Suchergebnisse

Cinq figures et une carte illustrent cet article. ; International audience ; En Bulgarie, la période postsoviétique s'accompagne d'une crise démographique qu'illustrent des chiffres saisissants.

Este artículo estudia los cambios en la inequidad de la dotación educativa en Colombia entre 1968 y 2000 en términos de desigualdades intra e inter regionales. Se introducen recientes técnicas analíticas para examinar las consecuencias de los efectos espaciales en la evolución de la desigualdad. Adicionalmente, se analiza la relación existente entre los regímenes administrativos intergubernamentales y las inequidades. Los resultados indican que los efectos espaciales incrementan las desigualdades en la dotación educativa entre regiones y al interior de las mismas. Mientras que la descentralización está asociada con tasas de crecimiento altas en la dotación educativa, las medidas de desigualdad registran una mayor disminución durante los períodos de administración centralizada. Debido a que actualmente la educación opera bajo un esquema descentralizado y a que el malestar social aún persisten en Colombia, la adopción de un componente redistributivo y la incorporación de una dimensión espacial deben ser prioritarias en la modificación de las políticas diseñadas para reducir las disparidades en la dotación educativa regional.

The first known experiment with an exchange rate band took place in Austria- Hungary between 1896 and 1914. The rationale for introducing this policy rested on precisely those intuitions that the modern literature has emphasized: the band was designed to secure both exchange rate stability and monetary policy autonomy. However, unlike more recent experiences, such as the ERM, this policy was not undermined by credibility problems. The episode provides an ideal testing ground for some important ideas in modern macroeconomics: specifically, can formal rules, when faithfully adhered to, provide policy makers with some advantages such as short term autonomy? First, we find that a credible band has a "microeconomic" influence on exchange rate stability. By reducing uncertainty, a credible fluctuation band improves the quality of expectations, a channel that has been neglected in the modern literature. Second, we show that the standard test of the basic target zone model is flawed and develop an alternative methodology. We believe that these findings shed a new light on the economics of exchange rate bands.

International audience [Demographic rhythms of Germany and France have been very different for two centuries. In the nineteenth century, the size of the population of Germany joined and surpassed that of France, which had long been the highest in Europe. After the two world wars, the more intense the French demographic renewal was accompanied by a genuine economic revolution, allowing France to compete with the "German miracle." Today, the demographic situation of Germany and France remain strong differences although each country has a similar process: the aging of the population.] ; Repris in extenso dans Problèmes économiques, 19 juillet 1989. Les rythmes démographiques de l'Allemagne et de la France ont été fort différents depuis deux siècles. Au XIXe siècle, l'effectif de la population de l'Allemagne a rejoint et dépassé celui de la France qui avait été longtemps le plus élevé d'Europe. Après les deux guerres mondiales, l'intensité plus grande du renouveau démographique français s'est accompagnée d'une véritable révolution économique, permettant à la France de rivaliser avec le « miracle allemand ». Aujourd'hui, les situations démographiques de l'Allemagne et de la France conservent de fortes divergences même si chaque pays connaît un processus semblable : le vieillissement de la population.

This article describes a comprehensive geographic information system of Third-Republic France: the TRF-GIS. It provides annual nomenclatures and shapefiles of administrative constituencies of metropolitan France from 1870 to 1940, encompassing general administrative constituencies (départements, arrondissements, cantons) as well as the most significant special administrative constituencies: military, judicial and penitentiary, electoral, academic, labor inspection, and ecclesiastical constituencies. It further proposes annual nomenclatures at the contemporaneous commune level that map each municipality into its corresponding administrative framework along with its population count. The 901 nomenclatures, 830 shapefiles, and complete reproduction material along with primary sources of the TRF-GIS database are available at https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/TRF-GIS.

Background. The main goal of state policy in the field of health and demography of any state is to reduce mortality and increase life expectancy by improving its quality. Of particular importance for achieving this goal is the problem of preserving and strengthening the health of the population and especially the younger generation, since "the good health of the population is an important condition for ensuring the economic and social progress of any country." The purpose of this work is to summarize the experience of healthy lifestyle development in the Republic of Moldova and to identify the main trends in the health of the younger generation and the possibility of promoting the European experience in health promotion. The purpose of this work is to summarize the experience of healthy lifestyle development in the Republic of Moldova and to identify the main trends in the health of the younger generation and the possibility of promoting the European experience in health promotion. Materials and methods. A descriptive study was carried out, which includes an analysis of the international and national legal framework in the area of healthy lifestyle development, the experience of economically developed countries in improving public health and a review of scientific research in this area. Results. A description of the problems and achievements in the field of healthy lifestyle development in the younger generation of the Republic of Moldova at the present stage is presented. The priorities and key principles of health policy, the fundamental strategies of healthy lifestyle development, the elements and main objectives of this activity are identified. The legislative base of the Republic of Moldova is given, which reflects the goal, objectives, necessary measures for healthy lifestyle development. Unfortunately, the formation of healthy lifestyles is not yet fully understood as a priority activity by central and local administrative authorities. Therefore, important and persistent actions are needed to create and implement decisions of the Government and healthy lifestyle development programs at all levels. Conclusions. Socio-economic transformations that have occurred in the Republic of Moldova since the declaration of independence. In the Republic of Moldova, important but incomplete measures are being taken to implement European priorities in the area of promoting a healthy lifestyle. Everything is not only the development, but also the implementation of all government decisions. It is necessary to mobilize all interested parties for actions on HLMF at the individual, family, and administrative levels. ; Актуальность. Основной целью государственной политики в области здравоохранения и демографии любого государства является снижение смертности и увеличение продолжительности жизни за счет повышения ее качества. Особое значение для достижения этой цели заключается в проблеме сохранения и укрепления здоровья населения и особенно подрастающего поколения, поскольку «хорошее здоровье населения является важным условием обеспечения экономического и социального прогресса любой страны». Целью настоящей работы является обобщение опыта ФЗОЖ в Республике Молдова и выявление основных тенденций в состоянии здоровья подрастающего поколения и возможности продвижения европейского опыта в сфере укрепления здоровья. Материалы и методы. Было проведено описательное исследование, которое включает анализ международной и национальной законодательной базы в области формирования здорового образа жизни, опыт экономически развитых государств по укреплению здоровья населения и обзор научных исследований в данной области. Результаты. Представлена характеристика проблем и достижений в области формирования здорового образа жизни (ФЗОЖ) у подрастающего поколения Республики Молдова на современном этапе. Выявлены приоритеты и ключевые принципы политики здравоохранения, фундаментальные стратегии формирования здорового образа жизни, элементы и главные задачи этой деятельности. Приведена законодательная база Республики Молдова, в которой отражены цель, задачи, необходимые меры по формированию ЗОЖ. К сожалению, формирование ЗОЖ еще не полностью осознана как приоритетная деятельность центральными и местными административными органами. Поэтому необходимы важные и настойчивые действия по созданию и внедрению решений Правительства и Программ ЗОЖ на всех уровнях. Выводы. Социально-экономические преобразования, которые произошли в Республике Молдова с момента объявления независимости, отрицательно сказывались на показателях здоровья населения в целом, в том числе подрастающего поколения. В Республике Молдова принимаются важные, но неполные меры по реализации европейских приоритетов в области формирования здорового образа жизни. Тем не менее, необходимо не только разработка, но и реализация всех правительственных решений и учебных программ в области ФЗОЖ на всех уровнях. Необходимо мобилизовать все заинтересованные стороны для действий по ФЗОЖ на индивидуальном, семейном, административном уровнях. ; Актуальність. Основною метою державної політики в галузі охорони здоров'я та демографії будь-якої держави є зниження смертності та збільшення тривалості життя за рахунок підвищення її якості. Особливе значення для досягнення цієї мети полягає в проблемі збереження і зміцнення здоров'я населення і особливо підростаючого покоління, оскільки «гарне здоров'я населення є важливою умовою забезпечення економічного і соціального прогресу будь-якої країни». Метою цієї роботи є узагальнення досвіду ФЗОЖ в Республіці Молдова і виявлення основних тенденцій в стані здоров'я підростаючого покоління і можливості просування європейського досвіду в сфері зміцнення здоров'я. Матеріали та методи. Було проведено описову дослідження, яке включає аналіз міжнародної та національної законодавчої бази в області формування здорового способу життя, досвід економічно розвинених держав по зміцненню здоров'я населення і огляд наукових досліджень в даній області. Результати. Представлена характеристика проблем та досягнень в області формування здорового способу життя (ФЗСЖ) у підростаючого покоління Республіки Молдова на сучасному етапі. Виявлено пріоритети і ключові принципи політики охорони здоров'я, фундаментальні стратегії формування здорового способу життя, елементи і головні завдання цієї діяльності. Наведено законодавча база Республіки Молдова, в якій відображені мета, завдання, необхідні заходи по ФЗСЖ. На жаль, ФЗСЖ ще не повністю усвідомлена як пріоритетна діяльність центральними і місцевими адміністративними органами. Тому необхідні важливі і наполегливі дії по створенню і впровадженню рішень Уряду та Програм ФЗСЖ на всіх рівнях. Висновки. Соціально-економічні перетворення, які відбулися в Республіці Молдова з моменту оголошення незалежності, негативно позначалися на показниках здоров'я населення в цілому, в тому числі підростаючого покоління. У Республіці Молдова приймаються важливі, але неповні заходи по реалізації європейських пріоритетів в області формування здорового способу життя. Проте, необхідно не тільки розробка, а й реалізація всіх урядових рішень і навчальних програм в області ФЗСЖ на всіх рівнях. Необхідно мобілізувати всі зацікавлені сторони для дій по ФЗСЖ на індивідуальному, сімейному, адміністративному рівнях.

Within the framework of this article, the essence of the concepts of «motivation» and «labor motivation» is revealed; analyzed the possibility of using these concepts in relation to the subject-recipient of telecommunication services and those who provide these services; the relationship has been established between the motives of consumers of telecommunications services and employees of telecommunications enterprises, these services are provided; put forward a hypothesis about dual content and balancing motives between the subjects of the motivation system. Key words: telecommunications industry, motivation, labor motivation, consumers, employees, telecommunications enterprises. REFERENCES1. Kuzmenko L.V. (2020) Rozvytok tsyfrovoyi ekonomiky ta suspilʹstva v Ukrayini: tsili ta oriyentyry [Development of digital economy and society in Ukraine: goals and guidelines] Science trends of postindustrial suspension, (1), 32-36.2. Vikhansky O.S., Naumov A.I. (2007). Menedzhment [Management] Moscow: ВEK.3. Zanyuk S.S. (1997) Psykholohiya motyvatsiyi ta emotsiy [Psychology of motivation and emotions]. Lutsk: publishing house of Volyn State University named after Lesya Ukrainka.4. Kirchler E., Rodler K. (2003). Motivatsiya v organizatsiyakh: psikhologiya truda i organizatsionnaya psikhologiya [Motivation in organizations: labor psychology and organizational psychology] Kharkiv: Humanitarian center.5. Kulikov G.T. (2006) Motivatsiya truda nayemnykh rabotnikov [Labor motivation of employees]. Kyiv: Institute of Demography and Soc. research of NASU6. Mescon M., Albert M., Hedouri F. (1992) Osnovyi menedzhmenta [Fundamentals of management]. Moscow: Case7. Niermeier Liner, Seiffert Manuel. (2006) Motivatsiya [Motivation]. Moscow: Omega-L.8. Savchenko P.V., Kokina Yu.P. (2006) Politika dokhodov i zarabotnoy platy [Income and wages policy]. Moscow: Unity-DANA.9. Samoukina N.V. (2006) Effektivnaya motivatsiya personala pri minimal'nykh finansovykh zatratakh [Effective staff motivation with minimal financial costs]. Moscow: Vershina.10. Dyatlov V.A., Kibanov A.L. (2008) Upravleniye personalom [Personnel Management]. Moscow: Olbis.11. Kibanova A.Ya. (2008) Upravleniye personalom [Personnel Management]. Moskva: EKOpress.12. Goddess D.P. Semikina M.V. (2002) Trudovy mentality u sistemy motivation pratsi [Labor mentality in the system of labor motivation]. Kirovohrad: «Polihraf-Tertsiia».13. Melnyk S.V. (Eds.). (2005) 100 terminiv i ponyatʹ sotsialʹno-trudovoyi sfery [100 terms and understanding of the social and labor sphere]. Luhansk: State Institution Research Institute of Social and Labor Relations. ; В рамках данной статье раскрыта сущность понятий «мотивация» и «мотивация труда»; проанализирована возможность использовать эти понятия относительно субъекта-получателя телекоммуникационных услуг и тех, кто эти услуги предоставляет; установлена взаимосвязь между мотивами потребителей телекоммуникационных услуг и работников телекоммуникационных предприятий, эти услуги предоставляют; выдвинута гипотеза о дуальный контент и сбалансирования мотивов между субъектами системы мотивации. Ключевые слова: отрасль телекоммуникаций, мотивация, мотивация труда, потребители, работники, телекоммуникационные предприятия. Список использованной литературы1. Кузьменко Л.В. Розвиток цифрової економіки та суспільства в Україні: цілі та орієнтири. Наукові тренди постіндустріального суспільства: матеріали конференцій МЦНД, м.Рівне, 28 лютого 2020. Рівне, 2020. С. 32-362. Виханский О.С., Наумов А.И. Менеджмент Москва: БЕК, 2007. 390 с.3. Занюк С.С. Психологія мотивації та емоцій: навч. посіб. Луцьк: вид-во Волин. держ. ун-ту ім. Лесі Українки, 1997. 180 с.4. Кирхлер Э., Родлер К. Мотивация в организациях: психология труда и организационная психология / пер. с нем. Харьков: «Гуманитарный центр», 2003. 144 с.5. Куликов Г.Т. Мотивация труда наемных работников: монография Київ: Ин-т демографии и соц. исследований НАНУ, 2006. 244 с.6. Мескон М., Альберт М., Хедоури Ф. Основы менеджмента. Москва: Дело, 1992. 702 с.7. Нирмайер Лайнер, Зайфферт Манюель. Мотивация / пер. с нем. Зись Е.А. Москва: «Омега-Л», 2006. 124 с.8. Савченко П.В., Кокина Ю.П. Политика доходов и заработной платы. Москва: Юнити-ДАНА, 2006. 217 с.9. Самоукина Н.В. Эффективная мотивация персонала при минимальных финансовых затратах. Москва: Вершина, 2006. 224 с.10. Дятлов В.А., Кибанов А.Л. Управление персоналом. Москва: Олбис, 2008. 467 с.11. Кибанова А.Я. Управление персоналом: Энциклопедический словарь. Москва: ЭКОпресс, 2008. 683 с.12. Богиня Д.П. Семикіна М.В. Трудовий менталітет у системі мотивації праці: монографія. Кіровоград: «Поліграф-Терція», 2002. 226 с.13. 100 термінів і понять соціально-трудової сфери: енциклопедичний словник / заг. ред. С. В. Мельник Луганськ: ДУ НДІ соціально-трудових відносин, 2005. 220 с. ; У межах даної статті розкрито сутність понять «мотивація» та «мотивація праці»; проаналізовано можливість використовувати ці поняття відносно суб'єкта-отримувача телекомунікаційних послуг, та тих, хто ці послуги надає; встановлено взаємозв'язок між мотивами споживачів телекомунікаційних послуг і працівників телекомунікаційних підприємств, які ці послуги надають; висунуто гіпотезу про дуальний контент та збалансування мотивів між суб'єктами системи мотивації. Ключові слова: галузь телекомунікацій, мотивація, мотивація праці, споживачі, працівники, телекомунікаційні підприємства. Список використаної літератури1. Кузьменко Л.В. Розвиток цифрової економіки та суспільства в Україні: цілі та орієнтири. Наукові тренди постіндустріального суспільства: матеріали конференцій МЦНД, м.Рівне, 28 лютого 2020. Рівне, 2020. С. 32-362. Виханский О.С., Наумов А.И. Менеджмент Москва: БЕК, 2007. 390 с.3. Занюк С.С. Психологія мотивації та емоцій: навч. посіб. Луцьк: вид-во Волин. держ. ун-ту ім. Лесі Українки, 1997. 180 с.4. Кирхлер Э., Родлер К. Мотивация в организациях: психология труда и организационная психология / пер. с нем. Харьков: «Гуманитарный центр», 2003. 144 с.5. Куликов Г.Т. Мотивация труда наемных работников: монография Київ: Ин-т демографии и соц. исследований НАНУ, 2006. 244 с.6. Мескон М., Альберт М., Хедоури Ф. Основы менеджмента. Москва: Дело, 1992. 702 с.7. Нирмайер Лайнер, Зайфферт Манюель. Мотивация / пер. с нем. Зись Е.А. Москва: «Омега-Л», 2006. 124 с.8. Савченко П.В., Кокина Ю.П. Политика доходов и заработной платы. Москва: Юнити-ДАНА, 2006. 217 с.9. Самоукина Н.В. Эффективная мотивация персонала при минимальных финансовых затратах. Москва: Вершина, 2006. 224 с.10. Дятлов В.А., Кибанов А.Л. Управление персоналом. Москва: Олбис, 2008. 467 с.11. Кибанова А.Я. Управление персоналом: Энциклопедический словарь. Москва: ЭКОпресс, 2008. 683 с.12. Богиня Д.П. Семикіна М.В. Трудовий менталітет у системі мотивації праці: монографія. Кіровоград: «Поліграф-Терція», 2002. 226 с.13. 100 термінів і понять соціально-трудової сфери: енциклопедичний словник / заг. ред. С. В. Мельник Луганськ: ДУ НДІ соціально-трудових відносин, 2005. 220 с.

The article deals with the world theoretical and practical approaches to the development of urban journalism and examines the practical aspects of the functioning of this field in the media industry. The practical experience of Western colleagues in creation of urban content is identified, examples of successful implementation of local and hyperlocal journalistic projects aimed at producing a quality information product and solving important social problems of local communities are analyzed.The relevance of the topic can be explained by the need to reflect some of the recent changes that have taken place in Ukrainian cities under the influence of different political, historical, social and cultural aspects. The subject field of urban science combines research in the fields of sociology, demography, economics, geography, philosophy, psychology, history and cultural studies. Mass media play an important role in this process, which in the classical sense is the role of mediators between the authorities and the local people.In the process of study general scientific methods of comparison, synthesis, analysis and induction were used. With the help of comparison, it became possible to understand the difference between world urban journalism practice and Ukrainian one, as well as estimate the peculiarities of editorial approaches to development of new journalism formats, and their potential in the context of audience engagement. Synthesis method, which involves combination of the main theses on the basis of common thematic orientation helped to outline the main themes and problems presented in the articles of Ukrainian and British web-sites. With the help of analysis method, the main features and concepts of the editorial policy of the urban projects were investigated and the problematic field of the publications was outlined. The method of induction was used to analyze subjective statements of the blog authors, their single experience that was extended to the general practice of perceiving the image of certain cities by the reader. We also used a descriptive method to depict how Ukrainian cities are presented in the materials of the Ukrainian Week website and the method of content monitoring with the aim to develop the array of journalism articles and find out additional information about the authors.Ukrainian urban resources, as well as European ones, predominantly operate online, due to economic and technological factors. It is noted that modern communication technologies enrich the perception of the urban discourse. City websites serve to "minimize" the official agenda and become "city researchers" and "guides" in various areas of urban life. The thematic spectrum of the "Cities" (The Guardian), "We Love Brussels," "Skyscraper," "The Village Ukraine" websites is presented in the work, the strategies of content creation are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the thematic variability of the websites, which reflects the diversity of urban life. The media development of the city was studied on the example of the "Ukrainian Week" magazine. The Private Urban Studies blog mainly contains amateur materials that present the authors' reflections on life in metropolitan and peripheral cities. Such journalistic projects contribute to the creation of urban discourse and the formation of urban identity. ; В статье исследованы европейские теоретические и практические подходы к развитию урбанистической журналистики и рассмотрены практические аспекты функционирования этого направления в медиаиндустрии. Проанализирован практический опыт западных коллег относительно создания урбанистического контента, приведены примеры успешной реализации локальных и гиперлокальних проєктов, которые имеют целью как производство качественного информационного продукта, так и решение важных социальных проблем местных сообществ. Отмечено, что сегодня урбанистическая журналистика превратилась в мировой тренд. Освещение проблем формирования и функционирования городского пространства приобретает все большую популярность, а это, в свою очередь, побуждает медиаспециалистов к созданию уникального продукта (проєкт «Города»). Европейский опыт продуцирования урбанистического контента на различных медийных платформах полезен для украинской журналистики. Украинские урбанистические ресурсы, как и европейские, преимущественно функционируют в онлайн-пространстве, что обусловлено рядом экономических и технологических факторов. Отмечено, что современные коммуникационные технологии обогащают восприятие урбанистического дискурса. Городские веб-сайты выполняют функцию «минимизации» официальной повестки, выступают «исследователями» города и «путеводителями» в различных сферах городской жизни. В работе представлен тематический спектр сайтов «Небоскреб», The Village Украина, коллективного блога «Частная урбанистика» (журнал «Український тиждень»), проанализированы стратегии контентообразования. Обращено внимание на тематическую вариативность сайтов, отражающую разноаспектность городской жизни. Медиаосвоение города реализовано в урбанистической инициативе еженедельника «Український тиждень». Блог «Приватна урбаністика» содержит преимущественно любительские материалы, в которых отражены авторские рефлексии по поводу жизни в мегаполисах и периферийных городах. Такие журналистские проєкты способствуют созданию урбанистического дискурса и формированию на его основе городской идентичности. ; У науковій розвідці досліджено світові теоретичні та практичні підходи до розвитку урбаністичної журналістики та розглянуто практичні аспекти функціонування цього напрямку в медіагалузі. Унаочнено практичний досвід західних колег стосовно створення урбаністичного контенту, проаналізовано приклади успішної реалізації локальних та гіперлокальних проєктів, які мають на меті як виробництво якісного інформаційного продукту, так і вирішення важливих соціальних проблем місцевих спільнот. Зазначено, що сьогодні урбаністична журналістика перетворилася на світовий тренд. Висвітлення проблем формування та функціонування міського простору набуває все більшої популярності, а це, у свою чергу, спонукає медіафахівців до створення унікальних проєктів, як-от проєкт «Міста». Європейський досвід продукування урбаністичного контенту на різних медійних платформах є корисним для української журналістики. Українські урбаністичні ресурси, як і європейські, переважно функціонують в онлайн-просторі, що зумовлено рядом економічних та технологічних факторів. Відзначено, що сучасні комунікаційні технології збагачують сприйняття урбаністичного дискурсу. Міські веб-сайти виконують функцію «мінімізації» офіційного порядку денного, виступають певними «дослідниками» міста та «путівниками» у різних сферах міського життя. У роботі представлено тематичний спектр сайтів «Міста», «Хмарочос», We Love Brussels, The Village Україна, колективного блогу «Приватна урбаністика» (журнал «Український тиждень»), проаналізовано стратегії контентотворення. Звернено увагу на тематичну варіативність сайтів, що відбиває різноаспектність міського життя. Медіаосвоєння міста зреалізовано в урбаністичній ініціативі видання «Український тиждень». Блог «Приватна урбаністика» містить переважно аматорські матеріали, у яких відбито авторські рефлексії з приводу життя в мегаполісах і периферійних містах. Такі журналістські проєкти сприяють створенню урбаністичного дискурсу та формуванню на його засадах міської ідентичності.

Актуальность. Основной целью государственной политики в области здравоохранения и демографии любого государства является снижение смертности и увеличение продолжительности жизни за счет повышения ее качества. Особое значение для достижения этой цели заключается в проблеме сохранения и укрепления здоровья населения и особенно подрастающего поколения, поскольку «хорошее здоровье населения является важным условием обеспечения экономического и социального прогресса любой страны». Целью настоящей работы является обобщение опыта ФЗОЖ в Республике Молдова и выявление основных тенденций в состоянии здоровья подрастающего поколения и возможности продвижения европейского опыта в сфере укрепления здоровья. Материалы и методы. Было проведено описательное исследование, которое включает анализ международной и национальной законодательной базы в области формирования здорового образа жизни, опыт экономически развитых государств по укреплению здоровья населения и обзор научных исследований в данной области. Результаты. Представлена характеристика проблем и достижений в области формирования здорового образа жизни (ФЗОЖ) у подрастающего поколения Республики Молдова на современном этапе. Выявлены приоритеты и ключевые принципы политики здравоохранения, фундаментальные стратегии формирования здорового образа жизни, элементы и главные задачи этой деятельности. Приведена законодательная база Республики Молдова, в которой отражены цель, задачи, необходимые меры по формированию ЗОЖ. К сожалению, формирование ЗОЖ еще не полностью осознана как приоритетная деятельность центральными и местными административными органами. Поэтому необходимы важные и настойчивые действия по созданию и внедрению решений Правительства и Программ ЗОЖ на всех уровнях. Выводы. Социально-экономические преобразования, которые произошли в Республике Молдова с момента объявления независимости, отрицательно сказывались на показателях здоровья населения в целом, в том числе подрастающего поколения. В Республике Молдова принимаются важные, но неполные меры по реализации европейских приоритетов в области формирования здорового образа жизни. Тем не менее, необходимо не только разработка, но и реализация всех правительственных решений и учебных программ в области ФЗОЖ на всех уровнях. Необходимо мобилизовать все заинтересованные стороны для действий по ФЗОЖ на индивидуальном, семейном, административном уровнях. ; Актуальність. Основною метою державної політики в галузі охорони здоров'я та демографії будь-якої держави є зниження смертності та збільшення тривалості життя за рахунок підвищення її якості. Особливе значення для досягнення цієї мети полягає в проблемі збереження і зміцнення здоров'я населення і особливо підростаючого покоління, оскільки «гарне здоров'я населення є важливою умовою забезпечення економічного і соціального прогресу будь-якої країни». Метою цієї роботи є узагальнення досвіду ФЗОЖ в Республіці Молдова і виявлення основних тенденцій в стані здоров'я підростаючого покоління і можливості просування європейського досвіду в сфері зміцнення здоров'я. Матеріали та методи. Було проведено описову дослідження, яке включає аналіз міжнародної та національної законодавчої бази в області формування здорового способу життя, досвід економічно розвинених держав по зміцненню здоров'я населення і огляд наукових досліджень в даній області. Результати. Представлена характеристика проблем та досягнень в області формування здорового способу життя (ФЗСЖ) у підростаючого покоління Республіки Молдова на сучасному етапі. Виявлено пріоритети і ключові принципи політики охорони здоров'я, фундаментальні стратегії формування здорового способу життя, елементи і головні завдання цієї діяльності. Наведено законодавча база Республіки Молдова, в якій відображені мета, завдання, необхідні заходи по ФЗСЖ. На жаль, ФЗСЖ ще не повністю усвідомлена як пріоритетна діяльність центральними і місцевими адміністративними органами. Тому необхідні важливі і наполегливі дії по створенню і впровадженню рішень Уряду та Програм ФЗСЖ на всіх рівнях. Висновки. Соціально-економічні перетворення, які відбулися в Республіці Молдова з моменту оголошення незалежності, негативно позначалися на показниках здоров'я населення в цілому, в тому числі підростаючого покоління. У Республіці Молдова приймаються важливі, але неповні заходи по реалізації європейських пріоритетів в області формування здорового способу життя. Проте, необхідно не тільки розробка, а й реалізація всіх урядових рішень і навчальних програм в області ФЗСЖ на всіх рівнях. Необхідно мобілізувати всі зацікавлені сторони для дій по ФЗСЖ на індивідуальному, сімейному, адміністративному рівнях. ; Background. The main goal of state policy in the field of health and demography of any state is to reduce mortality and increase life expectancy by improving its quality. Of particular importance for achieving this goal is the problem of preserving and strengthening the health of the population and especially the younger generation, since "the good health of the population is an important condition for ensuring the economic and social progress of any country." The purpose of this work is to summarize the experience of healthy lifestyle development in the Republic of Moldova and to identify the main trends in the health of the younger generation and the possibility of promoting the European experience in health promotion. The purpose of this work is to summarize the experience of healthy lifestyle development in the Republic of Moldova and to identify the main trends in the health of the younger generation and the possibility of promoting the European experience in health promotion. Materials and methods. A descriptive study was carried out, which includes an analysis of the international and national legal framework in the area of healthy lifestyle development, the experience of economically developed countries in improving public health and a review of scientific research in this area. Results. A description of the problems and achievements in the field of healthy lifestyle development in the younger generation of the Republic of Moldova at the present stage is presented. The priorities and key principles of health policy, the fundamental strategies of healthy lifestyle development, the elements and main objectives of this activity are identified. The legislative base of the Republic of Moldova is given, which reflects the goal, objectives, necessary measures for healthy lifestyle development. Unfortunately, the formation of healthy lifestyles is not yet fully understood as a priority activity by central and local administrative authorities. Therefore, important and persistent actions are needed to create and implement decisions of the Government and healthy lifestyle development programs at all levels. Conclusions. Socio-economic transformations that have occurred in the Republic of Moldova since the declaration of independence. In the Republic of Moldova, important but incomplete measures are being taken to implement European priorities in the area of promoting a healthy lifestyle. Everything is not only the development, but also the implementation of all government decisions. It is necessary to mobilize all interested parties for actions on HLMF at the individual, family, and administrative levels.

If you had to choose one moment in history in which to be born, and you didn't know in advance whether you were going to be male or female, which country you were going to be from, what your status was, you'd choose right now." This answer to his one-question test was used by Barack Obama in several of his speeches to demonstrate how humanity has made progress up until the present day.Is he right? Beyond asking people what their preferred birth year would be in the context of such a thought experiment, it is possible to compare the attractiveness of actual birth years (and thus epochs in which to lead one's life) from official statistics. There are already a handful of indices which are, if recorded repeatedly, usable for measuring the changes in quality-of-life circumstances over time, and thus the "position" of succeeding generations in the course of history.Jamie McQuilkin, who is the winner of the 2016/17 Demography Prize, derives an additional index from national statistics in the opening article of this second part of the IGJR double issue on "Measuring Intergenerational Justice for Public Policy". He combines nine indicators: forest degradation rate, share of low-carbon energy consumption, and carbon footprint in the environmental dimension; adjusted net savings, current account balance,and wealth in equality in the economic dimension; and primary pupil-teacher ratio, fertility rate, and GDP-adjusted child mortality in the social dimension. Unlike other index-builders, McQuilkin takes great pains to lay out all the premises, definitions and data sources of his account in as clear a manner as possible, which makes his article an accessible and instructive read.All-encompassing comparisons of the position of a generation in the "lottery of timing" are nonetheless notoriously difficult to draw. The two subsequent articles confine themselves to public policy. They both treat financial transfers between generations; but a deeper look reveals that their underlying rationale is quite different.Bernhard Hammer, Tanja Istenič and Lili Vargha use a framework of direct reciprocity between generations whereas Paul Kershaw (at least partly) builds upon a concept of indirect reciprocity. This is best explained when we look at the relationship between (familial) generations before the welfare state came into being. The directly reciprocal generational contract is the implicit expectation that parents will care for their children until they are old enough to care for themselves, and children will support their parents, in turn, when their parents can no longer support themselves. Here, the exchange happens between the same generational cohorts but while they are in different age groups.In their work, Hammer, Istenič and Vargha adapt this idea in the context of the welfare state, pinpointing the role of human capital-building and reproduction for the maintenance of generational contracts. The authors develop a new indicator to analyse whether there is a balance between transfers to children and transfers expected by the elderly population in the future. Their results indicate that, in most of the 16 EU countries analysed, the human capital investments in children are far too low to finance the necessary transfers to the elderly population in the future.In the final article, Kershaw writes within a framework of a different logic: indirect reciprocity. Imagine in pre-welfare-state times the members of three generations walking together. The daughter accompanies her mother and her grandmother as they embark on a ritual journey intended to end with the grandmother's voluntary death. The girl takes pity on her grandmother and convinces her mother to promise to care for the old woman until her natural death in exchange for a promise from the girl to do the same for her mother when the time comes. Here, the exchange does not happen between the same generational cohorts. The creditor generation cannot be paid back by the (then) deceased debtor generation. As the (previous) middle generation has become the debtor generation, the obligation is passed on the next generation (now the middle generation). Kershaw discusses three different approaches in this framework for Canada: the elderly/non-elderly spending ratio; intergenerational reciprocity; and the ability to pay of different age cohorts. Next to calculating some striking results, Kershaw further develops the elderly bias in social spending (EBiSS) as an indicator for the (un)fairness of intergenerational welfare state contracts. For the utility of cross-country comparisons, medical care spending (which is consumed disproportionately in later life) and education (which is consumed earlier) must be taken into account according to Kershaw. Kershaw's first two stages of analysis are complemented by a discussion about the fairness of the different treatment of generations in welfare states. Since some cohorts are born into favourable eras, and others are not, it is important to examine intergenerational public finances by reference to the standard of living inherited by different age groups, and the socio-economic circumstances they currently face. In response to this, Kershaw in the third stage of his research considers how the standard of living for contemporary seniors compares with that of elderly Canadians four decades earlier; and how the standard of living four decades earlier – when contemporary seniors were young adults – compares with that of young people today. In short, Kershaw suggests that the Canadian government needs to introduce policy changes to readjust the intergenerational imbalances that are negatively affecting younger generations.In the book review section, the first review assesses Birnbaum, Ferrarini, Nelson and Palme's The Generational Welfare Contract: Justice, Institutions and Outcomes. Again, the focus is on the redistribution of a welfare state's resources in time. Partly qualifying the "mainstream" thesis that public programmes, such as health care and pensions, are not affordable at their current extent in ageing welfare states, the authors put forward the hypothesis that intergenerational welfare state contracts can lead to positive-sum solutions.In the second book review, Michael Rose's The Representation of Future Generations in Today's Democracy, is brought to the attention of the scientific community. The book is written in German but of importance for the debate on specialised agencies for the future. Jörg Tremmel (University of Tübingen)Maria Lenk (FRFG)Antony Mason (IF)Markus Rutsche (University of St. Gallen)

Population ageing across the advanced economies (though not in large parts of Africa and Asia) has become a growing concern for academics, policy-makers and the public at large. More specifically, the question of the economic and financial sustainability and the intergenerational fairness of contemporary public policy constellations and socio-economic models has come to the fore against the backdrop of low or declining fertility rates and large cohorts of longer-living elderly citizens. Yet efforts to empirically conceptualise and measure intergenerational sustainability and fairness have often gone in different directions and have not always added to a greater cohesion, or clarity, of knowledge. This special issue on "Measuring Intergenerational Justice for Public Policy" aims to take stock of such efforts, and to provide an overview of where we stand today.The first two articles, both winners of the 2016/17 Demography Prize, focus on the dominant methodologies for thinking empirically about intergenerational fairness and sustainability.The first article is a general overview essay on Generational Accounting, authored by Laurence Kotlikoff, a founding father of this methodology. Kotlikoff notes that since David Ricardo's work, it took another century and a half for economists to develop models capable of realistically tracking the impact of policies on the welfare of current and future generations. Today, large-scale, dynamic computable general equilibrium models remain too stylised to provide much more than a qualitative sense of generational impacts. To fill this gap, Kotlikoff and others have pioneered the use of available data to directly measure the fiscal treatment of current and future generations. Kotlikoff's essay surveys these efforts over the past three decades to quantify generational fiscal burdens using both fiscal gap and generational accounting. On the whole, he is optimistic about the pace of progress, thanks in part to the acute if belated awareness by economists that intergenerational fairness is a topic of both policy importance and moral urgency. But Kotlikoff notes that conventional approaches based on concepts of national debt and deficits remain dominant in government practices even though governments are able to manipulate what to keep off their books. This points to the need to study power and governance in research on intergenerational fairness.The second article, by Natalie Laub and Christian Hagist, applies Generational Accounting to analyse whether and to what extent current policies put heavier burdens on the shoulders of future generations compared to current generations. Specifically, they study the impact of recent reforms in pay-as-you-go pension systems in Norway, Poland and Germany. They find that reforms have reduced the implicit debt to be paid by future generations in all cases, but the burden is shared differently. In Norway current pensioners have to contribute to enhancing financial sustainability, while Poland and Germany seem to be more politically constrained by the electoral power of pensioner-voters: reforms have put in place "grandfathering clauses" that protect current pensioners at the expense of younger generations.In the last article, Róbert Gál and Judit Monostori present an insightful and concise taxonomy of empirical indicators of economic sustainability and intergenerational fairness, summarised from their earlier wide-ranging survey of over 80 indicators.[1] They neatly organise their taxonomy along four different scope conditions: specific public programmes, the general government, the market economy, and the total economy, which adds the household economy (the output of unpaid household labour). The article shows that indicators of sustainability are based all too often on ad hoc partitioning of the life cycle, exemplified by the standard practice of letting adulthood start at 15 or 18, and old age at 65. Surveying significant advances in the measurement of ageing by Warren Sanderson and Sergei Scherbov and others,[2] Gál and Monostori instead propose indicators that mitigate or eliminate the ad hoc nature of partitioning. More importantly still, they demonstrate that the conclusions the observer is led to draw regarding sustainability and intergenerational fairness can be different, sometimes radically, depending on the level of analysis. Taking the five largest EU countries, they show that seemingly worrying levels of unsustainability in the pension system can go hand in hand with modest sustainability worries at the level of the economy. Building on earlier work by Gál et al.,[3] they also show that conclusions on the very direction of intergenerational resource transfers simply reverse when the scope of analysis moves from public policies to the total economy including households. In 17 European countries, the elderly population gets significantly higher per capita net transfers through public channels than children do. But if intra-familial transfers of cash and, crucially, time, are taken into account, this pro-elderly bias flips over entirely. Children now receive more transfers per capita than the elderly. The value of investments in human capital and other intra-familial transfers is so important that they frequently reverse the results of a more narrow public policy analysis. Thus the key message from Gál's earlier work is corroborated: Europe is a continent of "pro-elderly welfare states within child-oriented societies."[4] This highlights an important further conclusion we can draw from this special issue. Since different levels of analysis may lead to very different conclusions, discussing families of related indicators is the more cautious approach to measuring intergenerational justice.Pieter Vanhuysse (University of Southern Denmark)Antony Mason (IF)Jörg Tremmel (University of Tübingen)Markus Rutsche (University of St. Gallen)Maria Lenk (FRFG)Notes1 Gál/Monostori 2016.2 Sanderson/Scherbov 2013.3 Gál/Vanhuysse/Vargha 2018.4 Gál/Vanhuysse/Vargha 2018.ReferencesGál, Róbert I. / Monostori, Judit (2016): Indicators of economic sustainability and intergenerational fairness. AGENTA Public Deliverables 6.1. Vienna: Vienna Institute of Demography.Gál, Róbert I. / Vanhuysse, Pieter / Vargha, Lili (forthcoming/2018): Pro-elderly welfare states within child-oriented societies. In: Journal of European Public Policy.Sanderson, Warren C. / Scherbov, Sergei (2013): The characteristics approach to the measurement of population aging. In: Population and Development Review, vol. 39 (4/2013), 673-685.

The challenges to achieving universal health coverage (UHC) are obvious yet vast in their scope: leading these is a lack of strong primary health care (PHC) systems and a global shortage of well-trained health care professionals. Addressing these challenges is paramount, as it is well-trained health care professionals who will build the strong PHC systems that are necessary for UHC. Due to the continuing spread and evolution of information and communications technology (ICT) in health care and education, ICT should be considered as an essential tool for innovative primary health care education. Many nations face a distinct lack of UHC, grossly unequal health services and an acute shortage of suitably qualified family doctors, nurses and allied health care professionals that constitute the primary health care team. It is estimated that by 2035, the world will have a shortage of 12.9 million health care professionals, however an additional 1.9 billion people will require health care. Recruiting, educating and retaining these primary health care teams is therefore fundamental to meet ongoing demands. Family doctors contribute to high quality, cost-effective and accessible primary health care. However, PHC faces considerable challenges, including a preference from policymakers, the public, and members of the health care community for specialisation. Specialist-focused care may be attractive, but it is often economically unsustainable and absorbs resources that are necessary for PHC. Yet, cooperation between primary and secondary care is essential for delivering the best care to patients and communities. It should not be a matter of choosing between primary and secondary care, but rather of recognising and adequately supporting the unique attributes and skillsets that each has to offer. Family medicine lies at the heart of primary health care. The key to producing skilled family doctors is good family medicine training, particularly at a postgraduate level. There is great potential to improve the scale and quality of family medicine training, starting with exposure to the field as early as possible. For the delivery of primary care to be effective – and lead to the achievement of universal health coverage – the composition of the primary care team should reflect the demography and health needs of the local population. Thus, the composition of the primary care team will differ from location to location, depending on the age/sex/ health needs of the local population. Family doctors and all of the PHC professionals should have a set of universal core skills, in addition to skills specific to the population and geography they serve. To provide effective care, health professionals need to understand the importance of social factors in influencing population health; therefore, training curricula must be adapted to local contexts Career development through postgraduate training strongly motivates health professionals to stay in their own localities, as well as being vital for patient safety and improved outcomes. Yet, despite a thirst for postgraduate training among family doctors and other primary health care professionals, it is often difficult to access. ICT may be used to address recruitment and retention issues by providing easily accessible and good quality education. This report examines a key question: Can ICT facilitate the education of PHC professionals worldwide in order to address the challenges facing PHC and UHC? Through in-depth literature reviews, analysis, and targeted interviews with key experts, the report concludes that ICT can indeed support, enhance and accelerate the education of the primary health care team's members, in six key ways: 1. It is an effective means of developing workforce capacity. By overcoming geographical barriers and supplementing traditional instruction with online delivery from international and regional tutors, ICT can substantially increase health care professionals' access to postgraduate education without the need for travel, thus helping to avoid disruption to healthcare delivery. 2. It helps to recruit and retain professionals. E-learning overcomes issues of access and isolation, and can be done flexibly to suit the learner. By providing access to specialist support, postgraduate courses and mentoring opportunities, e-learning and telehealth encourage in-country and rural retention of health care workers. 3. It is cost-saving. Traditional models of health professional education are expensive, both for the provider and for health care professionals. Developing ICT solutions may entail high initial costs but these are reduced over time, and with more users, achieve economies of scale. 4. It facilitates social and collaborative learning which has been shown to have the greatest impact on patient outcomes. A blend of synchronous and asynchronous e-learning is likely to be the most effective way of achieving interprofessional learning. Communities of practice are encouraged using ICT and social media, reducing professional isolation and improving collaboration. 5. It can help to bring contextualised care to where it is needed. For example, simulation-based medical education enables problem-based, interactive and contextualised learning. End-user (including patient) participation is paramount when designing ICT-based educational programmes. 6. It improves the quality of care by facilitating access to evidence-based medicine and reflective learning. Email alerts can support education by reaching a large audience and providing trustworthy information tailored to individual needs; social media can aid in streamlining vast amounts of information into a small number of tailored-to-the-individual articles; blogs and electronic portfolios can encourage reflective life-long learning. Capturing these opportunities will require stakeholders to consider the following: a) Securing political and financial support to establish and maintain strong PHC systems b) Adopting a collaborative interprofessional approach between health professionals, from medical school through to the workplace c) Providing education and training relevant to the context and to user needs d) Improving recruitment and retention through training e) Encouraging the standardisation and accreditation of health professional education f) Investing in ICT training for learners, educators and patients g) Planning and developing programmes that use technology meaningfully to improve care quality, cost-effectiveness, accessibility, equity and patient safety h) Recognise and consolidate the interdependence of all the health professionals in the PHC setting.

This paper analyzes different approaches in poverty in Senegal, relying in particular on data provided by the last two household surveys (ESPS-2-2002 and ESAM 2006) conducted by the National Agency of Statistics and Demography in partnership with the World Bank.In the analysis of monetary poverty, we reveal important differences in terms of poverty lines in regions with at extremes, Dakar 923,55 F CFA (1,40 €) and Tambacounda 515,70 FCFA (0,78€), suggesting little relevance to the use of a threshold at national level alone. On basis of these thresholds, the indices of poverty stemming from the Foster's generic formula, to Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) reveal a reduction in the rate of poverty between 2002 and 2006 from the 57.1 % to 50.8 %, that is 6.9 in the whole of country and a gap in the poverty's line passing from 18 % to 16,4 %. This decline is particularly observed in the regions of Dakar, Diourbel, Kaolack, Saint-Louis and Thies. At the departmental level, poverty rates show a significant concentration in rural areas and the existence of pockets of poverty enclaved in urban areas. The estimation of a spatial econometric model highlights the socioeconomic factors that may explain the interdepartmental differences in poverty rates observed in 2006, including the level of regional economic development (urbanization, employment) and household behavior related at infrastructure (education, health and fertility). Furthermore, we propose a dichotomous model from which it is possible to identify the determinants of income poverty of household heads. The results show that female-headed households are not the poorest layer. In general way, differences of poverty apparent between urban and rural areas are largely correlated with disabilities in terms of education and unequal access to information and communication resources.We are entering a multidimensional analysis of poverty in Senegal, through an estimate of the degree of deprivation of some basic household needs. The approach by the theory of fuzzy sets used for this purpose shows that poverty declined slightly: 1% against 7% for monetary poverty. Unlike the monetary approach, the observed decrease from non-monetary poverty affects other regions as Kolda and Ziguinchor and Kaolack and Diourbel saw an increase. The estimation of one-dimensional fuzzy indexes allowed identifying the domains in which the households post the degree of largest deprivation: the quality of housing, education and information and communication technologies, beyond income.The profiles of monetary poverty as well as multidimensional are excellent tools to target the most destitute groups of the population. However, these tools remain dumb on the perception of these poor people as for their own socioeconomic situation. In this sense, an econometric analysis of the determinants of poverty felt in Senegal in 2006 brings up the importance of certain non-economic dimensions (social exclusion, cultural and lack of consultation of stakeholders on policy development and cutter fight poverty). ; Ce travail analyse sous différentes approches la pauvreté au Sénégal en s'appuyant notamment sur les données fournies par les deux dernières enquêtes auprès des ménages (ESAM 2-2002 et ESPS-2006) réalisées par l'Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie en partenariat avec la Banque mondiale.Dans l'analyse de la pauvreté monétaire, nous faisons apparaître des différences importantes en termes de seuils de pauvreté dans les régions avec aux extrêmes la région Dakar 923,55 F CFA (1,40 €) et Tambacounda 515,70 F CFA (0,78€), ce qui suggère le peu de pertinence quant à l'utilisation d'un seuil établi au seul niveau national. Sur la base de ces seuils, les indices de pauvreté issus de la formule générique de Foster, Greer et Thorbecke (FGT) dévoilent une baisse du taux de pauvreté entre 2002 et 2006 de 57,1% à 50,8%, soit de 6,9 point dans l'ensemble du pays et un écart à la ligne de pauvreté passant de 18% à 16,4%. Cette baisse est particulièrement observée dans les régions de Dakar, Diourbel, Kaolack, Saint-Louis et Thiès. Au niveau départemental, les taux de pauvreté montrent une concentration importante dans les zones rurales et l'existence de poches de pauvreté enclavées dans les zones urbaines. L'estimation d'un modèle économétrique spatial met en évidence les facteurs socioéconomiques susceptibles d'expliquer les différences interdépartementales de taux de pauvreté constatées en 2006, notamment le degré de développement économique des territoires (urbanisation, emploi) ainsi que les comportements des ménages liés au niveau d'infrastructures (d'éducation, de santé et de fécondité).Par ailleurs, nous proposons un modèle dichotomique à partir duquel il est possible de mettre en évidence les déterminants de la pauvreté monétaire des chefs de ménage. Les résultats montrent que les femmes chefs de ménage ne sont pas la couche la plus pauvre. De manière générale, les disparités de pauvreté manifestes entre milieux urbain et rural sont largement corrélées à des handicapes en matière de d'éducation et à l'inégal accès aux moyens d'information et de communication.Nous abordons une analyse multidimensionnelle de la pauvreté au Sénégal, à travers une estimation des degrés de privation de certains besoins essentiels des ménages. L'approche par la théorie des ensembles flous utilisée à cet effet suggère que la pauvreté a faiblement diminué : 1 % contre 7 % pour la pauvreté monétaire. Contrairement à l'approche monétaire, la baisse de la pauvreté non monétaire observée concerne d'autres régions comme Kolda et Ziguinchor et les régions de Diourbel et Kaolack connaissent une hausse. L'estimation des indices flous unidimensionnels a permis d'identifier les domaines dans lesquels les ménages affichent le degré de privation le plus important : la qualité du logement, le niveau d'instruction et les moyens d'information et de communication, au-delà du revenu.Les profils de pauvreté monétaire aussi bien que multidimensionnelle sont d'excellents outils pour cibler les groupes les plus nécessiteux de la population. En revanche, ces outils restent muets sur la perception de ces pauvres quant à leur propre situation socioéconomique. En ce sens, une analyse économétrique des facteurs déterminants de la pauvreté ressentie au Sénégal en 2006 fait apparaître l'importance de certaines dimensions non économiques (exclusion sociale, culturelle et manque de concertation des intéressés sur les politiques de développement et de lutte cotre la pauvreté).

This strategic analysis of Swedish agriculture – production systems and agricultural landscapes in a time of change – focuses on climate change, future availability of natural resources and economic regulation in a global food market. The background to the project was that the Faculty of Natural Resources and Agriculture of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences identified an urgent need to explore the implications and opportunities of coming changes for agricultural production systems, arable land use and farm landscape functions in Sweden. Another objective was to determine the research needed to ensure that we are equipped to adapt to the coming changes. The analysis was carried out in the form of three literature reviews (Climate Change and Agricultural Land Use in Sweden: A Literature Review, (Eckersten et al., 2008a); Changes in the Global Natural Resource Base Relevant for Future Agriculture in Sweden – A Literature Review, (Johansson, 2008); and Economic Globalisation and Swedish Agriculture – Future Changes Affecting Swedish Agriculture from an Economic Perspective with Special Emphasis on Globalisation, (Holstein, 2008). It also comprised workshops and seminars and finally production of this synthesis report, which summarises the work done and suggests six research themes. Different IPCC emission scenarios describe pathways for those factors that are regarded as important for emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), such as demography and social, economic and technological development. The projected global temperature increase varies from a little less than 2 °C up to 3.5-4.0 °C by the end of this century. Shrinking glaciers and rising sea levels are some of the consequences of the temperature increase. This climate change will have considerable consequences for agriculture, ecosystem function and human health on a global scale. The conditions for food production in Sweden are projected to become more favourable in terms of potential productivity as a result of future climate change. However, despite more favourable average cropping conditions, there could be drawbacks in the form of more frequent extreme weather events and, for example, more severe crop pathogen attacks and increased risks of nutrient leaching. The temperature increase is predicted to be greater during winter than during summer. Furthermore, precipitation will probably increase and the precipitation pattern will change. The temperature increase may lead to an extension of the growing season by several months in southern Sweden. Swedish agriculture is currently dependent on high inputs of external resources. The situation at present is that agricultural demands are increasing with regard to the natural resource base, e.g. ecosystem services and fossil fuels. The use of fossil fuels to sustain food production cannot continue indefinitely; agriculture world-wide must adopt mitigation strategies. One way is to search for self-sustaining, diversified, low-input, energy-efficient agricultural systems, using local renewable resources and ecosystem services. Another way to meet the challenges of future food supply and at the same time sustain life-support systems might be through intensive high-input agriculture on the 'best' land in order to save other areas for nature conservation. Swedish agriculture and food production are closely linked to the global food and feed market. Increased globalisation means that the profitability of Swedish farms is influenced to an increasing extent by actors on the global market. Conditions for Swedish agriculture in the past have been largely determined by political regulations, national and subsequently by CAP (Common Agricultural Policy in EU), but are gradually becoming more dependent on world market forces. Sweden has a comparative disadvantage in primary production compared with many other countries but the competitiveness of the Swedish food sector as a whole has increased during recent years due to increased exports of processed products. Another opportunity is to increase production of products with added value, e.g. organic products. However, the effects of globalisation on Swedish agriculture are hard to predict. Increased liberalisation will lead to increased competition, which will most probably lead to decreased production in Sweden. However, future changes in land productivity could potentially affect land use more than does the degree of liberalisation in trade. The conclusion that Swedish agriculture will decrease, at least in terms of land use, may very well turn out to be incorrect. This should be clear, not only from scenarios where climate change makes Swedish production more competitive but also from the latest developments on the world market where large increases in demand for agricultural products have been noted. This increase may have the consequence that land in less competitive countries will become sufficiently productive. Twelve climate scenarios for different regions in Sweden were developed within the FANAN project, from south-west Skåne in the south to Övertorneå in the north. Projections of future cropping systems under the new climatic conditions are described for three regions, south-west Skåne, Mälardalen district and the coast region of Västerbotten. There are diametrically opposed scenarios for future land use and appropriate design of agricultural production systems in the literature, which implies a need for a great variety of research. Research in adaptation as well as mitigation strategies will be important. Problems are interlinked and interdisciplinary research will probably be necessary to solve the complex problems concerning agriculture and the food supply of future populations. Six different strategic research themes are presented as a result of the FANAN project: 1.Future analyses of long-term sustainable land use, p.54. 2.Sustainable production systems — crop and animal sciences, p. 55. Cooling crops — crop-soil interactions Crop breeding — perennial cereals Domestic animal production Cultivation techniques 3.Ecosystem services in production systems of the agricultural landscape, p. 59. 4.From words to action, p. 60. 5.Monitoring of agricultural production, p. 62. 6.Multidisciplinary research network, p. 62. Large research programmes rather than small disciplinary projects will promote the solution of future complex problems. It will be necessary to combine empirical research with modelling and synthesis work in order to generate good science that is relevant to the challenges in sustainable agricultural management. FANAN concludes that SLU has a central role to play in developing these sustainable strategies.

This book describes and analyses the challenges and opportunities of amenity migration to mountain areas and its management, and offers related recommendations. The book's chapters cover the subject through case studies at international, regional and local levels, along with overarching themes such as environmental sustainability and equity, mountain recreation users, housing, and spiritual motivation. Crucial issues addressed are the relationship of amenity migration to tourism and migration motivated by economic gain. Part I (chapters 1-3) describes and analyses key aspects of the amenity migration phenomenon that arch across specific place experiences, while chapters 4-20 are organized geographically, covering amenity migration in the Americas (part II), in Europe (part III), and in the Asia Pacific region (part IV). Chapter 21 concludes by bringing all the information together and focusing on the future of amenity-led migration.