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At the base of the philosophical and anthropological reflection underlying gender and sexuality is the impossibility of defining exactly the two concepts and the boundaries that separate them. If it is true that in the vulgate the 'sex' is what is defined by biology, then by nature, for what it concerns the 'gender', this concept refers to categories of cultural and social type. Contemporary thought has entered a crisis in the difficulty of uniquely defending the poles of nature and culture, and this because the criteria of normativity that had always been adopted epistemologically in the past creak before the evidence of their historical-cultural relativity. As Foucault pointed out, gender is what more than any other category has been subjected to a process of naturalization / biologicization exploited for political purposes (in the broad sense that the term can assume in the Foucaultian theory of biopower). Western society, especially starting from the modernity inaugurated by the Enlightenment, has begun to expand to all forms of knowledge a scientific approach which is only fictitiously descriptive but which in fact imposed a pre-packaged vision of reality by disguising itself as de-historicized social mechanisms. ; À la base de la réflexion philosophique et anthropologique sous-jacente au genre et à la sexualité se trouve l'impossibilité de définir exactement les deux concepts et les frontières qui les séparent. Si est vrai que dans la vulgate, le «sexe» est ce qui est définit par la biologie, donc, par la nature, en ce qui concerne le «genre», il fait référence à des catégories de type culturelles et sociales.La pensée contemporaine est entrée dans une crise dans la difficulté de défendre uniquement les pôles de la nature et de la culture, et ça, parce que les critères de normativité qui avaient été adoptés épistémologiquement dans le passé craquent avant la preuve de leur relativité historico-culturelle.Comme Foucault a souligné, le genre est ce que plus entre toute autre catégorie a été soumis à un ...

In this paper, two generative phonological models are compared which were developed to account for syllable structure generalizations. The phonological representation of Moraic Phonology (Hyman 1985; Hayes 1989) is contrasted with that of Government Phonology (Kaye et al. 1990). The analysis of these two models is based on both their formal properties and the way they cope with the syllable structure of Carrarese (Carrara, MS). Carrarese is a Gallo-Italic dialect that presents typologically marked tautosyllabic consonant cluster as a result of syncope and apocope. This paper shows that the representational model of Government Phonology provides a better account of the data both from a theoretical (formally more simple and economical) and empirical perspective (greater descriptive adequacy).

La cartografia è uno straordinario strumento di lettura e interpretazione del paesaggio e, non solo consente di trasmettere informazioni diverse per realizzare nuove cartografie tematiche, ma ancora oggi di cogliere, in quelle storiche e/o di base, gli elementi del substrato geologico che esse oggettivamente rappresentano, ma che solo una lettura mirata acquisisce, sulla base di competenze geologico-geomorfologiche. Le moderne rappresentazioni digitali forniscono contenuti chiari ed evidenti, ma anche le cartografie più datate dell'IGM, con il tratteggio e il segno che il topografo ha trasferito nella carta, danno un contributo indispensabile per chi voglia elaborare una cartografia, anche la più sofisticata. Le carte storiche, inoltre, sono un suggestivo mezzo per riconoscere il modellato topografico del passato, e pur nella loro sinteticità descrittiva, raccontano un paesaggio relativamente lontano, le cui informazioni però sono preziose per la comprensione dell'evoluzione di un luogo. La Carta d'Italia che, da oltre 100 anni, è la base della copertura cartografica italiana, per chi faccia il geografo e in particolare il geologo e/o il geomorfologo, è uno strumento di applicazione e ricerca insostituibile. L'approccio geomorfologico alla cartografia applica alla lettura delle carte topografiche, in particolare alle tavolette dell'IGM alla scala 1: 25.000, una chiave di interpretazione geologico-geomorfologica del segno. Il moderno geografo e/o geologo, tuttavia, si avvale di tecnologie di avanguardia per la rappresentazione di una mole di dati che sarebbe difficile gestire con le tecniche tradizionali, ma anche in questo tipo di rappresentazioni vanno colti i segnali del paesaggio topografico: evidenze dei caratteri geologici, geomorfologici, dell'attività tettonica, dell'instabilità e, quindi, rischio. Il confronto pertanto dei dati rilevati nelle diverse carte di un luogo, per tipologia e cronologia, permette di valutare processi e forme e nell'insieme l'evoluzione del paesaggio in tempi storici. Questa nota, quindi, riconoscendo l'irrinunciabile contributo delle nuove tecnologie, vuol ricordare tuttavia che, al fine di fornire un valido strumento territoriale, anche implementato in un complesso sistema GIS, occorra comunque avere la capacità di cogliere attraverso la base cartografica, storica e non, il dato di campagna e ciò che le competenze geologico/geomorfologiche permettono di acquisire da essa, per una completa, consapevole e moderna interpretazione del territorio. ; Cartography is an extraordinary tool for understanding and interpretating the landscape and not only it allows to communicate different information to create new thematic maps, it is also a way to understand the historical and/or basic elements of the geological substrate, through a targeted reading on the basis of geological and geomorphological knowledge. Modern digital representations are an important tool to access clear and evident content, but the older paper maps of IGM (the "Istituto Geografico Militare", Military Geographical Institute), with the hatch and a sign that the surveyor has transferred to the paper, are also an indispensable contribution for anyone wishing to develop a map, even the most sophisticated. The historical maps are also an attractive means of recognizing the topographic model of the past, despite their descriptive brevity, describing a landscape that seems far but whose information are invaluable to understand the evolution of a place. The Chart of Italy which, for over 100 years, has been the basis of the Italian map coverage for geographers, geologists and in particular geomorphologists is an invaluable tool for application and research. The geomorphologic approach to reading topographic maps, in particular to IGM tablets at scale 1: 25,000, relies on the geological and geomorphological interpretation of the sign. The modern geographer and geologist, however, uses cutting-edge technologies for the representation of a body of data that would be difficult to manage with traditional techniques. Nevertheless, also in such representations, signals of the landscape topography has to be captured: evidence of geological and geomorphological features, tectonic activity, instability, and thus risk. Therefore, the comparison of data recorded in different charts for the same place allows to recognize processes, forms, and the whole evolution of the landscape. This note, therefore, acknowledging the essential contribution of new technology, has the aim to recall, however, that a valuable tool to describe the land, also implemented in a complex GIS system, should nevertheless have the ability to use the historical cartography and data acquired on the field for a full, aware and modern interpretation of the territory.

Before considering the new concepts in cataloguing which are likely to govern bibliographic control in the future, it is important to look back at the way in which the migration of the card catalogue to a networked environment has affected the organization of libraries. In many ways, the implementation of the National Library Service (SBN) has played a decisive role in "the slow and painstaking process of standardising the catalogues, with respect to cataloguing rules and record formats", which is among the main concerns of the Italian library authorities and therefore marked as one of the objectives of a national action plan as early as 1959. The production of the tapes containing the National Bibliography records in 1975 is the first episode of some importance in the history of library automation in Italy. Used for the photomechanical processing of the bibliography in its printed version, those tapes provided data in machine readable form which could be exchanged within the framework of the Universal Bibliographic Control programme strongly endorsed by IFLA. These records were given the ANNAMARC format structure, a local variant of the MARC format in use at the Library of Congress at the time. It was Maltese who recommended the adoption of MARC on the assumption that this would facilitate the integration of the Italian agency in the international bibliographic circuit. For several years only a few libraries, if any, could benefit from the availability of the national bibliography records. Copy cataloguing was in fact not a traditional procedure in Italian libraries the way it had been since the beginning of the 20th century in North-American libraries. The success of bibliographic utilities such as OCLC, RLG, WLN and UTLAS as well as the adoption of MARC and AACR2 as standards can easily be explained with the practice of importing the records produced at the Library of Congress into the various local catalogues. Most Italian developed cataloguing systems, instead, did not even include an import-export module, making it therefore impossible for Italian librarians to consider copy cataloguing as a promising, cost-effective option. Technology is not the only explanation for such a scarcity of cooperative efforts. Other factors include the non existence of library schools and the absence of an overall coordination policy at a national level. The first task to be undertaken by the National Library Service was therefore of an educational nature: the systematic training of librarians towards the use of standard cataloguing criteria. This required the adoption of a closed, centralised architecture, which replaced the distributed model initially envisaged by Vinay and Boisset. In joining the network each library or group of libraries added its existing records to the union catalogue through successive migrations of data. As a consequence of such a process, the quality of the records became rather uneven, forcing the national library as a routine to merge the duplicates and clean up the indexes. Most important, the project led to the creation of a database consisting of over 4.5 million records, contributed day by day by a thousand libraries of all shapes and sizes. The sense of cooperation, resulting in a general refinement of the acquisitions strategies as well as in the improvement of the exploitation of existing bibliographic resources, is particularly important in view of the development of the Italian digital library, as was emphasized during the 3rd National conference of libraries held at Padua last February. Descriptive cataloguing should become a minor concern for libraries as a consequence of the improved coverage offered by the various bibliographic utilities, in conjunction with the increasing number of digital documents. This has nothing to do with the idea that digital entities will catalogue themselves and that cataloguing standards are becoming unimportant since they do not apply to web sites and the rest. Such views, according to Gorman, are "not only wrong but also noxious because, though masquerading as progressive, they are impeding progress". Instead cataloguers should aim at developing linking devices to connect packages of recorded knowledge and information, using their titles, edition statements, issuers, dates and any other known data, and adding formalized names and titles to those descriptions and to those digital entities that allow library users to retrieve and collocate those documents, and relating them to a location either physical or virtual. However, it proves difficult for most librarians to abandon a system of bibliographic control that has been so successful and to adopt an entirely new set of concepts that will take full advantage of the new digital environment. The professional debate at an international level seemed so far more concerned with improvements needed within the established framework and hardly looked in any great depth at new concepts in cataloguing which are required if one wants to benefit from the intrinsic feature of a computer which resides in the ability to "establish, coordinate and connect syntaxes of signs", as suggested by Serrai. The need for a reassessment of the foundations on which cataloguing is based appeared with great evidence in the theoretical activities leading to the publication of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records in 1998. On the one hand it was felt that many inconsistencies were caused by bibliographic representations heavily relying on ISBD, a standard which uses principles having little relevance in an electronic environment, having been defined with a concern for the printed versions of the national bibliography and the exchange of bibliographic record at an international level, rather than as a data model for the needs of the individual library catalogue. On the other hand, it is evident that because of the large size of many databases and the number of hits that most searches produce, users tend to be frustrated in attempting to use a catalogue and sometimes wonder if the complexity is really necessary, especially if compared to the apparent user-friendliness of the general web search engine. The difference, according to Ayres, is a conceptual one which is already to be found in information retrieval where two basic types of searching have become established. These are pre-coordinate and post-coordinate. Cataloguing has so far always been a pre-coordinate operation and is based on what cataloguers do at the input phase, both as regards the description and the access terms. In particular, authority control (or "entry point control" as Gorman termed it already in 1977) in its present form is expensive to set up, to maintain and to use. Nevertheless, it is the foundation stone of sound cataloguing and a key factor in information retrieval and digital resources management. Again Ayres suggests that authority control be used to provide the link rather than the preferred heading, bearing in mind that from the user's viewpoint the preferred heading is the heading that he/she searches by and that in searching he/she wants the heading that he/she has thought about to be linked to the headings that he/she has not thought about. This means that the present authority control files will become linking files and that the entire procedure will implicitly be a post-coordinate operation. A fully developed electronic catalogue should be able to function in two ways, according to the specific needs of the user, providing "intellectual" (that is, access to the contents of library resources) as well as "bibliographic" control (that is, access to the physical packages in which content appears). Eventually, catalogues should give access to cultural heritage information, not just of a bibliographic nature, which is now under distributed control, bridging the barriers to access that have been created by specific traditions of custody and documentation. The feasibility of such a vision largely depends on the capability of the system within which they are stored to interoperate with those around them, but above all it relies on the intellectual effort dedicated to build up some kind of semantic, political, human and legal interoperability, both nationally and internationally.