Suchergebnisse

The effect of each element of the Voting Rights Act's totality-of-the-circumstances test on black city council membership is analyzed in 946 cities with 1980 populations exceeding 25,000. Several structural elements, namely, staggered terms, majority vote requirements, large councils, and longer terms for council members, do not significantly reduce rates of black membership. There is some evidence, however, that the proportion black on a council is higher when representation is from single-member districts, at least in the South. Even in the South, the advantages of single-member elections vis-à-vis at-large elections do not apply to all types of citywide voting. Black office holding in at-large southern cities with residency requirements or that combines staggered terms with pure at-large elections is very similar to that in single-member district cities.

We examine minority representation resulting from modified at-large elections (cumulative & limited voting) used in US localities in the 1990s. Hypotheses about the relative proportionality of descriptive representation under various local election systems are presented & tested. We find that CV/LV elections produced descriptive representation of African-Americans at levels similar to those in larger single-member district places, & at levels that exceed those from some small, southern SMD places. Results for Latino representation are more qualified. Our results offer encouragement for those interested in facilitating minority representation without using the acrimonious process of drawing districts on the basis of races. 4 Tables, 2 Figures, 34 References. Adapted from the source document.

Parties vary substantially in the proportion of women they send to Parliament. We examine how party characteristics affect women's representation in the parliamentary parties of twelve advanced industrial nations at three time points-- 1975, 1985, and 1989. Four party-level factors have some explanatory power: 1) organizational structure, 2) ideology, 3) women party activists, and 4) gender related candidate rules. Leftist and New Left ideologies, high levels of women activists within the party and gender related candidate rules all enable parties to increase the descriptive representation of women. We propose a temporal sequence in which the four factors and electoral rules work both directly and indirectly to affect women's representation. Women party activists and gender related rules are the more direct mechanisms which affect women's legislative representation. Further, New Left values and high levels of women activists within the party both enhance the likelihood that gender-related candidate rules will be implemented.

This study considers the effects of electoral system structure on women's representation in national legislatures. Research done in Western Europe finds women's representation is positively affected by party magnitude; tests for similar effects in Costa Rica are done and confirm this hypothesis. The effects of electoral thresholds are also considered. The Costa Rican electoral threshold increases disproportionality and enhances the likelihood of producing parliamentary majorities, as expected. Moving beyond these traditional findings, the threshold also has a positive effect on the descriptive representativeness of the legislature by increasing party magnitudes and thereby increasing the representation of women. The study ends by suggesting the electoral studies field needs to expand its evaluation criteria to not only consider representativeness in terms of reflecting party support, but also consider representativeness in terms of accurately mirroring society at large, that is, descriptive representation.

In clinical work with families suffering from eating disorders, SYMLOG allowed us to document family interactional and perceptual processes and to make them accessible for therapeutic purposes and evaluations. For a group of 26 families with a daughter afflicted with anorexia, our SYMLOG findings suggest that a decision vacuum exists. These findings confirm the descriptive resultsfirom clinicalpractice. They further confirm that the parents' incorrect mutual perceptions have an effect on the daughter's perceptions.

pt. I.Black and Latino Descriptive Representation.The History of Black and Latino Representation.The Election of Black and Latino Representatives --pt. II.Black and Latino Substantive Representation.African-American and Latino Representation.Race and Representation.Racial Redistricting and Public Policy.The Outlook for the Future.

The decision in Yarbrough et al. v. City of Birmingham in 1989 resulted in Birmingham, Alabama, changing its nine-member city council from at-large to district elections to preserve minority (white) representation. Implementation of this court order produced the descriptive representation it was designed to attain but did not improve citizen perceptions of the quality of representation. It produced other changes in the conduct of city politics. Council candidates altered their campaign strategies to make themselves appear more sensitive to district-level concerns. Districts do not yet seem to have stimulated either turnout or greater competition in council elections.

AbstractThe study of union certification elections is well advanced in the academic literature. There is, however, little research on determinants of union certification when more than one union is on the ballot. The work on multiunion elections that does exist is primarily descriptive and conducted at the macro level. This paper presents a micro‐level study of a multiunion election. Three sets of variables derived from expectancy theory, the investments model, and the theory of reasoned action, were posited to influence employee choice in a multiunion election. Data were collected via a mail survey of 270 employees who recently participated in a multiunion election. The data were analyzed using multiple analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. The results provide strong evidence that the employee vote in a multiunion election is correlated with (a) an evaluation of the efficacy of a raiding union, (b) employee behavioural investments, and (c) the attitudes of others in the immediate work group. Implications for labour practitioners centre on increasing employee involvement, identifying the union with important others, and delivering desired results. Future researchers may wish to extend this framework to other settings.RésuméL'analyse des élections pour Vaccréditation syndicale est un sujet souvent traité dans les revues savantes. Cependant, on n'a que peu etudié les facteurs qui déterminent Vaccréditation en cas de syndicats multiples dans un scrutin. II existe surtout jusqu'à ce jour des descriptions ou des macroanalyses. Cet article présente une microanalyse d'une élection multisyndicale, prenant pour principe que trois ensembles de variables influencent le choix des employés: des variables inspirées par la Théorie des attentes (Expectancy Theory), par le Modèle des investisse‐ments et par la Théorie de Vaction raisonnée (Reasoned Action Theory). Un sondage par correspondence de 270 employés, qui avaient récemment participé à une élection à syndicats multiples, a foumi les données qui ont servi de base pour une analyse de variance et de discrimination. Les resultats indiquent clairement une corrélation entre le vote de l'employé et (1) l'évaluation de l'éfficacité d'un syndicat agresseur (raiding union), (2) les investissements com‐portementaux de l'employé, et (3) les attitudes des col‐lègues dans le groupe de travail. Pour qu'un syndicat puisse préserver son accréditation, ces résultats lui sug‐gèrent d'augmenter la participation des employés qu'il représente, d'encourager la loyauté des employés ay ant une influence sur leurs collègues, et d'améliorer la performance des services de base pour employés. De futures recherches pourront éStendre ce cadre á d'autres contextes.

1 Descriptive Statistical Techniques -- 2 Environmetric Methods of Nonstationary Time-Series Analysis: Univaraute Methods -- 3 Regression and Correlation -- 4 Factor and Correlation Analysis of Multivariate Environmental Data -- 5 Errors and Detection Limits -- 6 Visual Representation of Data Including Graphical Exploratory Data Analysis -- 7 Quality Assurance for Environmental Assessment Activities.

Speaking about "computer tools for editions" most people speak about of the more refined varieties of typesetting systems. On the contrary it can be argued, that the availability of computer based methods for the presentation of huge data objects, could reopen a discussion of what an "edition" actually is. An introduction into such a redefinition is given: an "edition" being defined as a complex of interlinking representations of different degrees of abstraction from the original form of the text. The way in which scanned manuscript, transcribed text and formalized representations of knowledge about the text interrelate, are described.

This book starts with a representation of Husserl's idea of phenomenology as a foundational theory of science. The following essays elucidate the main features of the phenomenological method as worked out by Husserl in the course of the development of his philosophy - starting from merely 'descriptive' and going on to 'transcendental' and 'constitutive' phenomenology - in order to get access to the foundations of knowledge in general and of scientific knowledge in particular. Further essays deal with the Husserlian foundations of natural science, and the relations between phenomenology and psychology, as well as those between phenomenology and history. This second revised and enlarged edition - the first appeared in 1987 and was edited by Lee Hardy - contains two further essays: one deals with Husserl's never abandoned idea of phenomenology as a rigorous science and his further claim to restore phenomenological philosophy as 'First Philosophy', and the other one on the problem of crisis of the Western culture Husserl was concerned with during several periods of his life, demonstrates the actuality of his phenomenology even for philosophy of science in our times

"This paper draws a portrait of employer organisations at European level and their
recent development in the context of the social dialogue, in particular the horizontal
umbrella organisation of employers "UNICE". The purpose is to give first hand descriptive
information based on practical experience, rather than to elaborate abstract explanations
based on theories of collective action. The first part contains a description of UNICE, its
membership, purpose and role, its organisational structure and decision making
procedures, as well as information about European sectoral organisations and the
European Employers' Network created by UNICE in 1993 to coordinate the views of
sectoral and horizontal organisations in the field of social policy. The second part describes
UNICE's views on social policy and ist evolution along with the development of the social
dialogue framework set by the Maastricht Treaty and consolidated by the Treaty of
Amsterdam. The author concludes that the development of industrial relations at European
level will depend – in any case as far as employers are concerned – fundamentally on the
legal framework set at the European level." (author's abstract)