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The study aimed to investigate the situation of nurse prescribing, introduced in Poland in 2016, by analyzing the opinions of nurses, expected to be influential on nurses&rsquo ; actual practices, in response to legislative change to enable nurses to prescribe and comparing this with actual nurse prescribing behaviours during the early years of the legislation. The paper fills a knowledge gap and provides baseline data analysis for subsequent research. Nurses&rsquo ; opinions were collected during the period they were preparing themselves for prescribing. That data was compared with data on the character and extent of nurses&rsquo ; actual prescribing practices over the first two years of implementation. The study showed the number of nurse prescriptions increased. Comparing the first and second years of nurse prescribing, the number of nurse independent prescriptions more than doubled. Over the same period, the number of nurse supplementary prescriptions increased almost six-fold. The implementation of nurse prescribing has increased the scope of nursing care, especially in the treatment of the infections, pain and chronic conditions in the elderly.

The global pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19), also termed as health emergency affecting nearly 210 countries and territories has led to negative emotions of fear and agony in the general population. The healthcare regulators and the governments have imposed emergencies and lockdowns in their countries which has led to an adverse effect on the mental health of general public ultimately leading to a rise in anxiety, depression, and associated mental illness. The fear and rising COVID-19 crisis is putting extreme limitations on our finite resources. This report aims to improve status of mental health altered as a result of pandemic, emphasizing to help the general public, mitigate the negative emotions to improve the general wellbeing in this detached period of isolation. With no standard treatment or vaccine yet, the goal is primarily symptomatic relief for those affected and preventive for those at risk. Most countries have curtailed the spread of COVID-19 through measures such as lockdowns, social distancing and voluntary self-isolation. Although necessary, such measures and the disease itself may have an adverse impact on mental health. In view of research from previous pandemic crisis, it is known that such situations are likely to increase stress levels and have negative psychiatric effects. The impact is likely to be felt by the general public, sufferers of COVID-19, their families and friends, persons with pre-existing mental health conditions and healthcare workers. COVID pandemic related psychological distress in the general public, including symptoms of anxiety and depression, is associated with alterations in immune function, including an elevated risk of viral respiratory tract infection.

Abstrak Bahasa Inggris telah menjadi bahasa internasional. Ini dibuktikan bahwa 129 dari 192 negara di seluruh dunia menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai alat komunikasi. Pemerintah Indonesia memilih bahasa Inggris sebagai mata pelajaran yang harus diajarkan di setiap tingkat pendidikan di Indonesia. Salah satu elemen bahasa adalah kosa kata. Kosa kata memainkan peranan penting dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris. Kosakata menghubungkan empat ketrampilan bahasa yaitu mendengarkan, berbicara, membaca, dan menulis. Pengajaran kosakata harus mudah dan menyenangkan bagi para siswa. Maka dari itu, guru bahasa Inggris harus mempunyai teknik bagus yang tepat dan efektif dalam proses belajar mengajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menguraikan penerapan Chain Drawing Game dalam proses belajar mengajar. (2) Mengetahui tanggapan siswa tentang permainan ini. (3) Mengetahui apakah permainan ini dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kosakata para siswa kelas lima SD Negeri I Sukoharjo, Bandung tahun pelajaran 2011/2012. Metode pengumpulan data adalah kuisioner, dokumen, dan wawancara. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa para siswa nyaman dan senang dalam proses belajar mengajar. Berdasarkan wawancara guru dan dokumen nilai kelas, dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa Chain Drawing Game dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kosakata para siswa. Oleh karena itu, ini dapat dikatakan bahwa Chain Drawing Game merupakan salah satu tehnik yang efektif dalam mengajar kosakata bahasa Inggris untuk siswa sekolah dasar. Kata Kunci: Pengajaran Kosakata, Efektif, Chain Drawing Game Abstract English has become an international language. It is proved that 129 out of 192 countries in all over the world use English as the means of communication. Indonesian government chooses English as a subject that should be taught in every level of education in Indonesia. One of the elements of languages is vocabulary. It plays an important role in learning English. Vocabulary links the four skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Teaching vocabulary must be ...

There is little known about what spirituality means for youth with disability or about the potential relevance of youths' spirituality in pediatric rehabilitation. This study explored perceptions of spirituality for youth with disabilities. Using a qualitative descriptive methodology, we examined the lived experiences of eighteen youth ages 11-20 years with disabilities including cerebral palsy, central nervous system disorder or autism spectrum disorder. In individual interviews, followed by a focus group, youth identified key spiritual themes – the importance of their beliefs, personal sources of comfort and strength, finding purpose in helping others, significance of personal connections, and strengths-based perspectives on disability. This study makes a unique contribution by informing health care professionals about the relevance of youths' spirituality in service delivery.

The study aimed to investigate the situation of nurse prescribing, introduced in Poland in 2016, by analyzing the opinions of nurses, expected to be influential on nurses' actual practices, in response to legislative change to enable nurses to prescribe and comparing this with actual nurse prescribing behaviours during the early years of the legislation. The paper fills a knowledge gap and provides baseline data analysis for subsequent research. Nurses' opinions were collected during the period they were preparing themselves for prescribing. That data was compared with data on the character and extent of nurses' actual prescribing practices over the first two years of implementation. The study showed the number of nurse prescriptions increased. Comparing the first and second years of nurse prescribing, the number of nurse independent prescriptions more than doubled. Over the same period, the number of nurse supplementary prescriptions increased almost six-fold. The implementation of nurse prescribing has increased the scope of nursing care, especially in the treatment of the infections, pain and chronic conditions in the elderly.

Introduction: Mobile medical and surgical camps are one of the means of providing medical and surgical facilities to people living in rural areas of developing country like Nepal. Methods: An observational cross-sectional descriptive retrospective study was done collecting data from surgical camps done by Nepali Army in six years from February 2013 to February 2019 AD. Total number of surgical cases requiring anaesthesia along with type of anaesthesia, American Society of Anaesthesiologist physical status classification and anaesthesia related complications were collected. Results: In a six year period, total 12 mobile surgical camps were conducted by Nepali Army. Out of which, two were done in collaboration with Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal. Total 703 surgical cases were conducted. Out of which, 583 were general surgical cases and 120 were gynaecological cases. 262 cases were done in local anaesthesia, 242 cases were done in spinal anaesthesia, 108 cases were done in total intravenous anaesthesia and 91 cases were done in general anaesthesia. Hypotension, nausea, vomiting, shivering, failed spinal and difficult airway were the complications noticed during intra-operative and postoperative period. Conclusions: Surgical outreach camps are beneficial in providing surgical care to unaffordable people living in rural and remote areas where health care facilities are limited and inaccessible. Safety of patient is the key concern in such camps. Proper organised plan is required selecting target group of populations with target surgeries per day for successful conduction of safe surgeries in such camps. Key words: anaesthesia; camps; mobile; surgical

Abstract Background Among the most vulnerable people in society are children and this is especially so in their access to health care Off-label prescription of paediatric medicines is known to be associated with safety outcomes some of which may be serious. This study identifies frequently prescribed children's medicines that are not readily available in Ghana and are prepared extemporaneously. Method All prescriptions for extemporaneous oral preparations for children presented to the local production unit of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital from November, 2013 were eligible for the study. Information from such prescriptions was recorded in a systematic format. Presence of the prescribed medicine on the World Health Organization Children's Medicine List was ascertained in addition to the anatomical and therapeutic classification code. The registration of the prescribed medicine for paediatric use by the Food and Drugs Authority, Ghana was also checked. Descriptive statistics of the data was presented. Results In all 622 prescriptions for 35 different paediatric formulations were served. Prescriptions from several health facilities including government hospitals (6.6 %, N = 622), private hospitals (2.4 %, N = 622) and the University of Ghana hospital (1.1 %, N = 622) were all honoured. Some of the prescribed medicines (Baclofen, Clonazepam, Hydroxyurea and Lamotrigine) were neither on the World Health Organization Children's Medicine list nor registered with the Food and Drugs Authority, Ghana. Most prescribed medicines (88.6 %, N = 35) were for non-communicable diseases. Conclusion Paediatric prescriptions including off-label medicines are prescribed and formulated extemporaneously in this setting. Steps should be taken to improve access and monitor benefit-risk profiles of paediatric medicines in order to improve treatment outcomes among children.

In this study we analyzed 65 fragments of session recordings in which a cognitive behavioral therapist employed the Socratic method with her patients. Specialized coding instruments were used to categorize the verbal behavior of the psychologist and the patients. First the fragments were classified as more or less successful depending on the overall degree of concordance between the patient's verbal behavior and the therapeutic objectives. Then the fragments were submitted to sequential analysis so as to discover regularities linking the patient's verbal behavior and the therapist's responses to it. Important differences between the more and the less successful fragments involved the therapist's approval or disapproval of verbalizations that approximated therapeutic goals. These approvals and disapprovals were associated with increases and decreases, respectively, in the patient's behavior. These results are consistent with the existence, in this particular case, of a process of shaping through which the therapist modifies the patient's verbal behavior in the overall direction of his or her chosen therapeutic objectives ; This research was funded by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, I+D+I Research Grants SEJ2007-66537-PSIC, PSI2010-15908)

<p>Currently, 4% of older adults reside in long-term care facilities in the Netherlands. Nursing home residents tend to have multimorbidity that is associated with considerable disabilities and a high level of care dependency. In the Dutch adult population the highest estimated prevalence (&gt;40%) of visual impairment (low vision and blindness) was found in the subgroup of residents in nursing homes (NHs). The aim of this study is to describe the current practice of eye care by Dutch nursing home physicians (NHPs).</p><p>A digital online survey was developed to describe the eye care activities of nursing home physicians and their cooperation in this perspective with other professionals.</p><p>Of 1573 NHPs present in the Netherlands, 125 (8%) responded.</p><p>Results show that more than 50% of the NHPs regularly examine 'distant vision', 'near vision' and 'the visual field'. However, 23%, 33% and 45% almost never or never examine the 'visual field', 'near vision' and 'distant vision', respectively. Data regarding eye care, regularly recorded in the client files by more than 50% of the NHPs, are medical data involving 'use of eye medication', 'eye disease', and 'eye surgery in the past'. Less commonly recorded is 'the use of reading glasses' as well as 'eye pain'.</p><p>Inside of the NH, (head) nurses and ward nurses (chi² = 309, df = 5, p = 0.000), and outside of the NH, ophthalmologists and low vision specialists are most frequently contacted about eye related issues (chi² = 224, df = 4, p = 0.000). Opticians are rarely contacted, and optometrists and orthoptists are 'never' contacted by more than 50% of the NHPs. Moreover, 50% of the NHPs noted that collaboration with external eye care professionals is 'not structural'.</p><p>This study shows that, according to NHPs, relevant visual aspects are not structurally examined and recorded in the client files. Outside of the NH, NHPs tend to have a less frequent collaborative relationship with optometrists, orthoptists and opticians compared to ophthalmologists and low vision specialists. The NHP's role in providing eye care can be improved by development of guidelines for structural eye screening, improvement of recording in client files, and exploring plus undertaking collaboration with other eye care professionals.</p>

This study has two purposes: (1) to document and analyze the centralization phenomena in China's higher education system and (2) to make suggestions to improve or modify the centralization of China's higher education system in light of the documentation and analysis. A major outcome of this study is an analysis of telephone interviews and secondary documents, and four recommendations are derived from this analysis. In this study four research questions have been investigated: (1) What relationship exists between the government and individual colleges or universities? What should this relationship be? (2) What kind of relationship exists between the Party committee and the university administration, especially the relationship between the university president and Party committee? What should this relationship be? (3) How much autonomy should the colleges and universities possess? (4) How should higher education institutions move from the centralization planning economy and adapt themselves to the market economy? Two methods have been employed in this study: secondary document analysis and telephone interviewing. The secondary analysis consists of information collection in both Chinese and American libraries, information evaluation, categorization, and analysis. The telephone interviewing has been used to strengthen secondary analysis. The interviews were conducted with 15 Chinese scholars who were studying in the U.S. at the time and who have either worked in China's higher education system for more than ten years or have assumed some administrative responsibilities above the department level in that system. The major findings of the telephone interviews and secondary analysis lead to the conclusion that the higher education system in present China is highly centralized and, according to the consensus viewpoint, should be decentralized in light of the four recommendations made in this study. ; Ph. D.