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The article provides a brief history of the emergence of demographic forecasts, shows their use by the United Nations, the range of countries for which forecasts were made and are being drawn up, considers demographic forecasts that were carried out during the Soviet era and provides a detailed analysis of demographic forecasts for Russia. In contrast to the forecasts of the population of the Soviet Union as a whole, for Russia they initially began to focus on the downward dynamics. It is concluded that over two decades (1996-2015) in countries with a predominance of the Slavic ethnos (excluding the former republics of Yugoslavia), the population as a whole has decreased to 95.5%, while in countries with a predominance of the Anglo-Saxon ethnos — it increased to 123.8%. The forecasts given in the article are compared with the actual size of the population that has already taken place. Everywhere in countries with a predominance of the Slavic ethnos, the actual population is higher than the predicted, and in countries with a predominance of the Anglo-Saxon ethnos, on the contrary. Comparing the forecasts with the actual population dynamics, the conclusion is substantiated about a noticeable change in the ratio between the two groups of countries united by ethnicity, a decrease in the demographic potential of the Slavic group and its increase in the group with a predominance of the Anglo-Saxon ethnos. In the final part of the work, it is said that the presented rates of change in the population size in 35 years and then in another 50 years, arising from the UN demographic forecasts for 2050 and 2100, as well as the demographic dynamics in the 90s of the twentieth century and in the first 15 years of the new century, indicate that if Russia, like other Slavic countries do not make radical efforts and, accordingly, do not consistently take effective measures to change the demographic trends, then the same thing can happen to Russia as has happened in different centuries to many countries such as Assyria, the Hunnic Empire, etc. The current geopolitical situation in which Russia is, its status as a great power, the country's largest territory in the world, favorable geographical position and colossal natural resources, dictate the need to increase its economic, defense and, naturally, demographic potential.

Published in: Society and Space in Contemporary Poland in Łódź University Geographical Research, edited by T.Marszał ; At the turn of the century, Poland witnessed an important change in the distribution of the population, i.e. concentration of the population in metropolitan areas, movements from central cities to surrounding areas (suburbs) and depopulation of peripheral areas. Within the analysed period, there has been a significant outflow of the Polish population abroad, particularly from the eastern part of the country and from Opolskie region. Additionally, low total fertility rate influenced low natural increase, except suburbs where a rise in the natural increase rate was recorded. The changes to migration intensity and directions and of the diversification of natural increase along with passing through the population pyramid consecutive generations of baby boomers and people born in demographic lows result in more rapid ageing of areas which until recently were considered as demographically young (i.e. northern and western Poland) and urban areas. In the coming decades, the on-going demographic processes will result in even greater spatial polarisation between metropolitan and peripheral areas. If continued, the depopulation tendency resulting from low natural increase caused by low fertility and increasingly delayed time of establishing a family as well as emigration of young people will lead to further deepening of demographic ageing as a result of a drop in the percentage of pre-working age population, diminished work resources and increased share of re tired people. Therefore, it is important to undertake certain population policy actions to strengthen the elements of pro-family policy, develop social policy targeted at older people and initiatives aimed at increasing economic activity particularly of people age 50+ (Sytuacja demograficzna Polski 2012). The main assumptions of population policy-marking directions for initiatives aimed at achieving sustainable socio-economic development were developed by the Government Population Council and adopted during the 2 nd Demo graphic Congress in 2012 and their implementation will depend on the country's economic situation.

In the article, the beginning of changing demographic situations in Uzbekistan in the XXI century is noted. The concept of "demographic situation" represents the portrait of the population in a particular socio-historical period. From this perspective, the demographic situation is determined by the size, composition, and location of the population. As in any country, the demographic situation in Uzbekistan has a number of features. In particular, Uzbekistan, which has the largest population in Central Asia, has an optimal ratio of women and men, young people make up a large part of the country's population, and the potential of the able-bodied population is significant. The country's population is more scattered to the west and northwest of Tashkent, while the Fergana Valley is more densely populated. At present, this situation is constantly changing under the influence of many factors. Moreover, some aspects of demographic change are becoming trending. In particular, the following trends are evident in the demographic changes in Uzbekistan: a) slowdown in population growth; b) changes in human reproductive activity under the influence of a number of socio-economic factors; (c) a reduction in the infant mortality rate as a result of appropriate government policies; g) economic increasing active population; d) the fact that the number of men in the population is growing faster than the number of women as a result of changes in the national mentality and the health care system; e) increasing life expectancy; j) increasing the volume of labor migration.

The population in the Fier region during the transition period went through a lot of changes. Such changes were accompanied by economic, social and political processes which were inevitably marked by the intra-regional specifications of the region. According the statistics, the population in this region after the year of 1990 experienced a decrease of about 1.3 % compared with the previous period. This situation is due to two reasons: the decrease in natural growth (reduced by over 3 times), and the impact of internal migration from the county mainly to the capital city of Albania but also as a result of emigration abroad. The greatest impact is a result of the reduction which is linked with a decrease in the birth rate coefficient from 24.3 ‰ (1989) to 10.1 % in 2001 to 14.5 % at present. Changes identified in the density of the county population. The average population density has fallen to163 h/km² in (2011) from 202 h/km²(1989). Population in the county is on average older than it was 22 years ago. The old population (+ 65 years), has increased to 12.1% from 7.1% which was in 2001, and the reduction of the new age (1-15 years old), is greater than the increase of population over 65 years old. During its evolution, the population in this county presents differences along spatial distribution\ according settlements city - village, district and municipalities. The phenomenon as analyzed according to the division between the two kinds of settlements urban-rural show that the increase in urban population is more than its natural growth and the opposite is true for the village population mainly due to the urbanization phenomenon. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n3s1p151

Purpose of the study: Since the new generation is the main entity of material and social benefits' renewal process of any state, the article aims to identify the students' attitude to the demographic situation in Russia. It is the younger generation of different age groups that is the main labor unit of the state population. Relevant is the fact that the issues of demography are a global challenge of self-organizing society. The purpose of the article is to identify the students' attitude to the demographic situation in Russia, as well as to consider various models of reproductive behavior. Methodology: The leading methods for the study of this problem is the survey method, which allows to make a qualitative analysis of the characteristics of the students' attitude to the demographic situation in Russia and to establish the subjective position of students regarding demographic development. Results: The article reveals that the following administrative and legal measures contribute to the improvement of the demographic situation in the country (legislative acts regulating the marriage age, divorce, attitude to abortion and contraception, the status of mother and children in the divorce, working women's labor regime); economic measures (paid leave, various benefits at child's birth, preferential credit conditions if necessary, tax and housing benefits); educational measures (formation of public opinion, the core and standards of demographic behavior, determination of attitude to religious norms, traditions and customs, family planning policy, sexual education of youth). The authors established a high level of awareness of students about the demographic situation in the country; the presence of anxiety about this situation. Applications of this study: The data obtained in the work can be used in sociology, social psychology, political science, as well as for further theoretical development of this issue. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study revealed a high level of awareness of young people about the demographic situation in the country, certain anxiety about this situation. However, young people are not in a hurry to participate in the solution of demographic problems, referring mainly to the difficulties of material nature. This indicates the need for more careful consideration of measures of state support for young families, taking into account the research of their opinion on this matter.