Suchergebnisse

In order to try to fill a gap in the existing literature on audiovisual translation, the general aim of this interdisciplinary project is to offer a diachronic study of film subtitling, mainly focusing on the Italian cinema distributed in the UK during the post-war period. More specifically, after having introduced in Chapter 1 the background as well as the disciplinary motivations for the proposed research, which will be further discussed in Chapter 2, this work may be divided into two main sections. The first one starts in Chapter 3, which traces the evolution of subtitling as translation practice, with a special focus on changing conventions at technical and linguistic level (punctuation and other conventions), from the silent era to the arrival of sound, thus creating a bridge between AVTS and Film Studies in a diachronic perspective. This link will be further strengthen in Chapter 4, which explores Italian cinema during the post-war period, contextualising the titles produced in those years within the social, cultural, political and economic context. The distribution of Italian films produced after the Second World War within the UK market will then be explored, with special emphasis on the choice of audiovisual translation modality adopted to distribute them within the British market, and on the preference of subtitling over dubbing for the so-called Italian art films. This first section, in addition to having explored film subtitling and Italian 12 cinema in a diachronic perspective, drawing on both Audiovisual Translation Studies and Film Studies, has also served as basis for the second section of the present work: the construction and analysis of a corpus of Italian films distributed in the UK, comprising three different subtitled versions for each title, with a 46-year time span, on average: Il Miracolo (Roberto Rossellini 1949), Ladri di Biciclette (Vittorio De Sica 1949); La Strada (Federico Fellini 1952), and L'Avventura (Michelangelo Antonioni 1960). Chapter 5 illustrates then the film corpus: the criteria for the collection of filmic materials, the selected source of data, the procedure for data collection, as well as the process of data transcription and extraction; the films under scrutiny will be illustrated in full details. Chapter 6 presents a descriptive and mainly qualitative analyses of the four films, and corresponding different versions, focusing on three main 'dimensions': technical (layout and spatial constraints), linguistic (punctuation marks and other conventions), and translation dimensions (the analysis of cultural elements). The decision to focus on these aspects precisely stems from the study carried out in the first section of the work, and specifically:  the changing practices and conventions which have affected film subtitling from the silent cinema era to modern times (Chapter 3);  the context in which these titles have been conceived and produced, determining their strict bound with the geographical, ethnographic, and socio-political national context (see Chapter 4);  the context in which these titles have been distributed and consumed, 13 determining and influencing British viewer's habits and expectations (see Chapter 5). Chapter 7 will finally provide with general and preliminary conclusions stemming from the studies carried out in the two main sections of the present work, also proposing further possibilities to expand the proposed research. Finally, after having listed the bibliographical and filmic references, the thesis concludes with the appendices, which contain the transcription of the film corpus: appendix I includes the transcription of the dialogues of the four films; and appendix II comprises the transcription of the subtitles from the 16 mm and 35 mm film prints, the VHS tapes, and the DVDs.

It is necessary, at the international level, to form functional skills to the demands of life and work, in terms of: the ability to solve problems, to take autonomous and flexible initiatives, to mobilize knowledge for Manage complex situations and solve problems. At the centre of a good employability of the person, are self-directed skills (thinking and consciously choosing one's own future), both those of planning and redrawing oneself (life design). In the field of employability, the meeting of young people with disabilities and the world of work is difficult, because of the persistence of stereotypes and stigmas, as well as the lack of a real political and systemic will to apply and make comply with the regulations. It is therefore necessary to explore the construction of employability not only from a theoretical point of view, but also through the perception that young adults with disabilities have their employability in order to implement training and advice to explore skills related to the employability of all young adults, from an inclusive perspective. A empirical-descriptive exploratory research has been chosen. In particular, the tool developed by the IISFOL/INAPP and computerized by the technology Section of the SInAPSi University Centre was used to explore the employability potential of young adults with disabilities in Campania (18-30 years). It was also chosen to explore, through semi-structured interviews, the history and professional project of 20 young disabled Campani. With regard to the data analysis methodology, the use of the NVIVO software (Richards, 1999) is foreseen for the qualitative analysis of all interviews and the use of SPSS software to perform descriptive analyses of the data Collected. Young persons with disabilities who participated in the study have a potential for employability Moderately low employability and report difficulties in the design of their professional project. The qualitative analysis confirmed this difficulty and frame the professional project in terms of ...

It is necessary, at the international level, to form functional skills to the demands of life and work, in terms of: the ability to solve problems, to take autonomous and flexible initiatives, to mobilize knowledge for Manage complex situations and solve problems. At the centre of a good employability of the person, are self-directed skills (thinking and consciously choosing one's own future), both those of planning and redrawing oneself (life design). In the field of employability, the meeting of young people with disabilities and the world of work is difficult, because of the persistence of stereotypes and stigmas, as well as the lack of a real political and systemic will to apply and make comply with the regulations. It is therefore necessary to explore the construction of employability not only from a theoretical point of view, but also through the perception that young adults with disabilities have their employability in order to implement training and advice to explore skills related to the employability of all young adults, from an inclusive perspective. A empirical-descriptive exploratory research has been chosen. In particular, the tool developed by the IISFOL/INAPP and computerized by the technology Section of the SInAPSi University Centre was used to explore the employability potential of young adults with disabilities in Campania (18-30 years). It was also chosen to explore, through semi-structured interviews, the history and professional project of 20 young disabled Campani. With regard to the data analysis methodology, the use of the NVIVO software (Richards, 1999) is foreseen for the qualitative analysis of all interviews and the use of SPSS software to perform descriptive analyses of the data Collected. Young persons with disabilities who participated in the study have a potential for employability Moderately low employability and report difficulties in the design of their professional project. The qualitative analysis confirmed this difficulty and frame the professional project in terms of ...

The history of the conceptualization & application of the notions of culture, political/civic culture, & social capital in politology, & comparative political science in particular, is traced, discussing: (1) treatments of the relationship between civic culture & democracy in classical works of sociology & political science (eg, Montesquieu, Guizot, Herder, or Tocqueville), (2) the pioneering study in Gabriel A. Almond & Sidney Verba's Civic Culture (Princeton: Princeton U Press, 1963), (3) neglect of the notion of civic culture in the 1970s & 1980s, (4) civic culture as a dependent & independent variable, (5) J. Coleman's (1988) definition of social capital, (6) Robert D. Putnam's definition of social capital & its use in La tradizione civica nelle regioni italiane ([The Civic Tradition in Italian Regions] Milan: Mondadori, 1993) & Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), (7) the effectiveness of the concept of social capital as a descriptive-explanatory tool in comparative political science, & (8) the continued controversy & debate on this notion in contemporary politology. References. Z. Dubiel

Smart Working (SW) is a new form of work based on the use of digital devices allowing people to work anywhere and anytime, which has developed in the last decades, but only recently has become the object of studies, discussions, and attention of several organizations, companies and governments. SW rises from the digitalization of the work and the spread of mobile technologies, but is more than flexible working or teleworking. It reorganizes completely the world of work and shapes the private life of the workers. The present study is aimed at giving a theoretical background, and through an empirical analysis, studying the possible implications of the use of ICTs and the degree of mobility of the workers on their working conditions and wellbeing conditions. Despite the increasing interest in this topic, there are only few empirical studies that address the above issue. Therefore, this study tries to contribute to fill this gap through an analysis of secondary data from the 6th European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS, EC 2015), on a sample of more than 43.000 European workers. The first part of this work is a review of the literature on the digitalization of the work, its impact and consequences on the world of work and on the new forms of work. Then, SW is described and the analysis covers the traits, the advantages and the drawbacks for the smart workers, the roots and the levers of this new form of work, the fields of adoption, and finally an eye to the future. In the second part of this study, the research hypotheses are tested through the analysis of data from the 6th EWCS. In particular, the sample is divided in five groups of workers based on the intensity of the use of ICT and on their degree of mobility. For each group descriptive statistics are computed in order to describe them. Then, on the whole sample, measures of association are produced to find relationships between ICT use intensity and degree of mobility, and between these and working conditions and wellbeing conditions. Finally, regression analyses are computed in order to find some predictors able to explain the consequences of the adoption of SW. In the final part of the study, the implications of the main findings are discussed.

National and international literature and legislation recognize the lead in grole of Physical Education in learning social and civic competences. Such learning can be hindered or facilitated by environmental contextual factors. In the perspective of an inclusive school, it is essential to take this factors into consideration in the assessment procedures in order to design didactic and educational interventions aimed at removing barriers and implementing environmental facilitators. The ICF-CY model issuitable for this purpose, however it is rarely used in schoolevaluation practices.The present study highlights the possibility of using the ICF-CY in Physical Education in order to orientate the formative evaluation of social and civic competences through the detection of descriptive information of social behaviors and contextual environmental factors that impact them during motor activities and recreational-sports.The research group identified significant correspondences between some ICF-CY categories and social and civic competences. On the basis of such correspondences, the group developed an operational tool for the evaluation of social and civic competences based on the ICFCY which can be directly used in the daily work of the Physical Education teacher in the first degree of the secondary school. ; La letteratura e la normativa, nazionale ed internazionale, riconoscono il ruolo di primo piano dell'Educazione Fisica nell'apprendimento delle competenze sociali e civiche. Tale apprendimento può essere ostacolato o facilitato dai fattori contestuali ambientali. Nella prospettiva di una scuola inclusiva, risulta fondamentale considerare questi fattori nelle procedure di valutazioneal fine di progettare interventi didattici ed educativi volti alla rimozione delle barriere e all'implementazione dei facilitatori ambientali. Il modello dell'ICF-CY risulta adeguato a tale scopo, ma è scarsamente utilizzato nelle prassi valutative a scuola.Il presente studio evidenzia la possibilità dell'impiego dell'ICF-CY in Educazione ...

none ; The main purpose of the present work is to develop a methodological proposal for the evaluation of development policies and regeneration strategies for small historical towns and minor historical cities, while reconsidering the conceptual categories which define their territorial role. More specifically, the contribution of this investigation is to identify a flexible evaluation process and consequently to build an operational tool – the Evaluation Set of Indicators. The Evaluation Set is a tool to investigate how actions, programs and projects are implemented and the effects they produce; it aims at contributing directly to the continuous improvement of "territorial performances" and at supporting the possible rescheduling of interventions by government and local authorities. The investigation has been supported by both an historical and descriptive approach (analysis of the literature, legislation and the most significant experiences, not only with respect to regeneration strategies for historical towns, but also with respect to evaluation methodologies) and an empirical case study analysis; indeed the application of the Evaluation Set has been tested through two case studies (Regione Toscana and Regione Sardegna), used as benchmarks for the methodological proposal. Since the early '60s, Italian academic debate about architectural and heritage conservation of historic towns and cities has been extremely lively and it has produced a number of in-depth researches. Indeed, historic towns and cities are the larger part of Italian settlements and they are proper to this Country: they are part of the historic character of Italy, they tell the story of its unique development and give a sense of place, continuity and cultural identity. However, over the last few years, rapid economic changes and accelerated growth have caused a widespread abandonment and decay of historic towns: they have lost their primary functions and their territorial viability has faded away. Consequently, academic studies have pointed out ...

Digital Revolution brings the most complex challenge of contemporaneity. Digital has transformed the way to produce, transmit, share and interact with knowledge. Rethinking digital and digitization as social and cultural expressions of the contemporary era becomes unavoidable. This implies the need to rethink digital data as cultural entities produced by societies, and no longer as mere tools for simplifying administrative management or as virtual surrogates of analog cultural heritage. It is urgent to undertake serious policies aimed at ensuring the data preservation not only in their formal aspects, but above all in their structural and descriptive contents which qualify and identify their creative and evolutionary processes: we have to assess data in their new role as witnesses of our processes evolution and as memory to be transferred to the future. The present contribution aims at proposing a structural redefinition of digital data, with the goal to renew their function and role as cultural resources by which the future generation will know the processes of contemporary digital age, entrusting metadata with the function of primary sources of information and knowledge to read, study, share and reuse. ; La rivoluzione digitale porta con sé la sfida più complessa della contemporaneità. Il digitale ha trasformato completamente le modalità di produzione, trasmissione e condivisione del sapere e il nostro modo stesso d'interagire con esso. Diventa ineludibile ripensare il digitale e la digitalizzazione quali espressioni sociali e culturali dell'epoca contemporanea. Il che comporta la necessità di ripensare i dati digitali in quanto entità culturali prodotte dalle società, e non più quali meri strumenti di semplificazione della gestione amministrativa o surroghe virtuali del patrimonio culturale analogico. Diviene urgente intraprendere serie politiche finalizzate a garantirne la conservazione non solo degli aspetti formali, ma soprattutto degli aspetti strutturali e descrittivi che ne qualificano e identificano i processi creativi ed evolutivi, e ne giustificano il ruolo di testimoni e memoria storica da trasferire nell'integrità dei processi nel tempo e nello spazio. Il presente contributo intende proporre una ridefinizione strutturale dei dati digitali, finalizzata a conferirgli caratteristiche utili a configurarli quali risorse culturali tramite cui conoscere i processi che caratterizzano l'era digitale contemporanea, affidando ai metadati la funzione di fonti primarie cui le generazioni future potranno accedere per leggerne, studiarne, condividerne e riusarne le informazioni.

Dottorato di ricerca in Ecologia forestale ; The aim of this work is to investigate the perception of Italian university students (Agricultural Sciences, Nutrition, Medicine, Biological Sciences, Economics, Political Science, Law) and researchers (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics and National Research Council) toward the introduction of GMOs in agro-forestry. The factors determining positive or negative attitudes towards GMOs were analyzed by means of a targeted questionnaire consisting of 42 multiple questions divided into four units: Knowledge, Opinion, Trust, Identity. The survey followed different approaches: descriptive, to assess the level of social approval of the GMOs; explorative, to detect the factors of social acceptability; comparative, to investigate cultural differences. The extent of "social acceptability" of GMOs was assessed in relation to variables such as demographics, knowledge of the meaning of GMOs, perception of the relationship between nature and science, attitudes toward the limit s of human intervention in nature, trust in institutions and regulatory policies. The questionnaire was structured with closed questions (Likert scale). Out of 560 questionnaires distributed to students, 303 replied; while out of 400 questionnaires sent to researchers, 123 replied. Data were processed through a multivariate analysis approach involving: multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), hierarchical clustering (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means (K-m). MCA showed a clear distinction between the responses of university students and researchers; while HCA highlighted, for both, the different perception of experts and non-experts in the biotechnology field as for Knowledge, Opinion and Trust. PCA and K-m demonstrated that the positive or negative opinion toward GMOs, as for students, does not depend on their knowledge, but it is strongly associated with the level of trust in the institutions. To the contrary, as for researchers, it is related to the knowledge level of of this issue, without any linkage with the trust in the institutions. This kind of study represents a key process for understanding the social, ecological and economic dynamics that have an important impact on citizens, society and community, at national/international level. This information, amplified at different scales of interest, plays a key role for both experts (e.g. scientists, decision makers, producers) and end-users (e.g. stakeholders, associations, buying groups, persons).

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of demographic and occupational characteristics, anthropometric indices, lifestyle adopted and physical activity levels, free (leisure) or structured in the form of institutional training (Physical Education), sources of Stress and coping strategies, and the perception of the state of physical and mental health of the State Police of Puglia. Methods: The sample consists of 101 police officers (age 46.08 ± 5.66 years, weight 81.60 ± 14.04 kg, height 173.47 ± 6.14 cm) volunteers for this study. The Occupational Stress Indicator and the Short Form-12 were used, along with a questionnaire of socio-demographic, occupational and anthropometric data. Statistical analyzes were performed using descriptive analyzes followed by the analysis of multiple linear regression with the stepwise method. The level of significance was set at p <0.05. Results: To follow an active lifestyle, practicing motor sports or sports at any level, especially in institutional training environments (Physical Education), can enable State Police operators to cope with stress by adequately increasing coping strategies. In addition, the beneficial effects of active lifestyle on some sources of stress and perception of the physical health status are mediated by some bio-anthropometric data, such as abdominal circumference, which inversely correlate with the intensity and continuity of the sports motorcycle practice Structured and motivated. Conclusions: These findings encourage Formation of the Order's Forces to adopt an institutional policy that allows police practitioners to regularly attend Physical Education, Adapted Physical Education programs to their age and working characteristics in order to maintain and improve their form Psycho-physical, performance and quality of life. Scopi: Il presente studio ha voluto determinare gli effetti delle caratteristiche demografiche e occupazionali, indici antropometrici, stile di vita adottato e livelli di attività fisica, libera (Tempo Libero) o strutturata sotto forma di percorso formativo istituzionale (Educazione Fisica), sulle fonti di stress e le strategie di coping, e sulla percezione dello stato di salute fisica e mentale degli operatori della Polizia di Stato della Puglia. Metodi: Il campione è costituito da 101 operatori di polizia (età 46.08 ± 5.66 anni, peso 81.60 ± 14.04 kg, altezza 173.47 ± 6.14 cm) volontari per questo studio. Sono stati utilizzati l'Occupational Stress Indicator e lo Short Form-12, insieme ad un questionario di dati socio- demografici, occupazionali e antropometrici. Le analisi statistiche sono state effettuate usando le analisi descrittive seguite dall'analisi della regressione lineare multipla con il metodo stepwise. Il livello di significatività è stato fissato a p<0.05. Risultati: Seguire uno stile di vita attivo, praticando attività motoria o sportiva a qualsiasi livello, soprattutto nei contesti formativi istituzionali (Educazione Fisica), può consentire agli operatori della Polizia di Stato di fronteggiare lo stress adeguatamente incrementando le strategie di coping. Inoltre, gli effetti benefici dello stile di vita attivo su alcune fonti di stress e sulla percezione dello stato di salute fisica sono mediati da alcuni dati bioantropometrici, come la circonferenza addominale, che correlano inversamente all'intensità ed alla continuità della pratica motorio sportiva strutturata e motivata. Conclusioni: Questi risultati incoraggiano i responsabili della Formazione delle Forze dell'Ordine ad adottare una politica istituzionale che consenta agli operatori di polizia di seguire regolarmente programmi formativi di Educazione Fisica Adattata all'età ed alle caratteristiche lavorative allo scopo di mantenere e migliorare la loro forma psico-fisica, la prestazione lavorativa e qualità della vita.

Il seguente lavoro nasce in risposa ad un personale interessamento circa il mondo delle reti in campo culturale, analizzate attraverso la lente dell'organizzazione aziendale. Il progressivo fiorire di approcci di tipo integrato alla gestione dei beni e delle attività culturali ha portato, nel corso degli ultimi anni, ad una maggiore attenzione nei confronti delle esperienze realizzate con tale finalità, fino a giungere ad un vero e proprio riconoscimento a livello europeo . Riconosciuta come fattore da tutelare e valorizzare, assurta a vero e proprio driver di sviluppo non soltanto economico ma anche e soprattutto sociale, la cultura, intesa nel suo significato più ampio e nelle sue manifestazioni più varie, è oggi il fulcro di politiche trasversali promosse ai vari livelli istituzionali, che hanno tutte l'obiettivo comune di restituirle il posto di primo piano che merita nella vita delle comunità. Ciò ha portato chi scrive a condurre una ricerca avente prevalentemente finalità conoscitive ed esplorative, ricerca che vede il suo incipit in una analisi della legislazione in materia di beni ed attività culturali. Prosegue poi con un'analisi della letteratura sulle reti in generale e, successivamente, sulle reti in campo culturale, al fine di identificare forme organizzative emergenti, la cui analisi potrebbe risultare utile al fine di una futura standardizzazione dei processi di creazione delle suddette reti, ad oggi, nonostante tutto, non ancora presente. Dall'analisi condotta è emersa infatti una difficoltà derivante da un ambito caratterizzato da casistiche ancora poco standardizzate per le quali non esistono codificazioni utili alla loro implementazione e controllo. La ricerca è poi proceduta con un'analisi sul campo che ha portato a porre sotto la lente d'ingrandimento tre casistiche presenti nel territorio italiano, analizzate attraverso il ricorso all'analisi qualitativa e documentale. Lo strumento scelto è stato quello del descriptive multiple case study (Baxter, Jack, 2008). Nello specifico, i tre casi sono stati scelti in base ad un criterio di eterogeneità, così da fornire una panoramica il più possibile rappresentativa delle esperienze attualmente in essere. Al termine della suddetta analisi si è proceduto ad un confronto tra gli aspetti emergenti ritenuti distintivi e cruciali al fine di valutare la coerenza tra scelte organizzative, obiettivi dichiarati e obiettivi raggiunti. Inoltre sono stati evidenziati, dove rintracciati, elementi di forza e debolezza nonché best practice, utili ad una futura sistematizzazione dei processi di creazione di network nell'heritage system. L'obiettivo è soprattutto quello di giungere ad ottimizzazione degli sforzi affinché la cultura diventi davvero motore di sviluppo, non solo per l'economia ma per tutto il tessuto locale, elemento di rivitalizzazione ed integrazione, in grado di creare una popolazione consapevole della sua storia e delle sue potenzialità, capace di costruire un futuro che sia di libertà e di rispetto, per le generazioni a venire e per quelle passate.

Dioxins are commonly known as highly toxic compounds that are persistent organic pollutants. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most potent dioxin congener, and dioxin-like products are formed during the incomplete combustion of organic compounds in the presence of chlorine (waste incineration, burning of various fuels and poorly controlled combustion sources). In 1997, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified TCDD as carcinogen. Prostate cancer (PC) is an extremely serious disease in dogs. PC also represents the most commonly diagnosed cancer in males in the Western world. In general, animal models of human cancer have evolved in attempts to capture the complexity of the human disease. In particular, as humans, the dogs are the only other mammals that develop PC. The canine prostate gland shares many morphological and functional similarities with the human prostate, so this specie represents thus an attractive model for the study of the prostatic disease in dogs. Consequently, to evaluate the biological effects of TCDD on prostate cancer, in this study we used human prostate cancer cell line, PC3. Until now, very few data are present in literature about PC3 and TCDD exposure. It is known that in PC3 cell line, a hormone-independent prostate cancer cell line, TCDD induces cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and CYP1B1 via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This effect of TCDD could result in higher elimination rates of concomitant drugs metabolized by these particular CYP isoenzymes. Autophagy is a tightly regulated process playing a normal part in cell growth, development, and homeostasis and helping to maintain a balance between the synthesis, degradation, and subsequent recycling of cellular products through the degradation via the lysosome. Defects of autophagy machinery are responsible for pathogenesis of different diseases, including cancer. The role of autophagy in cancer is controversial. There is evidence that autophagy may play a critical role in cancer progression at later stages, such as dissemination and metastasis, which account for most cancer-associated deaths, whereas in other cases it clearly contributes to tumor suppression by inducing tumor cell death. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate the biological effects of TCDD exposure to a highly metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC3. The prostate cancer cell line PC3 was exposed to different concentrations of TCDD (0.1, 1 and 100 pg/ml) and after 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure cell proliferation and viability, cell morphology and cell cycle analysis were performed. Also, autophagy was evaluated using the following: (a) detection of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) by acridine orange staining; (b) immunofluorescence analysis (IF) of LC3 (microtubule associated light chain protein 3), one of the well-known autophagy markers; (c) LC3 gene expression by real-time PCR; (d) study of autophagic flux by chloroquine (CQ) (10µM), autophagy inhibitor, by western blot; (e) study the expression of multiple genes involved in autophagy machinery by real-time PCR. When compared with their relative controls, TCDD (100 pg/ml) exposure at 24, 48, and 72 hours caused the following: (1) significant increase of cell proliferation (CP) (CP24h =20.3%, CP48h =54.5% and CP72h =52.4%); (2) significant increase of cell population at S phase; (3) significant increase of autophagy demonstrated by (a) detection of AVOs; (b) LC3 IF positivity; (c) LC3 over expression (expression ratio24h =1.4, expression ratio48h =6.2 and expression ratio72h =11.4); (d) CQ increased LC3-II accumulation; (e) moreover, we demonstrated that the induction of autophagy by TCDD in PC3 cells was accompanied by an increase in the mRNA levels of certain genes that are present in different subnetworks composing the autophagy interactive network, such as: PIK3C3, BECN-1, AMBRA1, MAP1LC3B, ATG4A, ATG4C, ATG5, ATG7, ATG10, ATG16L1, GABARAPL1, PRKAA, WIPI-1. Also, we showed that TCDD negatively influenced genes that are autophagy inhibitor, such as: AKT1 and BCL2. These data suggested a multiple effect of TCDD on autophagy machinery. Furthermore, we revealed that TCDD exposure upregulated TNF whose high levels have been related to prostate cancer progression via stimulation of proliferation, survival of malignant cells and increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. From the 1980s, several illegal and uncontrolled sites of urban, toxic, and industrial waste disposal have been active in Campania region, Southern Italy, with the highest concentration reached in Naples and Caserta provinces. In 1994, Campania region is under a declared State of Emergency, because of the saturation of regional waste treatment facilities. There are growing national and international evidences that the accumulation of waste, illegal and legal, urban and industrial, has contaminated soil, water, and the air with a range of toxic pollutants including dioxins. A high correlation between incidences of cancer, respiratory illnesses, and genetic malformations and the presence of industrial and toxic waste landfills was also found. In Spring 2002, a dioxin emergency emerged in this region, as result of National Control Program of Residues in Foodstuff carried out by Health Minister in 2001, indeed, levels of TCDD exceeding the European Union tolerance were detected in dairy products and milk from cow and water buffalo, raised on in some areas of Campania Region. Cancer mortality descriptive studies demonstrated an increase of incidents rates of the prostate cancer in the same areas where dioxin levels were elevated. Furthermore, studies performed in animal model suggested that TCDD exposure is associated with abnormal prostate development, altered prostate pathology and increase susceptibility to prostate cancer. The administration of TCDD to a variety of cultured cells may alter their ability to proliferate and die. In a previous study we demonstrated that TCDD induced proliferation in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), an epithelial cell line, in which analysis of MDBK cell morphology revealed some alterations in a large number of exposed cells, where neither signs of apoptosis nor necrosis were detected, but we found that TCDD activated cell death with autophagy. Herein, TCDD exposure in PC3, a cancer cell line, induced no signs of cell death. So, taken together, our results support the idea that TCDD, may induce the progression of prostate cancer enhancing cell proliferation, inducing autophagy, deregulating the expression of genes related to the autophagy machinery, and upregulating TNF resulting in an increased risk for both animal and human health.

Gli Uffici veterinari per gli adempimenti comunitari (UVAC) sono uffici periferici del Ministero della Salute che mantengono a livello statale la responsabilità dei controlli a destino su prodotti di origine animale, sottoprodotti, animali vivi e loro produzioni a provenienza comunitaria. Lo scopo del presente lavoro è stato quello di effettuare un'analisi descrittiva dell'attività di controllo svolta dall'UVAC Toscana su partite di prodotti ittici di provenienza comunitaria nel triennio 2014-2016, per valutarne le principali non conformità. I dati sono stati estrapolati tramite la consultazione del sistema SINTESI ed elaborati considerando la tipologia di prodotto ittico, il Paese comunitario di provenienza, la distribuzione territoriale per Asl toscane, la tipologia di controlli veterinari disposti dall'UVAC e la tipologia di controlli eseguiti sulle partite stesse. Infine, per le partite sottoposte a controlli, ne è stato valutato l'esito finale e in quelle risultate non conformi, si è analizzata la tipologia di irregolarità e il provvedimento intrapreso a tutela della sicurezza alimentare. Nel triennio considerato le partite sottoposte a controlli veterinari sono state lo 0,65% delle partite totali di prodotti ittici destinate alla Regione Toscana. Queste provenivano prevalentemente da Spagna, Francia e Olanda. Il 3,4% di esse sono risultate non conformi. In particolare, la percentuale più elevata di non conformità è stata riscontrata durante controlli di tipo obbligatori (77%) in seguito ad analisi di laboratorio (73%). La Spagna è il paese comunitario da cui sono arrivate il maggior numero di partite non conformi mentre il pericolo chimico più frequentemente riscontrato è risultato il mercurio. Questi dati attestano l'importanza dell'attività di controllo degli UVAC sul territorio italiano in sinergia con i servizi veterinari delle ASL e gli IZS al fine di assicurare un elevato livello di sicurezza alimentare dei prodotti commercializzati nel nostro paese. The Veterinary offices for compliance with European Union (UVAC) are peripheral offices of the Ministry of Health which maintain the responsibility of destination controls on products of animal origin, animal by-products, alive animals and their EU productions at state level. The purpose of this study was to carry out a descriptive analysis on the control activity performed by the UVAC Toscana on EU fishery products, in the three-year period 2014-2016, to evaluate the main non-conformities. The data have been extracted through the consultation of the SINTESIS system and analysed in the light of the type of seafood, the EU country origin, the final territorial distribution (ASL), the type of UVAC veterinary control and the type of controls made on lots. In the case of those lots subjected to controls the type of non-conformities and the measure to protect the food safety were investigated. Overall, lots subjected to veterinary controls were 0,65% out of the total lots of seafood intended to Tuscany. These mainly came from Spain, France and the Netherlands. 3,4% of these resulted as non-compliant. The highest proportion of non-compliance was observed during mandatory controls (77%) by laboratory analysis (73%). Spain was the country with the highest number of non-compliances; the most of them were related to the presence of mercury. These data attest the relevance of UVAC control activity in Italy together with ASL veterinary activities and IZS in order to reach a high level food of safety of products sold in our country as requested by the European legislation.

This research study inscribes itself within that particular area of the juridical knowledge named Legislation Science, and it aims at expanding on the drafting techniques of criminal law. The analysis is first conducted in the frame of the constitutional principles, especially in the light of the principle of legality in those of its declinations which more directly affect the definition of the relations between the Parliament and the juridical order: precision, steadfastness and imperativeness. On the other hand, a truly complete reconstruction of the constitutional dimension of the principle of penal legality claims – in our opinion – a conceptual broadening regarding the criminal trial, mainly in the attempt to endow that principle with more meaningful contents and to enforce its value as a parameter of constitutionality of the ordinary penal legislation. Penal legality, thus, is put in strict correlation with the different principle (rectius: with the rule) of cross-examination for the evidence (art. 111 Constitution). The clear and precise formulation of the penal case in point, actually, proves to be a necessity imposed not only by the principle of legality, but also by the principles of the so called "fair trial", from whose accurate implementation depends the functioning of an accusatorial judgment, which relies on the cross-examination method and on the effective exercise of the right of defending oneself by evidence. As much fundamental appears to be a reconstruction of the international dimension of the principle of legality/steadfastness. What is here mainly pointed out is the regulatory and jurisprudential system of the European Convention on Human Rights, without leaving aside the Institutive Statute of the International Criminal Court, inside which the principle of clarity certainly has a key role. After having outlined the overall frame of the Gründnormen able to act as points of reference during the drafting of the penal rules, the research is directed toward an analysis of the current "spiritual situation" of criminal law, in order to highlight the noticeable creativity which characterizes the present interpretative and applicative activity of our jurisprudence. A creativity which has to be ascribed to an almost deliberate and already fairly settled activity of judicial supply. After verifying the very low level of the applicative hold of the criminal law's principle of steadfastness, the work largely focuses on the main technical procedures of lawmaking on the matter. The practical needs of criminal law are thus considered in the light of the different writing alternatives provided by legislation science: synthetic or general clauses technique and case-studies technique; descriptive or regulatory concepts (both judicial and extrajudicial); legal definitions and legal denominations. The treatment of the above-mentioned techniques of penal rules formulation takes always place with the look constantly directed to some of the most impressive hypothesis of drafting deficit shown by current criminal law. That aims at offering a picture of those jurisprudential enforcements which mostly show a "bad use" of the aforesaid techniques criminal law formulation. De iure condito e condendo, this research ends with the offer of some interpretational proposals directed towards a recovery of the steadfastness, having taken into account especially the solutions provided until now within various reform projects of the penal code since 1992.