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Introduction: Mobile medical and surgical camps are one of the means of providing medical and surgical facilities to people living in rural areas of developing country like Nepal. Methods: An observational cross-sectional descriptive retrospective study was done collecting data from surgical camps done by Nepali Army in six years from February 2013 to February 2019 AD. Total number of surgical cases requiring anaesthesia along with type of anaesthesia, American Society of Anaesthesiologist physical status classification and anaesthesia related complications were collected. Results: In a six year period, total 12 mobile surgical camps were conducted by Nepali Army. Out of which, two were done in collaboration with Ministry of Health, Government of Nepal. Total 703 surgical cases were conducted. Out of which, 583 were general surgical cases and 120 were gynaecological cases. 262 cases were done in local anaesthesia, 242 cases were done in spinal anaesthesia, 108 cases were done in total intravenous anaesthesia and 91 cases were done in general anaesthesia. Hypotension, nausea, vomiting, shivering, failed spinal and difficult airway were the complications noticed during intra-operative and postoperative period. Conclusions: Surgical outreach camps are beneficial in providing surgical care to unaffordable people living in rural and remote areas where health care facilities are limited and inaccessible. Safety of patient is the key concern in such camps. Proper organised plan is required selecting target group of populations with target surgeries per day for successful conduction of safe surgeries in such camps. Key words: anaesthesia; camps; mobile; surgical

Abstract Background Among the most vulnerable people in society are children and this is especially so in their access to health care Off-label prescription of paediatric medicines is known to be associated with safety outcomes some of which may be serious. This study identifies frequently prescribed children's medicines that are not readily available in Ghana and are prepared extemporaneously. Method All prescriptions for extemporaneous oral preparations for children presented to the local production unit of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital from November, 2013 were eligible for the study. Information from such prescriptions was recorded in a systematic format. Presence of the prescribed medicine on the World Health Organization Children's Medicine List was ascertained in addition to the anatomical and therapeutic classification code. The registration of the prescribed medicine for paediatric use by the Food and Drugs Authority, Ghana was also checked. Descriptive statistics of the data was presented. Results In all 622 prescriptions for 35 different paediatric formulations were served. Prescriptions from several health facilities including government hospitals (6.6 %, N = 622), private hospitals (2.4 %, N = 622) and the University of Ghana hospital (1.1 %, N = 622) were all honoured. Some of the prescribed medicines (Baclofen, Clonazepam, Hydroxyurea and Lamotrigine) were neither on the World Health Organization Children's Medicine list nor registered with the Food and Drugs Authority, Ghana. Most prescribed medicines (88.6 %, N = 35) were for non-communicable diseases. Conclusion Paediatric prescriptions including off-label medicines are prescribed and formulated extemporaneously in this setting. Steps should be taken to improve access and monitor benefit-risk profiles of paediatric medicines in order to improve treatment outcomes among children.

Al-Khums is a tax that is highlighted as a contributor to the economic growth of the country. Objectively, al-Khums is obligatory for the citizen to maintain the sustainable development of the country. This article used the qualitative method. Thus, the tax collection practiced by the government provides for tax deductions for individuals who are already qualified. Nevertheless, according to the national presentation budget, the existing taxes cannot cover the strength of the national expenditure. In this situation, the local authority must remember that Islam has been successful in practicing al-Khums as the economic growth of the country. Keywords: Al-Khums; Islamic Tax; National Economy eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i20.3626

In this study we analyzed 65 fragments of session recordings in which a cognitive behavioral therapist employed the Socratic method with her patients. Specialized coding instruments were used to categorize the verbal behavior of the psychologist and the patients. First the fragments were classified as more or less successful depending on the overall degree of concordance between the patient's verbal behavior and the therapeutic objectives. Then the fragments were submitted to sequential analysis so as to discover regularities linking the patient's verbal behavior and the therapist's responses to it. Important differences between the more and the less successful fragments involved the therapist's approval or disapproval of verbalizations that approximated therapeutic goals. These approvals and disapprovals were associated with increases and decreases, respectively, in the patient's behavior. These results are consistent with the existence, in this particular case, of a process of shaping through which the therapist modifies the patient's verbal behavior in the overall direction of his or her chosen therapeutic objectives ; This research was funded by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, I+D+I Research Grants SEJ2007-66537-PSIC, PSI2010-15908)

COVID 19 has become a world health problem, and Indonesia has declared an emergency status for an outbreak. To prevent transmission of COVID 19, the government has set three policies that are increasing the availability and reliability of infrastructure, involving the industrial world and social education. However, COVID 19 transmission still occurs. Preparedness for COVID 19 transmission starts with the family as a minor system in the community. The Healthy Indonesian Program with a Family Approach is considered an excellent effort to carry out health functions to prevent COVID 19 transmission. This study aimed to optimize family functions in preventing COVID 19 transmission. This study used a descriptive-analytic design. Two hundred and fifty-eight samples were recruited using a consecutive sampling technique. To measure family function using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (i.e., frequency statistics). The frequency statistics showed that most of the respondents have optimally performed family functions in the health sector. Most of the respondents understand COVID 19 (88,4%), they are capable of making decisions (96,9%), they can care for the family (88,8%), they can modify the environment (75,2%), and they can take advantage of health services (81%). This study only captures the extent to which the family optimally performs health functions; it does not provide any form of intervention. The results of this study prove that the family has an important role to play in breaking the transmission of COVID 19.

This study has two purposes: (1) to document and analyze the centralization phenomena in China's higher education system and (2) to make suggestions to improve or modify the centralization of China's higher education system in light of the documentation and analysis. A major outcome of this study is an analysis of telephone interviews and secondary documents, and four recommendations are derived from this analysis. In this study four research questions have been investigated: (1) What relationship exists between the government and individual colleges or universities? What should this relationship be? (2) What kind of relationship exists between the Party committee and the university administration, especially the relationship between the university president and Party committee? What should this relationship be? (3) How much autonomy should the colleges and universities possess? (4) How should higher education institutions move from the centralization planning economy and adapt themselves to the market economy? Two methods have been employed in this study: secondary document analysis and telephone interviewing. The secondary analysis consists of information collection in both Chinese and American libraries, information evaluation, categorization, and analysis. The telephone interviewing has been used to strengthen secondary analysis. The interviews were conducted with 15 Chinese scholars who were studying in the U.S. at the time and who have either worked in China's higher education system for more than ten years or have assumed some administrative responsibilities above the department level in that system. The major findings of the telephone interviews and secondary analysis lead to the conclusion that the higher education system in present China is highly centralized and, according to the consensus viewpoint, should be decentralized in light of the four recommendations made in this study. ; Ph. D.

Developing countries are more affected by unemployment issue, in terms of populations, young people who are the most confronted with difficulties of insertion on the labor market. The aim of this paper is to make a descriptive study of youth unemployment in Algeria. We begin our study by an introduction to the concept of unemployment. In the second section, we will study the particularities of labor markets in North Africa and from the data of Global Trends in Youth Employment Report 2015 we will analyze both : youth unemployment rate and youth activity rate in this region for the period 1991-2014. In the last section, we will discuss the evolution of unemployment in Algeria and from the data of surveys done by the National Office of Statistics in 2018 it exists a persistent gap, between the youth unemployment (16-24 years ) and adult unemployment (25-60 years ), that of young people unemployment rate' is estimated at 26.4% and for adults 8.6%, in addition, it has been shown strong disparities of youth unemployment rate for Algerian men and women (46.9% for women and 22.4% for men), during the same year, the proportion of unemployed youth compared to the total number of unemployed was estimated by 33.3%, finally, we conclude that demographic, politico-economic and socio-cultural factors are the determinants of youth unemployment in Algeria. ; Gelişmekte olan ülkeler, nüfus açısından işsizlik sorunundan en çok etkilenen ülkelerdir. Bu bağlamda, iş bulabilmenin zorulukları ile en çok karşılaşan kitle gençlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Cezayir'deki genç işsizlik sorununa ilişkin betimsel bir çalışma yapmaktır. Çalışmamıza işsizlik kavramını açıklayarak başlıyoruz. İkinci kısımda, Kuzey Afrikadaki işgücü piyasasının detaylarına bakacağız ve Genç İstihdama ilişkin küresel eğilimler 2015 Raporu'nda yer alan verilere dayanarak 1991-2014 yılları arasında Kuzey Afrika bölgesindeki genç işsizlik ve gençlik faaliyet oranları analiz edilecektir. Son kısımda ise, Ulusal İstatistik Ofisi tarafından 2018 yılında yapılan anketlerden elde edilen vereilere dayanarak Cezayir'deki işsizliğin değişimini ve sürecini tartışacağız. Ulsal İstatistik Ofisi tarafından 2018 yılında genç işsizlik (16-24 yaş) ve yetişkinler arası işsizlik (25-60 yaş) guplarını baz alan çalışmanın verilerine göre, genç işsizlik oranı 26.4% iken yetişkinler arası işsizlik oranı 8.6% olarak belirlenmiştir. Buna ek olarak, Cezayirli genç kadın ve genç erkek işsizler arasında da ciddi bir fark görülmektedir (46.9% kadın işsizlik oranı; 22.4% erkek işsizlik oranı). Aynı yıl boyunca genç işsizlik oranı, toplam işsizlik sayısının 33.3%'ünü oluşturmaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada demografik, siyasi-ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel unsurların, Cezayir'deki genç işsizliğin belirleyici etkenleri olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Bali has always become a world-class famous tourism destination since a long time ago. Entrepreneurship development in Bali is needed because it can create job for local people and maximize the utilization of local resource for regional growth and development. This research aims to understand tourism entrepreneurship environment in Bali based on macro-regional analysis. This research used PESTEL framework and secondary data from various sources to analyze external environment of Bali as a place to develop tourism entrepreneurship. This research also conducted seasonal analysis from secondary data to understand characteristic of tourism market in Bali. The research founded that governments actively promoted Bali as world-class tourism destination, while at the same time provided grant for green project. Through their investment coordinating board, governments also helped investor to enter Indonesia market easily and conveniently. In economic aspect, tourism industry growth is seasonal but prospective because the economic growth in Bali is visibly good and stable. While setting up business in Bali needs basic knowledge in local Hindu culture, the technology infrastructure in Bali still needs improvement especially related to internet speed. Green project is important because Bali has significant environmental issue on recently, which also becomes opportunity for entrepreneurs to innovate. The protection law and legal standing for entrepreneurs in Bali is basically available but still need improvement, especially in the field of start-up taxation, garbage reduction and green project regulation.

BACKGROUND: While parachute jumping, soldiers may suffer minor or life-threatening injuries in various parts of the body. Several trauma scoring systems assess the severity of such injuries. The primary goal of this study was to assess clinical characteristics and the severity of orthopaedic, musculoskeletal, and other injuries from military training-related parachute jumping using two trauma scoring systems (AIS and ISS). Our secondary goal was to assess whether there was an increase in injury rates with age. METHODS: In total, 185 military personnel between 19 and 51 years old who were injured as a result of daytime static parachute jumping during 44 months between January 2016 and August 2019 were included in the study. Demographic data; vital signs; the level of consciousness; the Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS trauma region classifications; anatomical injury sites; AIS and ISS scores; diagnoses; treatment methods; hospitalization status; and duration of hospital stay were examined descriptively. RESULTS: There were 184 male and one female participant. The most commonly injured body site was the foot (33.5%), and the most common diagnosis was soft tissue trauma (64.3%). The most commonly injured body site was the foot (33.5%), and the most common diagnosis was soft tissue trauma (64.3%). Regarding treatment methods, 51.4% received analgesic pills and cold pack application, 42.7% received a plaster splint, and 5.9% had orthopaedic surgery. The mean ISS score was 5.16 ± 3.92. The hospitalization rate was significantly higher for patients with a critical AIS score than those with a severe AIS score (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of trauma scoring systems to assess injury severity among patients admitted to an ED due to a parachute jumping injury may facilitate treatment selection. We found that AIS and ISS were useful in determining injury severity. Therefore, we recommend the use of trauma scoring systems for assessing the injury severity and the therapeutic approach, and we advocate for the use of the 17 ...

Abstract Background Prior to the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in 1990, suicides were almost unheard of in Kuwait. However, there has been a notable increase in the referrals of suicide cases to the forensic authorities since then. A review of suicide cases was performed to investigate the demographics of this phenomenon and the suicide modalities used and to uncover issues that can be addressed by the region's government. Methods The sole source of data was the general department of criminal evidence (GDCE), where cases are referred by police authorities and by hospital investigators from the entire country. All cases signed out by forensic investigators as "suicide" during the time period 2003–2009 were retrieved. A full review of the data from the case files was made. This included demographic data, scene examination, radiographic investigations, autopsies with histo-pathological examination findings and toxicological screening results in each case. Results A total of 347 cases were retrieved and studied. Hanging was found to be the most common suicide modality used by subjects (60 %). Non-citizens constituted 87 % of cases, and no significant difference was found between married and single subjects or between Muslims and non-Muslims. Regions that were more populated with an expatriate labour force had the highest suicide prevalence. Conclusion The government of Kuwait needs to investigate the dire conditions in which some expatriates live and to improve their situation. More control over the dispensing of certain medications needs to be enforced. Finally, strict firearm control could help reduce the suicide rates in Kuwait.

Background: Health system support is crucial for quality child healthcare. Therefore, this baseline survey, which is part of the community-based management study of severe pneumonia, was conducted to assess the state of health system support of IMNCI and iCCM, and health workers' knowledge in managing childhood pneumonia at health facilities. Methods: A survey was conducted in 99 government health institutions in South Ethiopia from 07 to 14 January, 2018. A questionnaire for health system support and case scenario for the management of severe pneumonia was adapted from the WHO health facility survey tool. The questionnaire's interview, facility observation, case scenario and retrospective record review were all used as data collection methods. Indicators of health system support in the context of an integrated management of childhood illness were used. Proportions for categorical variables and means for continuous variables were also computed for each indicator. Mean score was analysed for assessing the knowledge of health workers in managing the case scenario. Results: In the study area, only 12 (34%) of health centres and 18 (29%) of health posts received supervision, which included the observation of case management. The mean number of essential oral antibiotics for the home treatment of pneumonia available at the facility was 1.1 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.3), whereas the mean number of pre- referral drugs for the treatment of severe pneumonia was 1.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.6). Approximately 47 (48%; 95% CI 37.7 to 57.3) of the surveyed health facilities had materials and equipment to support vaccination services, and 71 (72%; 95% CI 62.8 to 80.6) of them had the vaccines on the day of the survey. Only four (4%; 95% CI 0.3 to 8.3) of the health facilities had all the essential job aids and supplies for providing services for pneumonia. The providers' mean knowledge score for the management of severe childhood pneumonia was 14.9 out of 22 correct answers. Conclusion: There is a room to improve the health system support to integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness through supply chain management and knowledge of health workers in the management of severe pneumonia by providing training. Keywords: Health system, Managing pneumonia, Children, Ethiopia ; publishedVersion

As military deployments decrease and the number of veterans coming back to the United States to return to civilian life grows, the U.S. government is increasing educational benefits for eligible service members so that these new veterans can afford to go to college. There has been a significant enrollment growth of veterans over the last several years but, the Department of Veterans Affairs has done little by way of standardizing the servicing of veterans' educational benefits that are to be completed by the attending college. The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify how institutions of higher education differ in policies and practices surrounding the servicing of student veteran benefit programs via the veteran certification process. Four major themes relating to the veteran enrollment certification process emerged from the data: (a) the role of the school certifying official; (b) institutional policies; (c) institutional support when veteran benefits are delayed, and (d) quality assurance. These four themes are linked and presented in an integrated way to address the three research questions. How diverse are institutional policies regarding veterans' certifications? What mechanisms do institutions employ to improve students' financial experiences in order to combat delayed processing by the VA payment system? How do institutions measure the accuracy of their veteran certification process? This study identified a lack of consistency regarding the veteran enrollment certification policies and practices at even the top rated schools identified as "best for veterans." This study adds to the body of knowledge and potentially contributes to a future blueprint for the successful education of veterans who are college students.

Abstract Background Complications of clandestine abortions increase with gestational age. The aim of this study was to identify complications of second trimester clandestine abortions (STA) and those of first trimester clandestine abortions (FTA). Methods This retrospective descriptive study was conducted between March 1st and August 31st, 2012 in the University Teaching Hospital and the Central Hospital, Yaoundé (Cameroon). The files of women with clandestine abortions carried out outside our units, but received in our settings for some complications were reviewed. Variables studied were maternal age, parity, marital status, gestational age at the time of abortion, the abortion provider and the method used, the duration of antibiotic coverage, the time interval between abortion and consultation, the complications presented and the duration of hospital stay. Data of 20 women with STA (≥13 weeks 1 day) and those of 74 women with FTA (≤13 complete weeks) were analyzed and compared. The t-test was used to compare continuous variables. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Women with STA had high parities (P = 0.0011). STAs were mostly performed by nurses and were usually done by dilatation and curettage or dilatation and evacuation, manual vacuum aspiration, intramuscular injection of an unspecified medication, transcervical foreign body insertion, amniotomy and misoprostol. STA complications were severe anemia, hypovolemic shock, uterine perforation and maternal death. Conclusions Clandestine abortions, especially second trimester abortions, are associated with risks of maternal morbidity and mortality especially when done by nurses. Therefore, women should seek for help directly from trained health personnel (Gynecologists & Obstetricians). Moreover, nurses should be trained in uterine evacuation procedures. They should also refer women who want to carry out STA to Gynecologists and Obstetricians. Finally, to reduce the prevalence of abortion in general, the government should make contraception available to all women, as well as use public media to sensitize women on the dangers of abortion and on the need to use family planning services.

The purpose of this study was to explore the community health education jobs in the USA and to provide relevant workforce information to community health education professionals and students. Two hundred fifty community health education announcements out of 908 were randomly selected from the Heath Education Professional Resources (HEPR) Job Bank for the periods May to December of 1998. Job information such as job searching methods, working environments, job qualifications, job descriptions, salaries, and benefits of community health education professionals were characterized. RESULTS: October had the highest number of job announcements during eighth-month period. There were more job announcements from the Northeast and West. Many of the job announcements were obtained through CareerPath® and America's Job Bank®. There were at least 137 different job titles. The majority of institutions hiring health educators were either non-profit or government. About two-thirds were public organizations. The majority of the positions (86%) required applicants to have either a baccalaureate or master's degree. There were diverse job qualifications. College majors other than health education or community health were acceptable. Work experience in descending order were: program planning and evaluation, program management, working with diverse populations, community organization and coordination, and working with multicultural populations in descending order. One to five years of working experience was required for the job positions. Target population and target issues were diverse. Almost half of the health educators served general health issues in their community. Computer skills, particularly word processing and Internet skills, were required. The capacity for working independently and self-motivation were significant factors in the hiring for most of the employers. Communication skills were required in 80% of the job announcements. Other required skills included program assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation, and ...

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze how the characteristics of age, major and type of disabilities for students who received services through Disability Support Services at Montana State University-Billings have changed from 1999 to 2011. Furthermore, this analysis contrasted local trends for types of disabilities with national trends. Additionally, there was an analysis of how local and national trends may have been impacted by five recent watershed events. The five events include the No Child Left Behind Act; the Higher Education Opportunity Act; the Americans with Disabilities Amendment Act; the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 (Post-9/11 GI Bill) and Iraq and Afghanistan wars. The results of this study revealed that non-traditional age students are the majority of students with disabilities at MSU- Billings. Additionally, they are enrolled in proportionally larger numbers than their nondisabled peer age group, which is consistent with national data. Based on results there was also a total increase in numbers in almost all of the types of disability categories including a clear trend in the increase in students diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome. These increases are consistent with national trends. Additionally, a comparison of watershed events with local and national enrollment trends of certain types of disabilities reveal that legislation in 2008 broadened the definition of intellectual and cognitive disabilities for students in higher education. Also, funding for veterans was increased with the New GI Bill. This has resulted in increases in enrollments of diverse groups of students including those with intellectual and/or cognitive impairments, TBI, and psychological impairments. Locally, the shift of students with disabilities at MSU Billings from orthopedic and mobility impairments to mental, emotional or psychological conditions has also been demonstrated by a large increase in number of students with ADHD, TBI, Asperger's Disorder and psychological impairment ...