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Evaluating Welfare Reform -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INITIAL CONCLUSIONS -- SHORT-RUN RECOMMENDATIONS -- Identifying Key Policy Concerns -- Defining Key Populations -- Capacity-Building and Cross-State Comparability -- Documenting State Policies -- ASPE Leaver Study Grants -- 1 Introduction -- PROGRAM BACKGROUND -- INITIAL WORK OF THE PANEL -- 2 Framework, Principles, and Designs for Evaluation -- RESEARCH AND POLICY QUESTIONS AND STUDY OBJECTIVES -- Evaluation Studies -- Monitoring and Descriptive Studies -- STUDY POPULATIONS OF INTEREST -- Studies of Recipients: Caseload Dynamics -- Implications -- OUTCOMES AND TIME FRAMES -- STUDY METHODOLOGIES -- Randomized Trials -- Nonexperimental Studies -- Pure Before-and-After Designs -- Pure Cross-Section Designs -- Combination of Cross-Sectional and Before-and-After Designs -- Cohort and Repeated Cross-Section Designs -- ESTIMATING THE EFFECT OF REFORM COMPONENTS -- DATA SOURCES -- Administrative Data -- Survey Data -- Linking Administrative and Survey Data -- Data Providing Descriptions of Programs -- PROCESS EVALUATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- 3 ASPE Leaver Studies and Other Current Research on Welfare Reform -- ASPE-FUNDED LEAVER STUDIES -- Outcomes -- Study Populations -- Study Methods: Definition of Cohorts and Comparison Groups -- Data Sources -- RESEARCH ISSUES FOR THE ASPE LEAVER STUDIES -- Cross-Study Comparability -- Monitoring Versus Evaluation -- TANF Entry Rates -- Data Collection and Availability -- OTHER WELFARE LEAVER STUDIES -- OTHER MAJOR WELFARE REFORM PROJECTS -- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation -- Administration for Children and Families -- Survey of Program Dynamics -- Urban Institute: Assessing the New Federalism Project -- Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation: Project on Devolution and Urban Change.

Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems -- Executive Summary -- KESTERSON AS AN EXAMPLE OF A BROADER PROBLEM -- UNDERSTANDING THE SCIENTIFIC DIMENSIONS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM -- UNDERSTANDING THE INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM -- RESOLVING PROBLEMS: ESSENTIAL STUDY ELEMENTS -- RESOLVING PROBLEMS: IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING ALTERNATIVES -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Planning Issues :Related to Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems -- Policy Issues -- Responding to Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems: A Shared Responsibility -- 1 Introduction: Kesterson as an Example of a Broader Problem -- WESTERN U.S. AGRICULTURE -- THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY -- The Natural History of the San Joaquin Valley -- Differences Between the East and West Sides -- KESTERSON NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE -- STATE AND FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT -- THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY DRAINAGE PROGRAM -- THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY PROGRAM -- FUTURE IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ISSUES -- REFERENCES -- 2 Understanding the Scientific Dimensions of an Environmental Problem -- HOW IRRIGATION DRAINAGE ALTERS WATER QUALITY -- HYDROLOGY AND SOILS -- GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY -- FISH AND WILDLIFE CONSIDERATIONS -- PUBLIC HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Understanding the Institutional Dimensions of an Environmental Problem -- ECONOMIC FACTORS -- SOCIAL FACTORS -- AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS -- LEGAL ISSUES -- POLITICAL FACTORS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCE -- 4 Resolving Problems: Essential Study Elements -- ESSENTIAL STUDY ELEMENTS -- Recognizing the Problem -- Defining the Problem -- Data Assessment and Acquisition -- Assessing the Data Base -- Acquiring Additional Data -- Interpreting the Data -- COMPLEXITY AND STUDY DESIGN -- Descriptive Complexity -- Interactive Complexity.

Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- Purpose of the Study -- Current Use of Animal Sentinels in Risk Assessment -- CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS -- Characteristics of Animal Sentinel Systems -- Species -- Exposure Sources -- Duration of Exposure -- Measures of Effect -- Reference Populations -- Objectives of Monitoring Animals Sentinels -- Advantages and Limitations of Animal Sentinel Systems -- Multifactorial Causality -- Measurement of Exposure and Extrapolation to Humans -- FOOD ANIMALS AS SENTINELS -- COMPANION ANIMALS AS SENTINELS -- FISH AND OTHER WILDLIFE AS SENTINELS -- ANIMAL SENTINELS IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 1 Introduction -- OVERVIEW -- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY -- HISTORICAL USE OF ANIMAL SENTINELS -- CURRENT USE OF ANIMAL SENTINELS IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 2 Concepts and Definitions -- CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS -- Species -- A sentinel should have a measurable response (including accumulation of tissue residues) to the agent or class of agents... -- A sentinel should have a territory or home range that overlaps the area to be monitored -- A sentinel species should be easily enumerated and captured -- A sentinel species must have sufficient population size and density to permit enumeration -- Exposure Sources -- Duration of Exposure -- Measures of Effect -- Reference Populations -- OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING ANIMAL SENTINELS -- Human Health Effects -- Contamination of the Food Chain -- Environmental Contamination -- Adverse Effects on Animals -- ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN OBSERVATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Descriptive Epidemiology -- Analytic Epidemiologic.