Suchergebnisse

Front Matter -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Illustration -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part One: Urban Design, Planning, and Architecture -- From Desert Architecture to Community Planning in Acre -- Directing Urban Design and Planning in Tel Aviv -- Part Two: Use Plans: Controversies Big and Small -- Planning and Building from Israel's Early Days to the Present -- Hearing Objections under Israel's Planning and Building Law -- Part Three: Community Development and Planning -- Community Organizing and Neighborhood Planning in Jerusalem -- Neighborhood Planning in Jerusalem -- Program Building and Reconciliation in East Jerusalem -- Part Four: Making City Planning Work -- Learning and Practicing the Politics of Planning -- Urban Design in the Shadows of Politics -- Planning in an Arab Municipality -- Part Five: Health Planning -- HIV/AIDS Planning and Education in the Ethiopian Immigrant Community -- Public Health, Epidemiology, and Planning in the west Bank and Gaza -- Part Six: Policy Analysis and Planning -- The Development of Environmental Planning in Israel -- Planning in the Housing Ministry -- Economic Analysis in Urban Planning -- Part Seven: National, Regional and Urban Planning: The Long View from the Top -- A Visionary Planner -- Directing the Division of National and Regional Plans -- Being Director of Planning in the Ministry of Housing and Building -- Back Matter -- Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.

Investigates the feedback to product designers of engineering and production costs in five industrial equipment firms. Reports that, despite the ubiquity of cost as an important design criterion, and the role that feedback should play in both individual and organizational learning, there were several significant problems: (1) Cost feedback was given as the difference between outcome and estimate in order to remove the effect of external factors, but this feedback then confounded the performance of estimation and design activities. (2) Distributional information in historical cost feedback was usually overlooked. The result was an excessive attention to detailed planning, consistent under‐estimation, and persistently negative feedback. (3) Designers and supervisors disagreed about the predictability of costs. Supervisors drew stronger inferences from feedback because they believed particular outcomes were more representative. (4) Engineering cost outcomes had poor reliability owing to the incentives to smooth cost discrepancies over different elements of the design; as a result it was unclear which were the problematic elements and opportunities were lost for calibrating the estimating process. This calibration also suffered from cost measurements being made at a higher level of aggregation than cost estimates. (5) The considerable delays between making design decisions and observing cost outcomes made it hard to learn cost‐effective design strategies through experience. There were instances where designers simply never found out how much it cost to engineer and produce their designs.

We report on participatory design activities within the POLITeam project, a large project which introduces groupware into the German government. Working with a representative small group of users in different worksites, an existing system was adapted to user and organizational needs, with the plan to improve and expand the system to a large scale. We integrated new approaches of user advocacy and osmosis with an evolutionary cycling process. User advocates and osmosis were techniques used to explore the users' needs during actual system use and were incorporated into the system development. In this paper, we present experiences with this approach and reflect on its impact on the design process from the designers' point of view.

This action research project explored discrepancies in design preference among designers and two groups of users: nursing home residents and administrators. Each group was asked to select its preference among a series of design alternatives, several of which were visually illustrated on a questionnaire. Participants were presented two or more alternatives on a series of design issues: lounge design, dining room table design, dining room seating arrangements, overall nursing home design, residents' room furnishings. Significant differences among groups were found on all design choices except table design and overall nursing home design. The major pattern in the results is that although both administrators and designers favored designs that promote social interaction, nursing home residents consistently selected designs that enhance privacy. Implications for the inclusion of resident data in the nursing home design process are discussed.