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The paper aims to identify and analyze the ability of the denotative aspect of the meaning of a lexeme to model the cultural space in a literary text. We provide an analysis of the concepts of cultural space and a linguocultureme as a unit that models the cultural space in a literary text. The study examines the relationship between a lexeme and denotatum contributing to the formation of a linguocultureme in general and the modeling of cultural space in particular. Using the method of continuous sampling, we selected examples of lexemes whose denotative meaning determines the formation of linguistic culture and the modeling of cultural space in Daniel Kehlmann's novel Tyll. With the help of linguoculturological analysis and the modeling method, we studied how a lexeme's denotative meaning influences the identification of elements of cultural space in the literary text. The frequency of references to denotata expressed by linguistic units, their compatibility and the connection between the denotative meaning of a lexeme and the presupposition appear to be important aspects in the analysis of the cultural space modeling in a literary text. In the course of the study, lexemes that carry culturally significant information at the denotative level were found to endow other linguistic units with linguocultural potential, raising them to the rank of linguistic means of the cultural space modeling. At the same time, an increase in the number of methods for modeling the cultural space contributes to its expansion within the framework of a literary text. From a theoretical perspective, the research is significant in that there has been developed a model for analyzing the denotative aspect of the meaning of a lexeme in order to identify the elements of cultural space in a literary text. The research results are valuable both for the theory of language in general and the theory of cultural linguistics in particular.

This paper defends the hypothesis that, along with the notion of Argument Structure, which encodes the lexical-conceptual properties of lexical predicates (i.e. the idea that the verb eat, for instance, takes two arguments, an Agent--the eater--and a Theme--the thing that is eaten--as shown in Peter ate the pizza), there is a second dimension to the meaning of lexical items. This level, which we call Denotative-Referential Structure, is concerned with the way words are embedded in the larger syntactic context (i.e. the phrase) that contains them, and are referentially constrained within that context. It is argued that this dimension must be kept separate from Argument Structure both technically and conceptually. The general theoretical framework is that of Generative Grammar and more specifically the set of assumptions that constitute Government and Binding Theory.

The ultimate goal of any communicative act is to create meaning. The meaningful combination of language units creates the overall content of oral or written communication and realizes the communicative intent of the writer or speaker. The aim of the present article is to study how the communicative intent of the writer unfolds through the use of words having a specific semantic component as part of the lexical meaning. Words that have a negative semantic component as part of denotative meaning as well as phrases which contain one or more words with negative denotative meaning have been picked out from the article "Genocide" by R. Lemkin[1] and studied. The communicative-semantic and pragmatic analyses of the practical material has revealed that with the help of the words and phrases containing negative referential meaning, the author creates a convincing and powerful content and achieves his goal, which is to condemn genocidal activities.
Key words: semantics, lexicology, word meaning, denotation, persuasion, genocide, communicative-pragmatic approach

[1] R. Lemkin, Genocide // American Scholar, Vol. 15, no. 2, 1946, էջ 227-230:

(uk) У статті описано лексичні засоби мовного маніпулювання, що типово використовуються у промовах політиків високого рангу. ; (en) The paper surveys lexical means of language manipulation which are typically employed in the speeches of top rank politicians.

Ever since Georg Simmel's seminal works, social relations have been a central building block of sociological theory. In relational sociology, social identities are an essential concept and supposed to emerge in close interaction with other identities, discourses and objects. To assess this kind of relationality, existing research capitalises on patterns of meaning making that are constitutive for identities. These patterns are often understood as forms of declarative knowledge and are reconstructed, using qualitative methods, from denotative meanings as they surface: for example, in stories and narratives. We argue that this approach to some extent privileges explicit and conceptual knowledge over tacit and non-conceptual forms of knowledge. We suggest that affect is a concept that can adequately account for such implicit and bodily meanings, even when measured on the level of linguistic concepts. We draw on affect control theory (ACT) and related methods to investigate the affective meanings of concepts (lexemes) denoting identities in a large survey. We demonstrate that even though these meanings are widely shared across respondents, they nevertheless show systematic variation reflecting respondents' positions within the social space and the typical interaction experiences associated with their identities. In line with ACT, we show, first, that the affective relations between exemplary identities mirror their prototypical, culturally circumscribed and institutionalised relations (for example, between role identities). Second, we show that there are systematic differences in these affective relations across gender, occupational status and regional culture, which we interpret as reflecting respondents' subjective positioning and experience vis-à-vis a shared cultural reality.

This article examines the process of change in the meaning of artistic symbols in the nov-els by J.R.Fowles, whose books are filled with deep philosophical content, which is considered to be one of the main components of any symbol. The paper analyzes excerpts from the writer's novels A Maggot, The Magus, The Tree, The Aristos, as well as the author's diaries. The problem of studying an artistic symbol lies in its changeability: a symbol as a unit of culture transmits its basic meanings from generation togeneration, but at the same time it can acquire other new meanings during the development of society and culture. In addition, new meanings of a symbol can be found in works of different authors. The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons for the occurrence of these meanings. The main research methods included a defini-tion analysis of the artistic symbol in special dictionaries, contextual analysis, and methods of interpretation. Basing on the literature review, the author of the article formulates the following definition: an artistic sym-bol is a conventional figurative-semiotic object of language and culture (unconsciously or consciously) in-cluded by the author in a figurative text in which the symbol actualizes one or some interpretations that re-duce the denotative meaning of the word and expand the semantic boundaries of the lexeme. The study re-veals that cultural-historical and pragmatic factors influenced the change in the meanings of different artistic symbols in the works of Fowles. It was also found that pragmatic factors brought more changes than cultur-al-historical factors. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that a person's personal experience of interac-tion with an object-symbol can be diverse and generate new meanings. However, such meanings of a symbol may not be fixed in the language in contrast to the meanings caused by changes in society. This study is nov-el in that it explores the process of formation of new meanings in an artistic symbol.

PurposeThe paper aims to understand why and how paratextual elements are included in annual reports, hence how meaning is made through the workings of language and imagery.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive framework of analysis, combining Genette's paratextual elements with Barthes' rhetoric and denotation and connotation concepts, is applied to the case study of the dstgroup, a Portuguese engineering and construction group.FindingsThe study demonstrates the potential of the annual report as a communication tool between an organisation and its stakeholders. The framework of analysis evidences that the paratextual elements highlight and supplement accounting information and that the denotative and connotative meanings associated with them make visible and enhance intangible features of the organisation.Originality/valueThe paper extends theories from other interdisciplinary fields to accounting communication and proposes a comprehensive framework that combines the writings of Genette and Barthes. By exploring the Portuguese under-researched context, it also adds to the literature by analysing the rationales and choices of the preparers on the inclusion of paratextual elements in annual reports.

This study aims to: (1) explain the lingual form of inciting Ribka Tjiptaning on social media and (2) explain the meaning of denotation and the incitement connotation of Ribka Tjiptaning on social media. The data in this study are language that contains the crime of incitement by Ribka Tjiptaning on the social media YouTube. While the source of data in this study is the social media youtube. The method used in this research is descriptive with qualitative approach, data collection techniques in the form of look-see and take notes. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis (qualitative content analysis). The results of this study indicate that: the data containing denotative and connotative meanings in Ribka Tjiptaning's utterances on social media YouTube amounted to 7 denotative meanings and 5 connotative meanings. Ribka Tjiptaning's speech contained rejection and accusations that the government was playing with the Covid 19 vaccine. This speech is an act against the law by disseminating information that can provoke / incite.

In this paper I interpret findings from a project investigating media coverage of the 2003 "Coalition" invasion of Iraq, drawing on a corpus of news reports from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV news. The findings reported are evidence of a consistency that reflects the unconscious working of an ideology about "war", with ideology considered in linguistic terms as a "configurative rapport" (Whorf 1956). To trace some dimensions of this ideology, I explore the meanings of "war", its linguistic reactances, and its consequences for the creation of text with respect to registers of news discourse. I consider "war" from the point of view of lexis: its referential meaning, its relation to other related signs, (Saussure 1974), its denotative and connotative meanings (Hasan 2003) and its collocation and colligational potentials (Firth 1937[1964], 1962). I then consider it from the point of view of text-in-context (e.g. Halliday & Hasan 1985). The paper extends the 30 year interest in the relations of language, mind and society that have characterised studies of ideology in critical linguistics/CDA.

Phrases whose problems are in this paper are excerpted from the works of Martin Mikulić, a Herzegovinian Franciscan writer. Mikulić left behind a great literary wealth worth scientific observation - especially in the field of phraseology. Namely, the paper deals with the semantic aspect of phrases created through different tropes. The phrases created through metaphor, ie. metaphorical formulas where, for example, the loss of a head is equal to the loss of life. Other examples have been created according to the same principle, where body parts appear as components of phrases and other various components can be found. In addition to phrases created through metaphor, metonymy, synagogue, the material also confirms phrases created through periphrasis, hyperbole, euphemism, irony, antithesis and comparison. In addition, attention in this paper was focused on the definition, form and structure of phrases. Thus, the material confirms phrases with one full word, phrases with two or more independent words with or without auxiliary words, as well as phrases of a sentence. In the scientific literature, many authors share the opinion that the structure of phrases is usually solid, which is not shown by the examples from the corpus where a certain type of change in the structure of phrases was made. Apart from variant forms in which there is no change in meaning but in expression, so it is one or more alternative forms of phrases - other modifications are reflected in the fact that the order of components in the phrase is not solid and stable, that it is possible to replace one component the second as well as in changes of syntactic nature (prepositional-case connection), then the addition of certain components as well as the reduction of components, etc. The corpus confirms phrases whose phraseological components have lost their denotative meaning as well as examples where some of the phraseological components retain their denotative meaning.

What does privatization really mean? It depends on who is speaking and the specific language game in use. This article borrows an interpretive device, originally developed by Roland Barthes and further articulated by Jean Baudrillard, which lays waste to the assertion that a word has a single denotative meaning. Such an interpretation (that words represent, or correspond to, reality) is but the first step of a progressively unreal simulacrum that moves to skepticism, through masking (where a word connotes the radical absence of the object it points toward) to hyperreality. Hyperreality is the domain of self-referential imagery, where words and symbols refer only to themselves but provide titillation and visceral gratification in the process. The authors conclude that the very term privatization lacks foundational stability.

The objectives of the study were to describe the forms, meanings, and functions of Political Jargon Which were found in Political Website. This study mainly aimed to describe the jargon used in political news of CNN politics as the Political Website. The writers used a qualitative descriptive method in classifying and analyzing the data. After investigating the forms, meanings, and functions of jargon in CNN politics on 1st -30th May, 2016, the writers found several findings. The political jargon in this website can be analyzed in forms were 53 words, 15 phrases, 5 abbreviations and there was no acronym, in the lexical meanings categories there were 58 denotative meanings and 15 connotative meanings from 73 data and the functions of Political Jargon were a belongings to a specific group, to communicate and signal for identification of political group. In conclusion, the jargon used to convey the meaning and to communicate to the readers, in this context as a signal in politics fields. So, the readers will be familiar in using some terms of political jargon in everyday speech. Keywords: Jargon, Political Website, Meaning

The aim of this paper is to contextualize and unify existing interdisciplinary literature by introducing the concepts of a non-semantic type of communication, namely pragmatic communication. Despite the utility of cognitively deducing the connotative and denotative meaning of the message we also propose that communication without semantics contains a so called expectancy violation utility which causes neurophysiological changes that help the receiver to reduce the uncertainty (or prediction errors) about its environment. Increasing the uncertainty of the environment where the public lives, would create the tendency for the public to prefer the more surprising messages, that is, more information rich political messages. This uncertainty reduction with uncertainty seeking behavior illustrates the shift from exploitative into explorative behavior of the audience which indirectly impacts the value of the political message, by making the political message obsolete.

The aim of this paper is to contextualize and unify existing interdisciplinary literature by introducing the concepts of a non-semantic type of communication, namely pragmatic communication. Despite the utility of cognitively deducing the connotative and denotative meaning of the message we also propose that communication without semantics contains a so called expectancy violation utility which causes neurophysiological changes that help the receiver to reduce the uncertainty (or prediction errors) about its environment. Increasing the uncertainty of the environment where the public lives, would create the tendency for the publics to prefer the more surprising messages, that is, more information rich political messages. This uncertainty reduction with uncertainty seeking behavior illustrates the shift from exploitative into explorative behavior of the audience which indirectly impacts the value of the political message, by making the political message obsolete.