євросоюзі та перспективи України. Вісник Дніпропетровського університету. Серія: Менеджмент інновацій. 2015. Вип. 4. С. 9-18.2. Гройсман В. Цифрова економіка здатна стрімко підвищити ВВП. Новини економіки. 8 вересня 2017.3. Коляденко С. В. Цифрова економіка: передумови та етапи становлення в Україні та світі. Економіка. Фінанси. Менеджмент: актуальні питання науки і практики. 2016. № 6. С. 105-112.4. Краус Н. М., Клаус К. М. Інноваційне табло України. Східна Європа: економіка, бізнес та управління. – 2017. – № 6. [Електронний ресурс]. URL: http://www.easterneurope- ebm.in.ua/6-2017-ukr.5. Криворучко О. С., Краус Н. М. Імперативи формування та домінанти розвитку цифрової економіки у сучасному парадигмальному контексті. Парадигмальні зрушення в економічній теорії ХІХ ст.: ІІІ Міжнародна науково-практична конференція, 2–3 лист. 2017 р.: тези доповідей. Київ: КНУ ім. Т. Шевченка, 2017. С. 681–685.6. Норец Н. К., Станкевич А. А. Цифровая экономика: состояние и перспективы развития. Инновационные кластеры в цифровой экономике: теория и практика: Научно- практическая конференция с международным участием 17–22 мая 2017 года / под ред. д-ра экон. наук, проф. А. В. Бабкина: тезисы докладов. Санкт-Петербург: Изд-во Политехн. ун-та, 2017. С. 173–179. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://inecprom.spbstu.ru/files/inprom-201езисі 7/inprom-2017.pdf.7. Цифрова адженда України – 2020 (―Цифровий порядок денний‖ – 2020). Концептуальні засади (версія 1.0). Першочергові сфери, ініціативи, проекти ―цифровізації‖ України до 2020 року. / HITECH office. грудень 2016. 90 с. [Електронний ресурс]. URL: https://ucci.org.ua/uploads/files/58e78ee3c3922.pdf.8. Gemius. [Електронний ресурс]. URL://www.gemius.com.ua /./internet-auditorija- ukrainy-ijul-2015-goda.html9. Kelly K. (2009) Health Science Libraries: future trends. An Leabharlann. The Irish Library.№ 18(1). Retrieved from: http://epubs.rcsi.ie/libraryart/4.10. Mesenbourg T. L. Measuring the Digital Economy / US Bureau of the Census, Suitland, MD. 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.census.gov/content/ dam/ Census/library/workingpapers/2001/econ/umdigital.pdf.11. Tapscott D. The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. McGraw-Hill, 1995. 342 p.12. Taking leadership in a digital economy / Telstra corporation limited, Deloitte digital. November 2012. Retrieved from: deloittedigital.com.au / telstra.com.

An argument for a social-participative approach to citizenship. The development of values and meaningful communication in practices of citizenshipSocial professionals need to tack between a strong instrumental and moral concept of citizenship ("you will participate", "self responsibility") and the broader goal of local democratization. It is striking that the local-political dimension in pursuing active citizenship – linked with certain citizenship values – is currently a lower priority. Also, the competencies that can support more participation by citizens and a more democratic local society aren't much appointed. Both issues are important for social professionals because it is here that they find the legitimacy for their actions. The promotion of active citizenship needs support from local government and the professionals involved. It is also important to map the knowledge of "what works" in professional guidance for active citizenship. Research shows that executive professionals and team leaders (middle managers) who work at the local level in the social sector, talk and think about active citizenship in terms that emphasize process-oriented approaches and the specific situations of action (De Waal, 2014). At the same time, they take account of the complexity of recent emphasis on the role of citizens. In the way that they conceive of greater involvement by citizens and the promotion of active citizenship, it is not so much the final destination that is important, but the road to that destination and the role that professionals can play. This methodical perspective on citizenship shows that team leaders and their teams mainly adopt a process-based approach to activating citizens. This shows a type of practice knowledge that invites a more theoretical argumentation.This article explores the literature on a more social-participative approach to active citizenship. In the literature, the development of citizenship is tied to the need to develop an understanding of the operational contexts that are important to both citizens and social professionals. We explore the relevant literature and look at various studies and scholars such as De Toqueville, Dewey, Putnam, Lichterman and Biesta. In this way, we also seek to highlight citizenship as a practice and offer a close-up look at the work of social professionals, as well as questioning more closely the developments that currently surround the promotion of active citizenship.We focus more closely on the importance of the organized relationships that make up a part of civil society. Here we look to Putnam's social capital theory and the subsequent criticism that has been directed at it, particularly by Lichterman (based in part on De Tocqueville). In his study, Lichterman sketches a picture of citizens who are deployed instrumentally for all sorts of projects, so more as "assistants" than as "partners". He stresses that his "social spiral argument" is about the meanings that people develop in the daily conversations conducted by these groups in relation to political and moral issues. Moreover, Lichterman states that professionals in particular may be expected to contribute to this field. By showing that existing citizens' initiatives or forms of citizen involvement are not necessarily "desirable" or "good", Lichterman (and Eliasoph) stress that any argument for "citizen power" will lack real meaning unless it is tied to qualitative criteria.Citizenship building in education relates to a discussion about the importance of gaining experience in real-life practices. For this, we sought a connection between the writings of Dewey, Biesta and De Winter, who place the citizenship practices of citizens at centre stage, and in which the communal "doing" takes priority as the foundation on which the development of citizenship values can take place. Dewey states that democracy relates not only to government or state planning, but also extends to all areas of life. He states that democracy is, above all, a way of living together that finds expression in involvement in social practices. Children learn particularly through meaningful practices, and this pedagogic principle is also applicable to the practices of citizens. Dewey's conception of democracy is direct participation. It is open in nature, a way of life in which people become involved in all kind of experiences. In his transactional epistemology, Dewey seeks to transcend the difference or dualism between mind (the subjective individual) and world (the objective reality). According to him, there is no objective reality except for our actions, but we learn to understand reality better in and through our actions and reality subsequently reveals itself in a more meaningful and differentiated way. Dewey's philosophy puts transactions which have taken place in the world at the centre. It is obvious that gaining experience, experimental learning and situations of trial and error are at the heart of his philosophy. Gaining and developing knowledge is closely linked with actions. Not actions in themselves but actions in constant interaction with reflection.The literature in this article shows that stimulating active citizenship is closely linked with the values at stake. Active citizenship cannot be borne out of an imposed morality but must be embedded in the daily routines and the involvement of citizens whereby "learning by doing" coincides with the development of meaningful practices. In this field, social professionals need to be able to support and facilitate these kinds of practices.Pleidooi voor een handelingsgerichte benadering van burgerschap. Over waardenontwikkeling en betekenisvolle communicatie in burgerschapspraktijkenIn dit artikel wordt de literatuur verkend op het terrein van een meer sociaalparticipatieve benadering van actief burgerschap. In deze literatuur wordt de ontwikkeling van burgerschap verbonden met de noodzaak zicht te ontwikkelen op handelingscontexten die voor zowel burgers als sociale professionals van belang zijn. We verkennen relevante literatuur van onder andere De Tocqueville, Dewey, Putnam, Lichterman en Biesta. Door aandacht te besteden aan burgerschap als praktijk beogen we dichter op de huid van het werk van sociale professionals te kruipen, waardoor de huidige ontwikkelingen rondom de bevordering van actief burgerschap bevraagd kunnen worden.We zoomen nader in op het belang van georganiseerde verbanden die deel uitmaken van de "civil society" en op de ontwikkeling en instandhouding van informele sociale netwerken. Vertrekpunt is hier de sociaal kapitaaltheorie van Putnam en de kritiek, die met name van de kant van Lichterman (mede gefundeerd op De Tocqueville), op zijn onderzoek is gekomen. Lichterman schetst in zijn onderzoek een beeld van burgers die instrumenteel worden ingezet in allerlei lokale projecten, meer als "helpers" dan als "partners". Hij legt de nadruk op het proces van betekenisverlening, dat wil zeggen de dagelijkse gesprekken over politieke en morele kwesties die binnen deze groepen plaatsvinden en de wijze waarop relaties tussen burgers zich ontwikkelen. Lichterman stelt dat binnen de ontwikkeling van deze "social spiral" met name professionals een taak hebben om op dit terrein hun bijdrage te leveren. Burgerschapspraktijken zijn niet op voorhand wenselijk of goed, zo geeft hij aan, maar verdienen aangelegd te worden tegen kwalitatieve criteria.Ook binnen burgerschapsvorming in het onderwijs is de discussie aanwezig over het belang van het opdoen van ervaring binnen levensechte praktijken. Hierbij wordt teruggegrepen op Dewey. Dewey stelt de burgerschapspraktijken van burgers zelf centraal, waarin het gemeenschappelijke "doen" voorop staat als basis voor de ontwikkeling van burgerschapswaarden. Democratie is niet alleen een formele regeringsvorm of een staatsordening gebaseerd op representatieve democratie, maar strekt zich uit over alle levensterreinen. Het is in zijn ogen vooral een vorm van samenleven, die zich uitdrukt in deelname aan sociale praktijken. Daarmee legt hij, in wat hij verstaat onder democratie, het primaat bij het sociale in plaats van bij democratie als politiek concept (Berding, 1999). Kinderen leren niet of niet zozeer van overdrachtsituaties maar van actieve deelname binnen betekenisvolle praktijken. In de kern trekt Dewey ditzelfde pedagogische leerprincipe ook door naar burgerschapspraktijken. Het democratiebegrip van Dewey wordt niet beperkt tot de liberale representatieve democratie, maar gaat uit van het idee van democratie als directe participatie. Democratie is bij uitstek open van karakter, een "way of life" waarin mensen belangrijke ervaringen opdoen.De hier geschetste sociaalparticipatieve benadering van burgerschap maakt duidelijk dat de bevordering van actief burgerschap in sterke mate verbonden is – en dient te worden – met waarden die hierbij in het geding zijn. Wat deze literatuurverkenning in beeld brengt is dat actief burgerschap niet tot bloei komt vanuit een opgelegde moraal, maar verbonden dient te worden met het dagelijkse handelen van burgers, waarin het "al doende leren" samen op gaat met de ontwikkeling van betekenisvolle praktijken. Sociale professionals hebben vooral tot taak dit type praktijken te ondersteunen en te faciliteren.

The subject of study of this doctoral thesis is addressing to the nexus configuration between asylum and intern displacement migratory processes and the identifiable response in control and management migratory and border-crossing policies which state a "Border-crossing Order of things ". Additionally, analyzing the potential challenge/response to that identifiable order in "Transborder Citizenship Emerging Practices" by migrants, displaced people and refugees. A comparative study is carried out about/in the frontiers Spain-Morocco (European Union) and Colombia-Venezuela (Andean Community of Nations) in the period 1990-2010. In Chapter One, it is intended to made clear the coordinates about the What and How of the research as well as the results. This is done by three subsections: the literature review and the approach to the problem; research questions, hypothesis and research objectives; research methodology. The methodological design used poses a combination between qualitative and comparative research, which allow us to analyze and compare observations and descriptions (exploratory-descriptive research) and also to analyze and compare the addresses and representations (analytical-interpretive research). Generally, the type of comparison followed was the one proposed by Skocpol and Somers called " Contrast of Contexts " which is essential for the interpretive comparative variant in social sciences, different to the type of comparison by " hypothesis control ". On the other hand, we followed Charles Ragin's (1987) suggestions about the "Case-oriented Research " and about the complex problems of the " Conjunctural Causality ", in other words, causal models that vary " according to the context ". In Chapter Two, Global Order of Control and Management of Migrations and Borders. The emergence from the Migration-Displacement-Asylum nexus, the contextualization is made and the characteristics for this order are shown; in order to highlight transformation of the international migration tendencies to forced migrations and alongside with it, the emergence of the Migration-Displacement-Asylum nexus. The global order of control and migrations management as a border regime responds to a policy spin and to the policies that transform the frontiers into a mechanism for the migration control (Faist, 2003); just as shown in the detailed description of the global and regional control agendas, management and migration and border-crossing cooperation; migration and border-crossing policies, and the protection and asylum policies for refugees, asylum seeker and migrants in the frontiers Spain-Morocco and Colombia-Venezuela. In Chapter Three, emerging typologies related to the migration-displacement-asylum nexus that allowed us to make the analysis and the comparison in the specific border-crossing zones Spain-Morocco and Colombia-Venezuela; which have a big potential of being used in other case studies. These typologies correspond to: the closely related causes of forced and voluntary migration in their home countries; the diverse motivations of several migrants, displaced and asylum seekers; motivation changes during migration for many migrants, displaced and asylum seekers; motivation changes during migration for many migrants, displaced people and asylum seekers; the close relation between refugees and economic migrants in some transit countries in the Spain-Morocco frontier and the close relationship between refugees and economic migrants on the way through Colombian regions; the rising similarities in the migration process for both " forced " and " voluntary " migrants; refugees and migrant workers can have similar experiences in the host countries; the experience of return, repatriation or deportation can be similar. We have built an analytical-comparative proposal that includes theoretical contributions from anthropology and politics about frontiers and migrations, entering into conversation with political theories about frontiers, migrations and citizenship. Our proposal consists in analyzing control and migration/border-crossing management politics and the " transborder citizenship emerging practices " through two analytic triads " ( IBO-1 e IBO-2 ) ", known in critical literature about frontiers as " IBO ( IFO in spanish ) triad: Identities, Borders, Orders " ( Kearney, 1995; Albert, Jacobson and Lapid, 2001; Van Houtuum and Van Naerssen, 2001 ). The analytic and comparative effort allowed to integrate the two triads in three related pairs ( I-1 and I-2 ), ( B-1 and B-2 ), ( O-1 and O-2 ) between the state-built identities and their migration policies ( I-1 ) and the ways of identification-disidentification that the migrants-displaced-asylum seekers and refugees claim and negotiate ( I-2 ). Between the states border-crossing control ( B-1 ) and the unauthorized border crossing of the migrants-displaced-asylum seekers ( B-2 ). Between the states' power and the politics orders ( O-1) and the ways of political subjectivation from the migrants-displaced-asylum seekers and refugees (O-2 ). The IBO-1 triad corresponds to the border-crossing order of things and the IBO-2 triad to the potential challenge to that order via transborder citizenship emerging practices. In Chapters Four and Five, the previous analytical-comparative framework was applied in the Spain-Morocco and Colombia-Venezuela borders. In each case, the control and management migratory and border-crossing policies were analyzed taking into account three main aspects: identities production and classification, specially the political and civic identities. This is selectivity (Filter function); the frontierization practices, not only control and regulation but also the border-permeability function (Filter function), who can or cannot enter (citizens and non-citizens production ), taking into account the role of the States as well as their regional, global and local registry. In this dimension we talk about the border-crossing order of things. On the other hand, also in each case, the practices from the migrant, displaced, refugees, asylum seeker citizenships in other border games through de-frontierization practices; it is about authorized and unauthorized border-crossing agents and they answer to the Border Crossing Control but previously, they have been qualified and some identities have been attributed such as "irregulars", "illegals", "undesirables" and so on, against that, they answer de facto, claiming-verifying that "Any human being is illegal"; this through active processes of disidentification and disclassification, they will be rejecting, also de facto, their imputation as non-citizens; and in this process, they act as if they were citizens, in an equality verification as human beings and as a subject of universal law (Ranciére, 1999). Summarizing, these are "transborder citizenship emerging practices " from these migrant subjects alongside with their regional, global and local registry. In this analysis dimension, we talk about the (potential) challenge to the border-crossing order of things. Chapter Six gathers the compared analysis about the Spain-Morocco and Colombia-Venezuela borders. In this doctoral thesis, defining two case study was from the beginning the search for a comparative analysis that allowed addressing every case itself to give account of its own dynamics and evolution. From the particularities of the migration-displacement-asylum nexus in each border-crossing zone, there was an advance in a comparison, not as a migratory flows problem itself, but in its political articulations related to migration/border-crossing control and management politics and the citizenship practices. Actors and their political interactions related to their position in the face of borders. Borders are the matters of dispute that reconfigures constantly the concept of politics and the political Chapter Seven about conclusions was oriented to answer the question "How migrants, displaced people and refugees are constituted as political actors and are allowed to appeal to their community members condition? As exposed in the conclusions, in their transborder migrants condition and the democratization assertion from the borders, the transborder citizenship emerging practices take shape. Finally, we present some limitations, possible contributions from the doctoral thesis and some proposals for the future research development. The importance of contributing with studies that overcome the methodological nationalism and the internal focus was posed; also contributing to the methodological, epistemological and conceptual change in the borders, migrations and citizenship studies and strengthening a new epistemic community; and contribution to the ongoing research program about the relation between identity, borders and political orders in border-crossing zones. This analytical-comparative proposal pretends to be one step to the formation of a method or a theory about the comparative anthropology in the borders and periphery and more specifically, as the presentation of the border-crossing order of things and its challenge hypothesis. Therefore, the same questions that we have posed in this doctoral thesis could be asked concerning different borders and demarcation and policies regimes to perform compared works about how some borders are built and the migration processes that pass through it. A short-term future researching development could be addressing the migration-displacement-asylum nexus with a comparative analysis of the borders between Colombia and Venezuela and, Ecuador and Panama in the post-peace agreement transition process.

Why your political beliefs are influenced by the language you speakVoicing Politics brings together the latest findings from psychology and political science to reveal how the linguistic peculiarities of different languages can have meaningful consequences for political attitudes and beliefs around the world. Efrén Pérez and Margit Tavits demonstrate that different languages can make mental content more or less accessible and thereby shift political opinions and preferences in predictable directions. They rigorously test this hypothesis using carefully crafted experiments and rich cross-national survey data, showing how language shapes mass opinion in domains such as gender equality, LGBTQ rights, environmental conservation, ethnic relations, and candidate evaluations.Voicing Politics traces how these patterns emerge in polities spanning the globe, shedding essential light on how simple linguistic quirks can affect our political views. This incisive book calls on scholars of political behavior to take linguistic nuances more seriously and charts new directions for researchers across diverse fields. It explains how a stronger grasp of linguistic effects on political cognition can help us better understand how people form political attitudes and why political outcomes vary across nations and regions