Suchergebnisse

Current explanations of migration are surveyed, focusing on those relating to social change & ethnicity, & incorporating the work of William Petersen & theories of migration found in Human Migration: Patterns and Policies (McNeill, William H. & Adams, Ruth S. [Eds], Bloomington: Indiana U Press, 1978). An attempt is made to develop a paradigm that explains migration from the point of view of a modified sociobiology; ie, the energetic segment of the population (usually young) will move when freed from the constraints of family & other localizing social institutions. In other words, the idea of an inherent dynamism "in individuals curbed by the constraints of the relevant social system" is posited. Modified AA.

Introduction: studies in ancient historical demography / Claire Holleran and April Pudsey -- Demography and development in classical antiquity / Neville Morley -- Demography and classical Athens / Ben Akrigg -- Nuptiality and the demographic life cycle of the family in Roman Egypt / April Pudsey -- Family matters: fertility and its constraints in Roman Italy / Saskia Hin -- Migration and the demes of Attica / Claire Taylor -- Counting the Greeks in Egypt: immigration in the first century of Ptolemaic rule / Christelle Fischer-Bovet -- Migration and the urban economy of Rome / Claire Holleran -- From the margins to the centre-stage: some closing reflections on ancient historical demography / Tim Parkin.

There has been considerable public interest in reports on harmful alcohol consumption of higher educated females. This study assesses the robustness of this finding with representative German data using ten different indicators of alcohol consumption. This cross-sectional study used data of the Epidemiological Survey on Substance Abuse from 2012. 4,225 females and 3,239 males represent the German population aged 18-64. It presents ten indicators of alcohol consumption by sex and education and provides group specific means and 95 %-confidence intervals. The main results are: (1) Higher educated males and females are drinking alcohol more frequently than lower educated males and females. (2) When drinking, higher educated males and females tend to drink less alcohol than lower educated males and females. (3) Only when using an indicator for hazardous alcohol consumption with different thresholds for males and females, the results indicate a pattern that significantly exposes hazardous alcohol consumption in the group of higher educated females. Concerning the choice of indicators, this study shows that sex-specific threshold-based indicators of alcohol consumption may lead to different conclusions as the majority of other indicators.

In this book, we study demographic developments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). In the past, the demographic developments in the Middle East and North Africa have been described as "peculiar" and "unique". In particular, the development of fertility got attention from a western point of view because it did not show the sharp decline with increasing development as the western countries did. Moreover, the growing population size and the bulk of young people caused worries, particularly in Europe, where a discussion about "the death of the West" has started. Thus, the demographic processes in the Middle East and North Africa call for a closer inspection of the recent levels and tends. Surprisingly, there is not much literature on these countries, leading us to compile essential descriptive findings. In the present book, we evaluate the current state and recent demographic developments in the MENA countries by presenting comparable and recent data on changes since 1950 and on the current characteristics of the population in the 22 countries of the Arab League (Algeria, Bahrain, the Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, State of Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen) plus three neighboring countries (Israel, Turkey, and Iran) using databases of various United Nations agencies and the World Bank. We deliberately refrain from discussing population forecasts which, due to assumptions underlying to them, would be worth to be discussed separately.

India in Africa, Africa in India traces the longstanding interaction between these two regions, showing that the Indian Ocean world provides many examples of cultural flows that belie our understanding of globalization as a recent phenomenon. This region has had, and continues to have, an internal integrity that touches the lives of its citizens in their commerce, their cultural exchanges, and their concepts of each other and of themselves in the world. These connections have deep historical roots, and their dynamics are not attributable solely to the effects of European colonialism, modernity, or contemporary globalization--although these forces have left their mark. The contributors to this interdisciplinary volume come from the fields of history, literature, dance, sociology, gender studies, and religion, making this collection unique in its recreation of an entire world too seldom considered as such.

In the world's real state of nature, people are forcefully evicted from their homes every other time either because they are targets of their state's persecutions or their state's failure to protect them from violent conflicts and wars that make people's homes inhabitable. They flee to other states in search of safety and because States, the world over, have collectively claimed the territories in form of physical boundaries, autonomy and sovereignty, these subjects of eviction transform to being refugees. Pushed from their homes, coupled with the fact that States continue to erect high border fences and walls and legislate restrictive migration policies aimed to wade off refugee claims, as they portray refugees as a burden and a problem to be addressed, their protection has been of primary concern to the international community. National asylum systems, however, have been inadequate and their procedures ineffective in addressing the plight of refugees. Structured around the following general research question: What are the policy failures in the motivations, interests and strategies by the Kenya Government, Federal Republic of Somalia, UNHCR and other stakeholders in pushing for repatriation of Somali Refugees spontaneously and prematurely?, the study answers the question by tracing the Kenyan asylum procedures over time with respect to the principles of non-refoulement and the right to asylum. Following a theoretical evaluation of these two key principles, both at the international and domestically in Kenya, and in the framework of the 1951 Refugee Convention, this study endeavored to show that the Kenyan asylum laws are not independent from the international asylum legal framework, and that Kenya must honour its international obligation to protect refugees. Taking account of Kenya's international obligation, the Federal Republic of Somalia's duty to create conditions of just return for its citizens and UNHCR's mandate to protect refugees, the study continues its analysis by qualitatively investigating the role and motivation of those three parties in promoting return of refugees at a time when Somalia is still not safe and the Federal Government of Somalia has admitted to not being able to accommodate large-scale returns of its nationals. The study concludes that the Government of Kenya's security and sovereignty concerns, the Somali Government's push for legitimacy after decades of war, and UNHCR's battle with host State's pressure to return refugees informed the decision to prematurely evict refugees from Kenya. Moreover, the study reveals the inadequacy of the Kenya's asylum space and advocates for hastening of the repeal of the Refugee Act 2006 by parliament so that refugees can adequately access protection. But before that happens, refugees in Kenya continue to suffer from inadequate protection challenges, and the international community and donor States are strongly encouraged to readapt their practices and align them to the refugee challenges of the 21st century. Top of the chart is the need to support Somalia's demographic security challenge whose picture portrays an outright outlier in the demographic sense, besides fixing the physical security situation in Somalia. ; Dünyanın gerçek doğasında, insanlar sürekli olarak devletlerinin zulmünün hedefi oldukları için ya da devletlerinin onları, evlerini yaşanmaz hale getirecek şiddetli çatışmalardan ve savaşlardan koruyamaması nedeniyle evlerinden zorla tahliye edilmektedirler. Güvenlik arayışı içinde diğer devletlere kaçmaktadırlar ve dünya üzerindeki devletlerin ortaklaşa bir biçimde toprak parçalarını fiziksel sınırlar, özerklik ve egemenlik şeklinde talep etmesi nedeniyle, tahliye edilen bu kişiler mülteci haline dönüşmektedirler. Evlerinden atılan ve bununla birlikte devletlerin yüksek sınır çitleri ve duvarları kurmaya devam etmeleri, mültecileri bir yük ve ele alınması gereken bir sorun olarak gösteren, mülteci iddialarını durdurmayı amaçlayan kısıtlayıcı göç politikalarını yasalaştırmaları nedeniyle, mültecilerin korunmaları uluslararası toplum için birincil endişe kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, ulusal sığınma sistemleri yetersiz ve prosedürleri de mültecilerin kötü durumunun ele alınmasında etkisiz kalmaktadır. Bu tez aşağıdaki genel araştırma sorusu etrafında yapılandırılmıştır: Kenya Hükümeti, Federal Somali Cumhuriyeti, Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği (BMMYK) ve diğer paydaşların motivasyonları, menfaatleri ve stratejileri içerisinde, Somali mültecilerini kendiliğinden ve zamanından önce ülkelerine geri göndermelerini zorlamadaki politika başarısızlıkları nelerdir? Çalışma bu soruya geri göndermeme ve iltica hakkı ilkeleri hususunda, zaman içerisindeki Kenya iltica prosedürlerinin izini sürerek cevap vermektedir. Bu iki temel ilkenin hem uluslaraarası hem de Kenya içerisinde ve 1951 Mülteci Sözleşmesi çerçevesinde yapılan teorik değerlendirmesinin ardından, bu çalışma Kenya iltica yasalarının uluslararası iltica yasal çerçevesinden bağımsız olmadığını ve Kenya'nın mültecileri koruma konusundaki uluslararası yükümlülüğünü yerine getirmesi gerektiğini göstermeye çalışmıştır. Kenya'nın uluslararası yükümlülüğü, Federal Somali Cumhuriyeti'nin vatandaşları için olumlu geri dönüş şartlarını oluşturma görevi ve BMMYK'nın mültecileri koruma yetkisini göz önünde bulunduran bu çalışma, Somali'nin hala güvende olmadığı ve Federal Somali Hükümeti'nin geri dönen vatandaşlarının büyük bir bölümüne barınacak bir yer temin edemediğini itiraf ettiği bir zamanda, bu üç grubun, mültecilerin geri dönüşünü teşvik etmedeki rollerini ve motivasyonlarını niteliksel olarak inceleyerek analizine devam etmektedir. Çalışma, Kenya Hükümeti'nin güvenlik ve egemenlik endişelerinin, Somali Hükümeti'nin yıllarca süren savaşın ardından meşruiyete itilmesi ve BMMYK'nın ev sahibi devletin mültecileri iade etme konusundaki baskısı ile ilgili savaşıyla, mültecilerin zamanından önce Kenya'dan tahliye etmesiyle ilgili bildirilen karar ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma Kenya'daki iltica alanlarının yetersizliğini ortaya koymakta ve mültecilerin korumaya yeterince erişebilmeleri için 2006 tarihli Mülteci Yasası'nın mecliste yürürlükten kaldırılmasını savunmaktadır. Ancak, bu gerçekleşene kadar, Kenya'daki mülteciler yetersiz koruma zorluklarından muzdarip olmaya devam etmektedirler ve uluslararası toplum ve bağışçı devletlerin uygulamalarını yeniden uyarlamaları ve bunları 21. yüzyılın mülteci zorluklarına göre hizaya sokma konusunda şiddetle teşvik edilmektedirler. Bu listenin en üstünde, Somali'deki fiziksel güvenlik durumunu düzeltmenin yanı sıra, demografik açıdan tamamen aykırı bir şekilde tasvir edilen Somali'nin demografik güvenlik sorununu destekleme ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır.

Demographic transition can be found both in developed and developing countries. One indication of demographic transition is the significant increase of older people number. Ageing is mostly seen as biological processes. In fact, not only biological processes, culture and social condition are also important to determine the definition of ageing. Therefore, the meaning of ageing has much to do with how the society and the government respond to it. This article discusses what government should do in accordance to ageing processes, especially in terms of social services.

Demographic Dividend and Industrial Revolution 4.0 seems to be a problem currently being faced of the government. Demographic Dividend is an opportunity for Indonesia if it is well prepared because this productive age population can sustain non-productive age. At present the government focuses on industries that are driving the development of the industrial revolution 4.0, especially food and beverages, electronics, automotive, textiles and chemicals. One effort that can be done is to make training for the productive age population (millennial). The target of this training place is the productive age who have not worked, productive age who have worked but want to improve their skills, lay people who need the provision of knowledge and skills in the field. The selected project locations have the following qualifications: representing large industrial estates, densely populated populations with high productive ages, the number of productive ages who are winners. From these qualifications, the Cakung area was chosen as the project location. Tread is in Cakung Barat, East Jakarta. In Cakung itself Jakarta Industrial Estate Pulogadung (JIEP) and the Perkampungan Industri Kecil (PIK) still exist today. According to the data obtained, the convection industry is mostly found in the Cakung region. For this training place to concentrate on the industrial convection. AbstrakBonus Demografi dan Revolusi Industri 4.0 nampaknya menjadi isu yang saat ini sedang difokuskan pemerintah. Bonus Demografi menjadi peluang bagi Indonesia jika dipersiapkan dengan baik karena penduduk usia produktif ini dapat menanggung usia non produktif. Saat ini pemerintah fokus di industri yang menjadi pendorong perkembangan revolusi industri 4.0, yakni makanan dan minuman, elektronik, otomotif, tekstil, dan kimia. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan adalah membuat wadah pelatihan bagi penduduk usia produktif (millenial). Target tempat pelatihan ini adalah usia produktif yang belum bekerja, usia produktif yang sudah bekerja namun ingin meningkatkan skillnya, masyarakat awam yang membutuhkan pembekalan ilmu dan keterampilan di bidang tersebut. Lokasi proyek terpilih memiliki kualifikasi sebagai berikut : merupakan kawasan industri besar, kepadatan penduduk dengan usia produktif yang tinggi, banyaknya usia produktif yang menjadi pengangguran. Dari kualifikasi tersebut terpilihlah kawasan Cakung yang menjadi lokasi proyek. Tapak berada di Cakung Barat Jakarta Timur . Di Cakung sendiri sudah terdapat Jakarta Industrial Estate Pulogadung (JIEP) dan Perkampungan Industri Kecil (PIK) Pulogadung yang masih eksis sampai sekarang. Menurut data yang diperoleh, industri konveksi paling banyak terdapat di wilayah Cakung. Sehingga tempat pelatihan ini dikonsentrasikan untuk industri konveksi.

This research aimed to examine the household saving behavior on formal financial institutions in urban and rural areas. The data sources of this research from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), namely the 2018 Indonesia national socio-economic survey (SUSENAS) and the 2018 Indonesia village potential survey (PODES).The research sampleswere 126 539 households in urban and 168 562 households in rural spread over 34 provinces in Indonesia. The analytical method used logistic regression to determine the household behavior in the savings ownership in a formal bank institution.Several factors that affect savings ownership included socio-demographic and institutional factors. The estimation results showed that all socio-demographic factors affected savings ownership in urban, while institutional factors, namely government bank and private banks did not have a significant effect. Otherwise, institutional factors had a significant effect on savings ownership in rural, while socio-demographic factors (house ownership) did not havea significant effect. The findings were very important to improve saving behavior and provide alternative policies related to banking infrastructure development in Indonesia.

Contraceptives are very useful in achieving the family planning (keluarga berencana) program; however, not all contraceptives are suitable for everyone. The choice of contraception depends on how each person must be able to choose a contraceptive that is suitable for him or her. In general, there are two methods of contraception, namely modern and traditional. The government recommends couples of childbearing age or pasangan usia subur (PUS) to use the modern method, as it is more effective in preventing pregnancy. This study was conducted to determine factors (predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing) that influenced the use of contraceptives in Bengkulu Province. The research design was cross-sectional and used secondary data from the Performance Survey and Accountability Program/Survei Kinerja dan Akuntabilitas Program (SKAP) in 2019. The sample of this study was couples of childbearing age ranged 15-49 years old in Bengkulu. The results showed that 232 couples (59.9%) used modern contraception, while 155 people did not use modern contraception (40.1%). The results of the bivariate analysis of predisposing factors show that there is a relationship between work, education, and attitudes towards using family planning in the future, while age and knowledge are not related. It was also found that there are relationships between enabling factors such as place of residence, level of welfare, number of children, desire to have children, and informed choice. Meanwhile, there is no relationship between insurance membership and mass and room information media. It is known that there is no relationship between reinforcing factors in information sources for health workers, non-health workers, information sources for formal institutions, and information sources for non-formal institutions with the selection of contraceptive methods. The factor that most influenced the choice of family planning methods among the respondents aged 15-49 years in Bengkulu was informed choice with OR of 20.11 (95% CI = (11.24-35.98).

Indonesia's fertility rate has continued to decline, it dropped to 2.87 at the end of the long term development plan period. Thisfertility rate is projected to go down by 40 percent in the period 1990-2020. However, the life expectancy will increase to 17 percent. This therefore, means that the decline of the totalfertility rate in Indonesia is faster than the rate of increase of the life expectancy rate.A vital transition in Indonesia will have an affect the number of the elderly people at least upto the year 2020. There will be 28.8 million elderly people or 11.3 percent of the nation's population. Hence, the structure and composition of Indonesia's population will be significantly changed.With the higher level of migration and increasing participation of females in the workforce, chances that an elderly person will have a child living close - by is being reduced, also and the availability of caregivers in thefamily house is also declining. There are few problems facing care for the aged in Indonesia such as: low priority, inadequate information on the elderly, poor facilities and infrastructure, lack of essential personnel, spiraling medical cost, changing epidemiological pattern of disease, lack of resources, inadequate family support, insufficient operations research.To improve on care for the elderly, the following need to be implemented: improved political commitment and the coverageof health service and or social services for the elderly, developing the relevant manpower to work with the elderly, identifying and mobilizingadequate resources to cover care for the aged.

Urbanization is not simply the phenomenon of a population problem, but is also a political, social, cultural, and economic phenomena. Study of urbanization patterns is important due to abundance reports which point out that rapid expansion of the population growth rate, living in big cities has increased enormously. The problems associated with exaggerated growth may create a primary city, that in its excessive process will have negative and disadvantage impacts for the development and the well-being of such a city.The omnipresent growth of slums, the underprivileged areas in the center and the outskirts of a city has provided a robust evidence that the proper plans at the heart of this, is paramount importance to the city development with regard to its inhabitants. Effective solutions to urbanization problems and to establish a relevant city development are to utilize effeciency in people empowerment as well as the equitable distribution of the public welfare, not just cosmetic and artificiality of the city development plan.

Data Buku Judul : Think tanks, Public Policy, and the Politics of Expertise Penulis : Andrew Rich Penerbit : Cambridge University Press Cetakan : Pertama, 2004 Tebal : 258 hal

Populasi di negeri Sabah telah mengalami peningkatan sejak pascamerdeka sehingga tahun 2000-an. Situasi ini mendapat perhatiandaripada pelbagai pihak sehingga timbul desakan untuk membuatsiasatan terhadap permasalahan tersebut. Kesannya, Royal Commision ofInquiry (RCI) dibentuk bagi menyiasat sebab berlakunya pertambahanmendadak penduduk di Sabah. Justeru kertas kerja ini akan menganalisisaspek demografi dan non-demografi bagi mengenal pasti sebabberlakunya pertambahan populasi penduduk selain kesan setelahberlakunya lebihan populasi di Sabah. Kajian ini menggunakanpendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan disiplin ilmu-ilmusains sosial lain seperti sosiologi, antropologi, sains politik danekonomi digunakan sebagai ilmu bantu. Berdasarkan analisis yangdigunakan, kajian ini mendapati berlaku lebihan populasi pendudukyang ketara di Sabah sekitar 1970-an akibat daripada faktor migrasipenduduk. Lebihan populasi yang berlaku menyebabkan pelbagai kesansosial seperti kemiskinan dan jenayah yang meningkat di Sabah. The population in Sabah has increased since post-independence until the2000s. The situation is getting attention from various parties so it is urgedto investigate the problem. As a result, the Royal Commission of Inquiry(RCI) was formed to investigate the reason for the sudden increase inpopulation in Sabah. Hence, this paper will analyze the demographic andnon-demographic aspects to identify the reason for the increase inpopulation populations apart from the effects of excessive populations inSabah. This study uses qualitative approaches by using disciplinesapproaches to other social sciences such as sociology, anthropology,political science and economics as auxiliary sciences. Based on the analysisused, this study found that there was a significant population surplus inSabah around the 1970s as a result of population migration factors.Population surplus prevails causes various social impacts such as povertyand rising crime in Sabah.