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1. Introduction -- 2. Theories of welfare state and work-family policy reform -- 3. Design and evolution of work-family policies: a European comparative overview -- 4. Policy developments in Germany and Italy : from a shared focus on the male-breadwinner model to diverging paths after the 1990s -- 5. How normative beliefs and voting behavior shape party competition on work-family policies -- 6. Women's descriptive representation : the more, the better? -- 7. Work-family policy reform processes in Germany : continuous change towards dual-earner model support -- 8. Italy : no consensus for change -- 9. Conclusion.

Who should govern who governs? The role of citizens in reforming the electoral system / Dennis F. Thompson -- Citizen representatives / Mark E. Warren -- Institutional design and citizen deliberation / Hilary Pearse -- Agenda-setting in deliberative forums: expert influence and citizen autonomy in the British Columbia Citizens' Assembly / Amy Lang -- Descriptive representation in the British Columbia Citizens' Assembly / Michael Rabinder James -- Do citizens' assemblies make reasoned choices? / Andr(c)♭ Blais, R. Kenneth Carty, Patrick Fournier -- Communicative rationality in the citizens' assembly and referendum processes / R. S. Ratner -- Deliberation, information, and trust: the British Columbia Citizens' Assembly as agenda setter / Fred Cutler ... [et al.]

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I Theories and Concepts -- Chapter 1 Global Patterns and Debates in the Granting of Women's Suffrage -- Suffrage Adoption Trajectory -- Four Waves of Suffragism and Debates -- Suffragism in the Society of Civilized States -- Suffragism and Socialist Transnationalism -- Pan-American Suffragism -- Suffragism, Liberation Struggles, and Afro-Asian Solidarity -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Gender and Electoral Behavior -- Gender and Electoral Participation -- Gender, Partisanship, and Vote Choice -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 The Political Representation of Women over Time -- Why It Is Important to Elect Women -- Women's Formal Representation -- Women's Descriptive Representation -- Women's Substantive Representation -- Women's Symbolic Representation -- The Quality of Representation Itself -- Global Patterns in the Election of Women to Parliaments -- No Change -- Incremental Gains -- Fast-Track Growth -- Plateaus -- Women in Parliament Today -- By Economic Development -- By Geographic Region -- By Level of Democracy -- With and Without Gender Quotas -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 The Impact of Women in Parliament -- Policymaking -- Conceptualizing Women's Interests -- Context and Constraints -- The Policymaking Process -- Gender Quotas -- Public Attitudes -- The Political System -- Women as Leaders -- Female Citizens and Political Behavior -- Legislatures as Workplaces -- The Division of Labor -- Symbols, Images, and Ideologies -- Gendered Interactions -- Gendered Identity -- Organizational Logic -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 New Horizons in Women's Political Rights -- Creating a New Global Concept -- Definitions and Manifestations -- Emerging Solutions -- Conclusions -- References.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Part I -- 1. Three Guiding Questions about Decentralization and Women's Empowerment -- 2. Decentralization and Gender Inequality in the Absence of the Gender Policy Trifecta -- Part II -- 3. Poland: One Node of the Gender Policy Trifecta -- 4. Pakistan: Two Nodes of the Gender Policy Trifecta -- 5. The United Kingdom: Three Nodes of the Gender Policy Trifecta -- Part III -- 6. Global Assessment of the Gender Policy Trifecta -- Appendix 1: Hybrid Survey-Structured Interview Method -- Appendix 2: Sample Survey Questionnaires -- Appendix 3: Women's Descriptive Representation (%) in Decentralized Poland, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom -- Appendix 4: Policies and Events Directly Affecting Women in Poland, 1993-2014 -- Appendix 5: Policies and Events Directly Affecting Women in Pakistan, 1973-2013 -- Appendix 6: Policies and Events Directly Affecting Women in the United Kingdom, 1997-2014 -- References -- Index

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Introduction: The Arab Uprisings and the Rights of Women -- The Aim of the Book -- Democratization in the MENA Region -- Authoritarian Regimes and the Inclusion of Women -- Democracy in the MENA Region -- Women's Rights in an Age of Uncertainty -- Women's Rights, Feminism and Islamism -- Studying the Impact of Women's Activism -- Why Parity? International Norms of Full Inclusion of Women in Public Decision-Making -- Status of MENA Countries' Compliance with International Norms -- Tools of 'State Feminism' -- Constitutional Provisions -- National Women Machineries -- National Gender Equality Strategies -- Algeria -- Egypt -- Morocco -- Tunisia -- Legal Reforms Promoting Women's Rights -- Pre-Spring Legal Reforms -- Post-Spring Legal Reforms -- Development in Women's Descriptive Representation -- Why Are Women Under-Represented? -- Descriptive, Substantive and Symbolic Representation -- Patriarchal Structures of Political Life -- Gender Quotas: A Trend in the MENA Region and in the World -- Variation in the Use of Gender Quotas in the MENA Region -- The Effectiveness of Gender Quotas -- An Intersectional View on Representation -- Plan of the Book -- Anchor 31 -- References -- Part I Women's Rights, Feminism and Islamism -- Chapter 2 The Center: A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Women's Rights in Pre- and Post-Arab Spring North Africa -- Introduction -- The Pre-Spring Ideological Background of the Center -- The Gendered History of the Conservative/Modernist Dichotomy (1930s-1970s) -- The Conservatives -- The Modernists -- The Gendered History of the Secularist/Islamist Dichotomy (1980s-2010) -- The Secularists -- The Islamists -- The Post-Spring Center: A Space for Diversity, Protest, and Change Amidst Uncertainty.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: Populist Communicative Process in Comparative Perspective -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 The Story -- 1.2 Overview of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Disrupting Transitional and Established Democracy: The Stories and Contexts of UKIP and the Economic Freedom Fighters -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Comparing Populisms -- 2.3 South Africa: Democratic Fragility and Descriptive Representation -- 2.3.1 Democratic Conditions and Public Attitudes -- 2.3.2 The EFF's Sovereign Heartland -- 2.3.3 The EFF's Disruptions of the State of the Nation Address -- 2.4 The UK: Upheaval in Established Democracy and Active Representation -- 2.4.1 Democratic Conditions and Public Attitudes -- 2.4.2 UKIP's Sovereign Heartland -- 2.4.3 UKIP's Disruptions of the European Parliament -- 2.5 Chapter Summary -- References -- Bibliography of Cited Data -- Chapter 3: A Communication Approach to Political Populism: Ideology, Performance and Representation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Populism: Ideas, Performance, Process -- 3.2.1 Populism as Ideas -- 3.2.2 Populism as Performance -- 3.2.3 Populism's Core Features -- 3.2.4 Populism as Communicative Process: Ideology and Performance -- 3.3 Meaning-making and Political Representation -- 3.4 The Populist Representative Claim -- 3.4.1 Representative Claim-making -- 3.4.2 Disruptive Performance as Populist Claim-making -- 3.5 The Role of Context in Populist Representation -- 3.6 Chapter Summary -- References -- Part II: Populism as Ideology: Populism on Ideology -- Chapter 4: Populist Ideology and Communicative Process -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Structure of Populist Ideology -- 4.2.1 Populism's Thinness -- 4.2.2 Populism as a Bottom-Up Ideology -- 4.3 Populist Ideology as Communicative Process.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction: A Political Remembering of Bodies -- Introduction -- Thinking the Body -- Modes of Politics and Chapter Outline -- References -- Chapter 1. Embodied Representation: Performances of Identity -- Introduction -- 1.1 Delegates and Trustees: Acting for Others -- 1.2 Descriptive Representation: Standing for Others -- 1.3 Constitutive Representation: Performing for Others -- 1.4 Bodies of Representation -- 1.5 "I am what you call a hooligan" -- 1.6 "Mother of the Nation" -- 1.7 Strange Democracy -- References -- Chapter 2. Embodied Deliberation: Conditions, Excesses, Disruptions, Opportunities -- Introduction -- 2.1 Disembodied Deliberation -- 2.2 Bodies Matter: Conditions -- 2.3 Bodies Matter: Excesses -- 2.4 Bodies Matter: Disruptions -- 2.5 Bodies Matter: Opportunities -- 2.6 Bodies of Deliberation -- 2.7 Beyond Deliberation -- References -- Chapter 3. Embodied Disagreement: The Agony of Others -- Introduction -- 3.1 Us and Them -- 3.2 Habits of Us -- 3.3 Bodies of Others -- 3.4 Cultivating Agonistic Respect -- 3.5 Democratic Disagreements -- References -- Chapter 4. Embodied Protest: The Politics of the Hunger-Strike -- Introduction -- 4.1 Hunger as protest -- 4.2 Irish republicans -- 4.3 Suffragettes -- 4.4 Anti-apartheid -- 4.5 The spectacular body -- 4.6 The identifying/identified body -- 4.7 The dissenting body -- 4.8 Hunger and Paradox -- References -- Chapter 5. Embodied Occupation: Disciplined Bodies in Counter-Conduct -- Introduction -- 5.1 Conducting and Countering -- 5.2 Twyford Down -- 5.3 Dimensions of Occupying Bodies at Twyford Down -- 5.4 Roads to Resistance -- References -- Chapter 6. Embodied Counsel: Bodies of Knowledge -- Introduction -- 6.1 Scientific Knowledge -- 6.2 Knowledge of Bodies -- 6.3 Bodies of Knowledge -- 6.4 Expertise and Democracy -- References -- Conclusion: Recalling Bodies -- References

Routledge handbook of Brazilian politics- Front Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- Linkages -- How Does the Study of Brazilian Politics Reflect Current Political Conflicts in Brazil? -- Choices: What's in and What's out of this Volume -- Research Agenda for the Future -- Notes -- References -- PART 1: The Input Side: Political Culture, Behavior, and Participation -- Chapter 1: Continuity and Change in Public Attitudes toward Corruption -- Corruption as the Most Important Problem Facing Brazil -- Who Is Concerned with Corruption? -- How Does the Public View Government Progress on Combatting Corruption? -- Who Believes the Government Is More Successful in Combatting Corruption? -- Conclusions -- Appendices -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Political Participation: Conventional and Contestatory -- Introduction -- The concept of political participation and its categories -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3: The Representation of Women -- Suffrage: Female Voters and Female Politicians -- From Vargas to Diretas Já: Women in the Political Process -- The Return to Democracy -- The Gender Quota Law and Its Impact -- Explaining Women's Descriptive Representation -- Dilma Rousseff: Female Representation in the National Executive -- Conclusion and Prospects for Research -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4: The Increasing Saliency of Race -- The Changing Discourse of Race -- Political Climate and Black Movement Activism -- The Culmination of Black Movement Activity: The Centennial Commemoration of Abolition -- Day of Black Consciousness -- Recent Black Movement Activism -- Racial Policies and Afro-Brazilian Political Representation -- Studies on Race in Electoral Politics (1970s to Present)

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Democracy, Politicians and Citizens -- Crises Transforming Democracies -- Citizens, Parties, and Countries -- Surveys and Fieldwork -- Plan of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Do MPs Represent Us? -- Introduction -- Descriptive Representation -- Data and Methods -- Do MPs Resemble Us? -- Social Class: Where Do Parliamentarians Come From? -- Conclusions -- Annex -- References -- Chapter 3: The Personality of MPs and Citizens: Differentiation and Congruence -- Introduction -- Personality and Politics -- Research Design and Methodology -- Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Political Socialisation -- Introduction -- Primary Political Socialisation -- Socialisation, Political Aspirations and Experiences -- Parliamentary Socialisation -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: New Political Scenario, New Motivations? -- Introduction -- The Study of Motivations -- Motivations for Politics -- Explaining the Motivations -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Democratic, Yet Representative? Selecting MPs in a Multilevel Polity -- Introduction -- Parties Selecting Candidates -- Goals and Expectations -- MPs' Selection in Different Parties -- Age, Education and Candidate Selection -- Gender and Candidate Selection -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Obliged to Respond? MPs' Modes of Political Representation -- Introduction -- Perceptions of Representative Role -- Social Links and Opinions About Democracy -- Different Modes of MPs' Representation -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Responsiveness Towards Street Protests: MPs' and citizens' Normative Views -- Introduction -- The Responsiveness Norm and MP-Citizen Congruence -- Exploring the Gap: Role or Political Culture? -- Results -- Conclusions -- Annex.

How do changes in society that increase the heterogeneity of the citizenry shape democratic party systems? This book seeks to answer this question. It focuses on the key mechanism by which social heterogeneity shapes the number of political parties: new social groups successfully forming new, sectarian parties. Why are some groups successful at this while others fail? Drawing on cross-national statistical analyses and case studies of Sephardi and Russian immigration to Israel and African American enfranchisement in the United States, this book demonstrates that social heterogeneity does matter. However, it makes the case that to understand when and how social heterogeneity matters, factors besides the electoral system – most importantly, the regime type, the strategies played by existing parties, and the size and politicization of new social groups – must be taken into account. It also demonstrates that sectarian parties play an important role in securing descriptive representation for new groups

The Portuguese Assembleia da República in context / Eunice Goes and Cristina Leston-Bandeira -- The Spanish Parliament in context / Bonnie N. Field and Caroline Gray -- Parliamentary party groups in the Iberian legislatures / Carlos Jalali and Juan Rodríguez Teruel -- Committee systems in Portugal and Spain / Jorge M. Fernandes and Pedro Riera -- Social distance and ideological congruence between MPs and citizens : Iberian legislatures before and after the great recession / André Freire and Xavier Coller -- The diversity gap in the Portuguese and Spanish parliaments : descriptive representation through an intersectional perspective / Ana Espírito-Santo, Tània Verge, and Laura Morales -- Interest groups in the Iberian legislatures / Marco Lisi and Luz Muñoz Marquez -- Iberian citizens' views on their parliaments : support, attitudes on representation, candidate selection and electoral system / José Santana-Pereira and Irene Martín -- The legislative role of Iberian legislatures / Cláudia Ribeiro, Mercedes Araújo and Sónia Rodrigues -- Parliamentary accountability / Manuel Sánchez de Dios -- The participation of the Spanish and the Portuguese parliaments in the activity of the European Union / Elviro Aranda Álvarez and Paulo Sande -- The relationship between regional and national parliaments in Spain and Portugal / Pablo Oñate and Ana M. Belchior -- Constitutional courts and national parliaments in Spain and Portugal / Nuno Garoupa, Joan Solanes Mullor, Teresa Violante.

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Introduction: A Political Remembering of Bodies -- Thinking the Body -- Modes of Politics and Chapter Outline -- References -- Chapter 1. Embodied Representation: Performances of Identity -- 1.1 Delegates and Trustees: Acting for Others -- 1.2 Descriptive Representation: Standing for Others -- 1.3 Constitutive Representation: Performing for Others -- 1.4 Bodies of Representation -- 1.5 "I am what you call a hooligan" -- 1.6 "Mother of the Nation" -- 1.7 Strange Democracy -- References -- Chapter 2. Embodied Deliberation: Conditions, Excesses, Disruptions, Opportunities -- 2.1 Disembodied Deliberation -- 2.2 Bodies Matter: Conditions -- 2.3 Bodies Matter: Excesses -- 2.4 Bodies Matter: Disruptions -- 2.5 Bodies Matter: Opportunities -- 2.6 Bodies of Deliberation -- 2.7 Beyond Deliberation -- References -- Chapter 3. Embodied Disagreement: The Agony of Others -- 3.1 Us and Them -- 3.2 Habits of Us -- 3.3 Bodies of Others -- 3.4 Cultivating Agonistic Respect -- 3.5 Democratic Disagreements -- References -- Chapter 4. Embodied Protest: The Politics of the Hunger-Strike -- 4.1 Hunger as protest -- 4.2 Irish republicans -- 4.3 Suffragettes -- 4.4 Anti‐apartheid -- 4.5 The spectacular body -- 4.6 The identifying/identified body -- 4.7 The dissenting body -- 4.8 Hunger and Paradox -- References -- Chapter 5. Embodied Occupation: Disciplined Bodies in Counter-Conduct -- 5.1 Conducting and Countering -- 5.2 Twyford Down -- 5.3 Dimensions of Occupying Bodies at Twyford Down -- 5.3.1 Surplus Meaning -- 5.3.2 Politicisation of Place -- 5.3.3 Circulation of Emotions -- 5.3.4 Identity Construction -- 5.3.5 (Re)Disciplining -- 5.4 Roads to Resistance -- References -- Chapter 6. Embodied Counsel: Bodies of Knowledge -- 6.1 Scientific Knowledge -- 6.2 Knowledge of Bodies -- 6.3 Bodies of Knowledge.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: The Need for the Study of Parliamentarians in Spain -- 1.1 Why Study Parliamentarians? -- 1.2 Studies of Parliamentarians -- 1.3 Plan of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: The Composition of Spanish Parliaments: What are the MPs Like? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Socio-Demographic Profile of Spanish MPs -- 2.3 Differences Between Parties and Their Electorates -- 2.4 Social Mobility -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 3: Gender and Parliament: The Impact of the Political Presence of Women -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Path Towards Equality in the Legislative Chambers -- 3.3 Support for Gender Quotas -- 3.4 Gender and Political Representation -- 3.5 Descriptive Representation -- 3.6 Substantive Representation -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Political Socialization and Motivation -- 4.1 Political Motivation -- 4.2 Political Socialization -- 4.3 Reasons to Enter Political Life -- 4.4 Origins of Political Vocation and Party Affiliation -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Recruitment and Selection -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Supply and Demand -- 5.3 Structural Elements -- 5.4 Exclusivity and Centralization -- 5.5 Fidelity, Dedication, Training and Experience -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Professionalization and Parliamentary Careers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Professionalization of Representatives -- 6.3 Political Ambitions at the Various Territorial Levels -- 6.4 Career Paths Between Parliamentary Arenas -- 6.5 Parliamentary Career Paths in the Different Autonomous Communities -- 6.6 Career Paths by Political Parties -- 6.7 Who Is Moving? Career Paths by Age and Seniority -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Parliamentary Groups and Institutional Context

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Introduction: The Gender Lens and Innovation in the Social Sciences -- Feminist Research Practice -- The Gender Innovation Case Studies -- Philosophy -- Political Science and International Relations -- History -- Economics -- Sociology -- Extending the Scope of the Gender Lens -- Key Readings -- Part II Philosophy -- 2 The Ethics of Care: Valuing or Essentialising Women's Work? -- The Issue: Care as a Feminist Concern -- Feminist Interventions -- Impact -- Key Readings -- 3 Epistemic Injustice and Questions of Credibility -- The Issue: Knowledge Is a Matter of Justice, Not Just Truth -- Feminist Interventions -- Impact -- Key Readings -- Part III Political Science -- 4 Political Representation: The Gendered Effects of Voting Systems -- The Issue: The Effects of Voting Systems on Descriptive Representation -- Feminist Interventions -- Impact -- Key Readings -- 5 Parliaments as Gendered Workplaces -- The Issue: The Discriminatory Nature of Parliamentary Practices -- Feminist Interventions -- Initial Explorations of Women's Contribution to Politics -- Uncovering the Role of Institutions -- Impact -- Key Readings -- 6 Violence Against Women in Politics -- The Issue: Rethinking Definitions of Political Violence -- Feminist Interventions -- Definitions of Political Violence -- Motives of Political Violence -- Means of Political Violence -- Impact -- Key Readings -- 7 Feminist Interventions in Security Studies -- The Issue: The Limitations of Traditional Security Studies -- Feminist Interventions -- Impact -- Key Readings -- Part IV History -- 8 Reconceiving the Nation -- The Issue: The Absence of Women in National Narratives -- Feminist Interventions -- Impact -- Key Readings.

Intro -- Contents -- 1 Setting the Scene: What Is the Gender Gap and How Will It Be Explored? -- Abstract -- 1.1 Contextualizing This Volume -- 1.2 How This Book Started -- 1.3 About the Methodological Approach for Crafting This Volume -- 1.4 About Feminist Research Methodologies -- 1.5 Our Guiding Principles -- 1.5.1 Interdisciplinary -- 1.5.2 Intersectionality -- 1.5.3 Intentionality -- 1.6 Outlining the Structure of the Book and the Chapters' Focus -- 1.6.1 Section 1: The Gender Gap in Labor Markets and Politics -- 1.6.2 Section 2: Culture and the Gender Gap -- 1.6.3 Section 3: The Motherhood Gap -- References -- 2 Femininity in Dispute: Perspectives of a Comparative Study of Professional Women in Puebla and Barcelona -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodological Approach -- 2.3 Managing Like a (Male) Boss -- 2.4 Gendered Processes in Ongoing Interactions: A Cross-context Comparison -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Appendix 1: Socio-demographic profile of the participating women -- References -- 3 Aspirational Mobilities and the Gender Gap: The Experiences of Skilled Mexican Women in a Childcare-Based Cultural Exchange -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Who Cares? Why Care Matter? -- 3.3 Au Pair Participants as Providers of Care Work in the USA -- 3.4 Skilled Mexican Women in a Cultural Exchange -- 3.5 Making Visible Non-recognized Labor -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Overview of Mexican Participants from the Au Pair Program -- References -- 4 Gender Parity in Political Representation: Advancing Descriptive Representation and Confronting Challenges Permeated by Gender, Class and Ethnicity. The Case of Mexico and Bolivia -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Mexican Women's Political Rights -- 4.2.1 Intersectionality -- 4.2.2 Entering into the Era of Affirmative Action -- 4.2.3 Wrapping Up: Challenges and Strategies.