Suchergebnisse

Since its invention, Electricity has played a vital role in our everyday life. The appearance of the first power production facilities in the late nineteenth century paved the way for the electrical power system and its subsystems. Consumers of electric power demand dependable service in terms of power grid stability and safety. Since the liberalization of the markets, producers of electric power, utilities and equipment suppliers, as principal players, are following an emerging trend to satisfy consumers' demands. This trend involves improving technologies, innovating and respecting standards requirements and governments' regulations. All these efforts termed as the concept of the Smart Grid that is evolving to meet future demands.Modern and future digital substations shape essential nodes in the grid, where stability of electric power flow, converting of voltage levels and protecting switchyard equipment are among the primary roles of these nodes. The promising standard IEC 61850 and its parts, bring new features to the substation automation systems. The use of Ethernet based communication within these systems reduces the amount of hardwired connections that results in lowering footprint of substation equipment, devices and their cabling.Integration of the new IEC 61850 features at the substation levels requires multidiscipline competences. For instance, consider power protection and control tasks from one side and information and communication technologies from the other side. Dependency between substation automation functions and communication networks inside a substation brings new kinds of challenges to designers, integrators and testers. Thus, investigating the dependability of the system functionalities, e.g. the protection schemes, requires new methods of testing where conventional methods are not applicable. The new techniques should provide means to evaluate performance of designed systems and checking their conformance to the standards requirements.In order to improve the designed system dependability, this work aims to develop methods for testing the IEC 61850 enabled substation automation systems, especially on the process and the bay levels, in a platform dedicated for research tasks. This platform incorporates state-of-art devices and test-set cards that will help to simultaneously observe dynamic interactions of the power transients and communication network perturbations. Data obtained during the experimental tests will be used for diagnosing of failures and classifying their causes in order to remove them and enhance dependability of the designed system. ; Depuis son invention, l'électricité joue un rôle essentiel dans notre vie quotidienne. L'apparition des premières installations de production d'électricité à la fin du XIXème siècle a ouvert la voie au système électrique et à ses sous-systèmes. Les consommateurs d'énergie électrique exigent un service fiable en termes de stabilité et de sécurité du réseau électrique. Depuis la libéralisation des marchés, les producteurs d'énergie électrique, les fournisseurs de services publics et d'équipements, en tant qu'acteurs principaux, suivent une tendance émergente pour satisfaire les demandes des consommateurs. Cette tendance implique l'amélioration des technologies, l'innovation et le respect des normes et des réglementations gouvernementales. Tous ces efforts ont été qualifiés de concept de réseaux intelligents (Smart Grid en anglais) qui évolue pour répondre aux demandes futures.Les sous-stations numériques modernes et futures façonnent des nœuds essentiels dans le réseau électrique, où la stabilité du flux d'énergie électrique, la conversion des niveaux de tension et la protection de l'équipement du poste de commutation figurent parmi les principaux rôles de ces nœuds. La norme prometteuse CEI 61850 et ses composants apportent de nouvelles fonctionnalités aux systèmes d'automatisation des postes. L'utilisation de la communication Ethernet dans ces systèmes réduit la quantité de connexions câblées qui réduit l'encombrement de l'équipement de la sous-station, des dispositifs et de leur câblage.L'intégration des nouvelles fonctionnalités CEI 61850 au niveau des sous-stations requiert des compétences multidisciplinaires. Par exemple, considérons les tâches de protection et de contrôle de la puissance d'un côté et les technologies de l'information et de la communication de l'autre. La dépendance entre les fonctions d'automatisation des sous-stations et les réseaux de communication à l'intérieur d'une sous-station pose de nouveaux défis aux concepteurs, intégrateurs et testeurs. Ainsi, étudier la fiabilité des fonctionnalités du système, par exemple, les schémas de protection, exige de nouvelles méthodes d'essai où les méthodes conventionnelles ne sont pas applicables. Les nouvelles techniques devraient fournir des moyens d'évaluer les performances des systèmes conçus et de vérifier leur conformité aux exigences des normes.Afin d'améliorer la fiabilité du système conçu, ce travail vise à développer des méthodes pour tester les systèmes d'automatisation de sous-station CEI 61850, en particulier sur les processus et les niveaux de la baie, dans une plate-forme dédiée aux tâches de recherche. Cette plate-forme incorpore des dispositifs de pointe et des cartes de test qui aideront à observer simultanément les interactions dynamiques des transitoires de puissance et les perturbations du réseau de communication. Les données obtenues lors des tests expérimentaux seront utilisées pour diagnostiquer les défaillances et classer leurs causes afin de les supprimer et d'améliorer la fiabilité du système conçu.

Transport has become fundamental in the cities to the well functioning of the economy and the welfare of the city population. For several years, transportation faces many issues such as traffic jamming, high accidents rate, unhealthy life due to smoke and dust, air pollution as a result of carbon emission, etc. To deal with these matters, researches integrate digital technologies to ground transportation which is known as Intelligent Transport System (ITS). ITS can sense, analyze, collect, control and communicate different data. This thesis investigates and proposes a new protocol for data collection applications in an urban environment. We make three main contributions: firstly, we propose a new protocol denoted the "Internet of Bikes" IoB-DTN protocol which applies Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) paradigm to the Internet of Things (IoT) applications running a data collection application on urban bike sharing system based sensor network. The protocol is evaluated on a realistic scenario by assessing the buffer management policies, the number of copies sprayed in the network as well as the number of bicycles used. Secondly, a comparative evaluation of the performance of the multi-hop IoB-DTN protocol with a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology, LoRa/LoRaWAN type is investigated. LPWAN have been designed to provide cost-effective wide area connectivity for small throughput IoT applications: multiyear lifetime and multikilometer range for battery-operated mobile devices. This part of our work aims at providing network designers and managers insights on the most relevant technology for their urban applications that could run on bike sharing systems. Finally, we propose an efficient IoB-DTN protocol based on data aggregation mechanism. We propose three variants of IoB-DTN: IoB based on spatial aggregation (IoB-SA), IoB based on temporal aggregation (IoB-TA) and IoB based on spatio-temporal aggregation (IoB-STA). We compare the three variants with the multi-hop IoB-DTN protocol without aggregation and the low-power long-range technology, LoRa type. Comparison results verify that the three variants of IoB-DTN based on data aggregation improve several metrics such as the delivery rate, energy consumption and throughput. ; Le transport est devenu fondamental dans les villes pour le bon fonctionnement de l'économie et le bien-être de la population urbaine. Depuis plusieurs années, le transport est confronté à de nombreux problèmes tels que l'embouteillage, le taux élevé d'accidents, la vie malsaine due à la fumée et à la poussière, la pollution atmosphérique due aux émissions de carbone, etc. Pour faire face à ces problèmes, les recherches intègrent les technologies numériques au transport terrestre, connu sous le nom de système de transport intelligent (ITS). Les ITS peuvent détecter, analyser, collecter, contrôler et communiquer différentes données. Cette thèse étudie et propose un nouveau protocole pour les applications de collecte de données dans un environnement urbain. Nous faisons trois contributions principales. Tout d'abord, nous proposons un nouveau protocole dénommé le protocole "Internet of Bikes" IoB-DTN qui applique le paradigme DTN (Réseau tolérant aux délais) aux applications de l'Internet des objets (IoT) exécutant une application de collecte de données sur un système de partage de vélo urbain basé sur un réseau de capteurs. Le protocole est évalué sur un scénario réaliste en évaluant les politiques de gestion des buffers, le nombre de copies pulvérisé dans le réseau ainsi que le nombre des vélos utilisés. Deuxiément, une évaluation comparative des performances du protocole IoB-DTN multi-sauts avec une technologie de réseau étendu à basse consommation (LPWAN), de type LoRa/LoRaWAN est étudiée. LPWAN a été conçu pour fournir une connectivité à grande distance et rentable pour les applications IoT à faible débit: durée de vie de plusieurs années et une portée de multikilomètres pour les appareils mobiles alimentés par des batteries. Cette partie de notre travail vise à fournir aux concepteurs et aux managers de réseaux des idées sur la technologie la plus pertinente pour leurs applications urbaines pouvant fonctionner sur des systèmes de partage de vélos. Enfin, nous proposons un protocole efficace, IoB-DTN basé sur un mécanisme d'agrégation de données. Nous proposons trois variantes de IoB-DTN: IoB basé sur l'agrégation spatiale (IoB-SA), IoB basé sur l'agrégation temporelle (IoB-TA) et IoB basé sur l'agrégation spatio-temporelle (IoB-STA). Nous comparons les trois variantes avec le protocole multi-saut IoB-DTN sans agrégation et la technologie à faible puissance et longue portée, de type LoRa. Les résultats de la comparaison permettent de vérifier que les trois variantes de l'IoB-DTN basées sur l'agrégation de données améliorent plusieurs paramètres tels que le taux de livraison, la consommation d'énergie et le débit.

This dissertation explores the creation and exhibition of immigrant-made art in American settlement houses in New York and Boston from 1900 to 1945. The lace, embroidery, and ceramics Southern and Eastern European immigrant artists created provide an important avenue to illustrate how European traditions survived, changed, or disappeared, and how Jewish and Italian communities in New York and Boston adapted to new circumstances while maintaining distinct identities. This dissertation proposes that art can help reveal what is gained and what is lost when communities uproot and settle far from their homelands: an issue as relevant for turn-of-the-century immigrants as it is for emigrant groups arriving in the United States and countries across the world today. The two object sets that are examined closely—ceramics from Boston's Paul Revere Pottery and textiles from New York's Scuola d'Industrie Italiane—reveal the working and living patterns of first and second-generation Jewish and Italian women as they interacted with middle and upper class settlement house reformers, collectors, and museum professionals to negotiate their place in American social and political life. Beginning in the late nineteenth-century, college-educated men and women founded settlement houses in rapidly expanding urban immigrant neighborhoods. They initiated programs designed to help newly arriving Southern and Eastern Europeans adapt to American urban life. By 1900, there were over one hundred settlement houses across the United States peopled by progressive reformers eager to address the perceived moral and social problems of poor tenement neighborhoods. The history of settlement house efforts to alter basic living and working conditions ¬is well documented, as are the lives of many of the most influential reformers such as Jane Addams of Chicago's Hull-House. However, historians have yet to adequately address the pivotal role of art production in settlement house reform efforts or to underscore the role immigrant practitioners played in the fashioning of their own identities through artistic practice. The first section of this dissertation focuses on the work of young Italian and Jewish women who decorated ceramics at the Paul Revere Pottery. The workshop's glazed earthenware dishes, mugs, and tiles decorated with images of American historical events and agrarian scenes are emblematic of a larger impulse to adapt workers to American taste through the language of the colonial revival. The young Jewish and Italian painters of the Pottery specialized in designs depicting scenes of flora and fauna native to New England and suggestive of the city's colonial history. Designers hoped such iconography would teach newly arrived immigrants about their new nation's values. The Pottery fostered women who made careers for themselves as artists and librarians while cementing their role as the rightful heirs to the North End's historic structures and its Revolutionary history. The second section explores textiles created at the Scuola d'Industrie Italiane in New York's Richmond Hill settlement house and reveals how immigrant-made lace and embroidery represent a negotiated identity for the young Italian women who created them. At the Scuola, founders worked to preserve Italian lacemaking traditions while providing Italian women with alternatives to factory labor. Founders Gino Speranza and Florence Colgate worked to preserve Italian lacemaking traditions by creating a school based on Italian revival lace workshops that the pair visited while travelling in Italy. The nineteenth-century Italian revival of lacemaking and its importation to the United States represents a particular understanding of heritage filtered through the lens of settlement house reformers. The Scuola's heyday also coincides with the tremendous vogue among upper class American collectors for Antique European lace. The Scuola's objects are based on highly coveted antique fragments re-conjured in altered forms to appeal to American tastes. As first and second-generation immigrants, the women of the workshop well understood their roles as skilled craftswomen and representatives of an old-world practice. These needlewomen used their positions to cement roles in the social and economic forums of their city. This dissertation augments previous examinations by turning not only to early twentieth-century reformers and art patrons, but by exploring the social and economic world of immigrant craftswomen and how their practices intersected in unexpected ways with collectors and connoisseurs in Boston and New York. While the voices of individual practitioners in cooperative workshops are often difficult to unearth, this project proposes new ways to read the work of settlement house artisans as vital clues to document their lives. The study addresses settlement houses as negotiated spaces and the objects produced there as vital means to support and enhance immigrant communities while furthering the interests of various constituencies. The cases in question reframe the Arts and Crafts movement as a trans-Atlantic venture that linked more than just America and Britain. These settlement house craft workshops connected disparate countries and social spheres in networks of cultural exchange and shared influence.

The term "gamification" is relatively new, but its exact origins are not known. The first recorded use was in the digital media industry in 2008 and it has become popular in the last couple of years (Deterding, Dixon, Khaled, & Nacke, 2011). A search performed in October 2012 on Google Scholar using the term "gamification" turned up over 1,000 publications, and the same search in May 2014 produced over 7,000 publications. 80,000 people were registered in the Coursera Gamification course in Sept/Oct 2012 (Werbach, 2012). The attention that gamification gets from industry, as well as from the public, makes it one of the newer concepts of the use of games in the real world to surface in recent years. This chapter analyzes the potential and limits of gamification for learning and classroom use. Gamification can be broadly defined as the application of game features and game mechanics in a non-game context, but does not typically include using actual games. In the most commonly promoted approach to gamification (Zichermann & Cunningham, 2011), designers seeking to create a gamification system first identify behaviors that are to be encouraged, and then assign rewards to that behavior. These reward systems can take different forms—points, achievements, and badges are three typical tools for motivation and manipulation. The concept of using rewards to modify behavior is nothing new to teachers in a classroom setting. Teachers often use point systems for both learning and behavioral goals. If one takes into account the concept that the absence of a punishment is the same as a reward (Kohn, 1999), then teachers have used reward-based systems as the core of classroom management for centuries. The syllabus in the classroom is a gamification layer that is used to motivate students' involvement in course content. If we consider the concept of levels in games, then certainly the grades (K-12) and years (freshman, junior, senior, sophomore) of formal education are the very embodiment of "levels." There are known requirements for completing one level and just like in games, each new level opens up new content and additional options. The idea of earning badges within a game as a means of marking achievement is also not unique to games. Children in elementary school often get stickers for completed work; both the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides (as well as a great many other organizations) use badges to symbolize various achievements, and of course, medals and badges have been a longstanding tradition in militaries throughout the world. The notion of leaderboards is also not unique to videogames, or games of any sort for that matter, as they can be found in many businesses as ways to highlight sales records for example, and in schools to commemorate a myriad of achievements academic and otherwise. Even the concept of a letter grade is remarkably similar to a badge, as it indicates achievement in a standardized way that has meaning outside of the learning environment. Some applications of gamification go beyond merely using rewards such as points, badges and levels to motivate. Meaningful Gamification is the concept of using elements from games to help participants find a personal and meaningful connection within a specific context. Many of the theories behind meaningful gamification are educational theories such as Universal Design for Learning and motivational theories, such as Self-Determination Theory. These theories provide ways to use concepts of play, reflection, and narrative (instead of rewards) to engage learners (Nicholson, 2012a). Teachers have used game-based elements for the real world application of teaching content for decades. While the term of gamification is new, the underlying concepts for both reward-based and meaningful gamification have been explored in the classroom for some time. In this chapter, we will review different models for gamification in the classroom, explore some of the benefits and hazards to using it, and present some case studies and best practices for instructors to use. The goal of this chapter is to explore gamification in the classroom from different perspectives and present guidance to instructors looking to use elements of games and play to improve learning motivation. ; Submitted by Katrin Becker (kbecker@mtroyal.ca) on 2016-05-12T18:58:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEGBOOK_TWO_FINALMANUSCRIPT_112414-CH3-edited.pdf: 263337 bytes, checksum: 54bb5a3280a491da583e959787b46ae4 (MD5) ; Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T18:58:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEGBOOK_TWO_FINALMANUSCRIPT_112414-CH3-edited.pdf: 263337 bytes, checksum: 54bb5a3280a491da583e959787b46ae4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 ; Katrin Becker, Scott Nicholson (2016) Gamifying the Classroom: Pros and Cons, (Ch. 3) in Learning, Education and Games Vol. 2: Bringing Games into Educational Contexts, edited by Karen Schrier, ETC Press

Recent interest in developing micro air vehicles (MAVs) for a variety of both civil and military uses has driven significant research into the aerodynamics of natural flyers, such as insects, birds and bats. Insects, in particular, exhibit desirable flight characteristics that MAV designers wish to incorporate into their designs, however our understanding of how these animals fly is still limited. Research into insect flight has shown that they employ a number of unsteady mechanisms, the most prevalent of these being the formation of a leading-edge vortex (LEV) which provides the wing with enhanced lift. While this research has greatly improved our understanding of insect flight, the effect of the wing's shape on these unsteady mechanisms is not well understood. This thesis describes an investigation into the effect of two wing morphological parameters, aspect ratio and camber, on the flow structures around flapping and rotating wings in an insect-like flight regime. The effect of wing aspect ratio is first explored at different Reynolds numbers using a numerical model of an altered fruit fly wing revolving at a constant angular velocity. Increasing the Reynolds number for an aspect ratio of 2.91 resulted in the development of a dual LEV structure, however increasing aspect ratio at a fixed Reynolds number generated the same flow structures. This result shows that the effects of Reynolds number and aspect ratio are linked. An alternate flow scaling method, using the wing span as the characteristic length, is presented to decouple the effects of Reynolds number from those of aspect ratio. This resulted in a span-based Reynolds number, which can be used to independently describe the development of the LEV. Indeed, universal behaviour was found for various parameters using this scaling. The effect of aspect ratio on the vortex structures was then assessed at different span-based Reynolds numbers and it was found the wing aspect ratio had the effect of shortening the wing's chord length relative to a fixed LEV size. Scaling the flow using the wing span was found to apply for revolving wings at large angles of attack, such that the flow separates from the leading-edge and a strong spanwise velocity is generated on the leeward side of the wing. These conditions are typical of those seen in nature, and hence this scaling could be applied to similar investigations involving insects and birds as well as nature-mimicking MAVs. The effect of wing aspect ratio was then explored at different advance ratios using a numerical model that mimicked a flapping insect wing. It was demonstrated that increasing the advance ratio enhances vorticity production at the leading-edge during the downstroke, and this results in more rapid growth of the LEV for non-zero advance ratios. This effect, combined with that of aspect ratio, determines whether the LEV remains stably attached to the wing or if it is shed. For high advance ratios and large aspect ratios the LEV was observed to quickly grow to envelop the entire wing during the early stages of the downstroke. Continued rotation of the wing resulted in the LEV being eventually shed as part of a vortex loop that peels away from the wing's tip. It is shown that the shedding of the LEV for high aspect ratio wings at non-zero advance ratios leads to reduced aerodynamic performance of these wings. This helps to explain why a number of insect species have evolved to have low aspect ratio wings, as they outperform high aspect ratios across a wide range of flight speeds. Finally, wing deformation is observed during the flight of some insect species, which results in the wing becoming cambered throughout each half stroke. In this study, the effect of wing camber on the flow structures and aerodynamic forces for insect-like wings is investigated using the rotating-wing numerical model. Both positive and negative camber was investigated at Reynolds numbers of 120 and 1500, along with the chordwise location of maximum camber. It was found that negatively cambered wings produce similar LEV structures to non-cambered wings at both Reynolds numbers, but high positive camber resulted in the formation of multiple streamwise vortices at the higher Reynolds number, which disrupt the development of the main LEV. Despite this, positively cambered wings were found to produce higher lift on drag ratios than flat or negatively cambered wings. It was determined that a region of low pressure near the wing's leading edge, combined with the curvature of the wing's upper surface in this region, resulted in a vertical tilting of the net force vector for positively cambered wings, which explains how insects can benefit from wing camber.

Zahlungen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen (Payments for Ecosystem Services – PES) und auktionsbasierte Vergabeverfahren sind ein wichtiges und innovatives Instrument im Kampf gegen den fortwährenden Verlust von biologischer Vielfalt. Basierend auf einem Vertrag zwischen einem Leistungserbringer und einem öffentlichen oder privaten Leistungsempfänger, der die Naturschutzleistung entlohnt, können bestimmte Vorgaben der Landschaftspflege oder der agrarwirtschaftlichen Bearbeitung verbindlich festgelegt werden. Die Vorteile von PES liegen in dem direkten monetären Anreiz zur Bereitstellung von Naturschutzleistungen und zudem in der Möglichkeit, ein Niveau an Umweltschutz und –qualität jenseits des von der Umweltgesetzgebung sichergestellten Mindestniveaus zu implementieren. Der Nachteil liegt in der hohen Informationsasymmetrie in der Vertragsbeziehung, welche einerseits dem Umweltgut als Vertragsgegenstand und andererseits der Natur ökonomischen Handelns geschuldet ist. Thema dieser Dissertation ist die Analyse der interdependenten Beziehung von Kompetitivität und Vertragserfüllung und das Aufzeigen der Relevanz von Vertrauen und Reziprozität in Verträgen über Umweltgüter. Auf diese Weise leistet sie einen Beitrag zu der umfangreichen und multidisziplinären Literatur über Zahlungen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen und Naturschutzauktionen. Während der vergangenen 25 Jahre habe Praktiker und Wissenschaftler unser Verständnis der Funktionsweise von Ausschreibungen zur Allokation von Zahlungen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen konstant verbessert und erweitert. Ein Großteil der Forschungsaktivität war jedoch auf die Auktionsmetrik und das Bieterverhalten gerichtet, wohingegen die resultierende Vertragsbeziehung zwischen Programmverwaltern (den Käufern) und Landbesitzern (den Ausführenden) weitgehend unbeachtet blieb. Wie in dieser Dissertation bewiesen wird, ist jedoch genau diese Beziehung der Schlüssel für ein erfolgreiches marktbasiertes Naturschutzprogramm. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird in drei Artikeln argumentiert, dass Vertrauen und Reziprozität für die Überwindung von asymmetrischer Information in kompetitiv alloziierten PES-Verträgen von herausragender Bedeutung sind. Anhand eines für diese Arbeit entwickelten, zweistufigen experimentellen Testszenarios wird der Entscheidungsprozess in der inversen Auktion und in der anschließenden Vertragserfüllung in der kontrollierten Laborumgebung simuliert. In einem ersten Experiment kann auf Basis dieses Untersuchungsdesigns gezeigt werden, dass die Informations- und Anreizkonstellation in Naturschutzauktionen ein erhöhtes Risiko für vorvertragliche adverse Selektion, opportunistisches Verhalten bei Vertragserfüllung und somit suboptimale Ergebnisse birgt. Das Marktversagen kann jedoch durch eine vertrauensstiftende Institution, wie zum Beispiel Kommunikation zwischen Käufern und Verkäufern, verhindert werden. Persönliche Interaktion veranlasst Marktteilnehmer ihr individuell-rationales Verhalten zugunsten einer sozial-verträglicheren Verhaltensweise zu ändern. Dabei entsteht ein erhebliches Potential für die Bilateralisierung der Vertragsbeziehungen. Ein zweites Experiment verdeutlicht jedoch, wie wichtig vertrauensbasierte Vertragsbeziehungen insbesondere in Bereitstellungsumgebungen sind, die stark von externen, stochastischen Einflüssen verzerrt werden können. Ohne das nötige Vertrauen bricht die Kooperation in einem derartigen Szenario fast vollständig zusammen. Schließlich lässt der systematische Vergleich der Ergebnisse aus beiden Experimenten in einem dritten Aufsatz keinen Zweifel daran, dass stabile Langzeitvertragsbeziehungen in auktionsbasierten Vertragsnaturschutzprogrammen gefördert und nicht verhindert werden sollten. Langzeitverträge sind randomisierten Kurzzeitverträgen aus der Perspektive des Naturschutzes aber auch hinsichtlich der Kosteneffektivität überlegen. Daher liegt eine wesentliche Herausforderung für Programmentwickler darin, einerseits die Bildung von ausreichend Sozialkapital zu ermöglichen und andererseits faire Markt- und Vergabestrukturen zu erhalten. ; Payments for ecosystem services (PES) and their allocation via competitive tendering processes is an important and innovative instrument in the battle against on-going biodiversity loss. Based on a contractual arrangement between a service provider and a private or public entity willing to buy the conservation service, favourable land management activities or extensive agricultural practices can be stipulated. The advantage of PES is the direct monetary incentive for conservation effort, as a public good, and the potential to achieve a level of environmental protection that exceeds the bottom line drawn by environmental legislation. Its disadvantage is the profound degree of information asymmetry within the contract relationship that results from using environmental goods as an asset and from the nature of economic decision-making. Analysing the interdependent relationship between competitiveness and compliance, and demonstrating the importance of trust and reciprocity in contracts for environmental goods, this thesis contributes to the rich and multidisciplinary literature on payments for ecosystem services, and conservation auctions in particular. During the past 25 years, practitioners, scholars and scientists have been constantly improving and expanding our understanding on the functioning of inverse auctions for allocating PES contracts. Research mainly focussed on the auction metrics and bidding behaviour, whilst the resulting contract relationships between programme managers as buyers and landholders as sellers have not been sufficiently addressed. However, as shown in this thesis, their relationship is the key to the success of a market-based conservation programme. In this thesis, three articles set out the argument that trust and reciprocity are relevant in overcoming problems of asymmetric information inherent to competitively allocated PES contracts. A two-stage experimental test scenario, developed for this purpose, simulates the decision-making process in the inverse auction market and the subsequent contract execution in the laboratory. Using this test design in a first experiment, it is demonstrated that conservation auctions bear a profound risk of adverse selection, moral hazard and, thus, suboptimal contract results. However, market failure can be effectively overcome by means of trust-building institutions, such as communication between sellers and buyers. Personal interactions induce market participants to change their individually rational behaviour in a more socially optimal way. However, the social benefit comes at the expense of a certain degree of market bilateralisation. A second experiment illustrates how crucially necessary trust-based contract relationships become if the contracting and provisioning environments are heavily distorted by external, stochastic influences. In this case cooperation almost entirely breaks down due to the lack of trust. Finally, comparing the results of these two experiments in a third article it becomes obvious that stable long-term contract relationships in auction-based PES programmes ought to be fostered and not be prevented. While, from a conservation point of view, stable and trust-based contract relationships are favourable to random short-term contracting, they are also shown to be more cost-effective in economic terms. This reveals a significant challenge for programme designers to provide sufficient opportunities to build social capital between contractors and maintain fair market structures.

The paper describes the emergence of a new hybrid cultural and entrepreneurial agent in the context of the local cultural industries of Frankfurt on Main (Germany). The thesis of the paper is, that the culturepreneur is responsible for new place-making strategies apart the most visible and dominant one, such as the skyline in Frankfurt/M. The understandings of his place-making strategies offer insights in new forms of negotiation of an urban renewal process. Despite this it provides a new and important evaluation of the yet underestimated spatial category place in the process and formation of scenes, recently brought into discussion by sociologist R. Hitzler (2001). Places are the terrain of the post-industrial city where different and heterogeneous scenes are struggling. The analysis of the use and significance - out of the perspective of culturepreneurs - provides a new, yet in the field of social sciences unclear, reading of the existing urban condition. The context of the emergence of the type culturepreneur is framed by neoliberal governmental and political approaches, urban marketing campaigns such as the self-promotion as being a young and a cool city like Frankfurt/M. (or Berlin) are practicing it, in order to encourage individuals to launch ones own enterprise: The first results can best be seen in the field of the growing numbers of workers in the socalled creative (service-industry-related) sector. Besides that, the growing numbers of creatives, such as web-, fashion-, music and arts and crafts designers as well as club organizers are - viewed from an institutional perspective - an expression of complex changes of the role of the arts and media sector as growing mediator between the subsectors of culture and economy. Based on comparable results of A. McRobbie's studies (1999) in the creative sector of London (GB), this research shows that the agents of creative work are - especially since 1998 - on the one hand considered to be a symbolic forerunner and a pioneer of the politics of the new middle in Germany ('Politik der Neuen Mitte'). Thereby on a micro level we can observe agents, who reflect increasing values such as individual entrepreneuralism, bringing to light un-embedded as well as flexible labour situations. Besides their escalating sharp existential situation, they show a rising dependency of subsidies of different sponsors. Thereby creative work is squeezed and brokered by growing influences of venture capitalists using trendy popular culture products of the culturepreneurs as signs and symbols of their holistic idea serving the society. On the other hand, the growing numbers of relatively young and creative workers struggle to regain social and institutional embedding by setting up and creating new temporary and flexible alliances with different agents in the urban context, such as city governments as well as corporate firms. In sociological terms we cannot consider these actors as members of a completely individualized society anymore (Beck 2000), but as members of post-traditional communities or, like Hitzler proposed, new scenes (Hitzler 2001) amongst the culturepreneur plays a key and ma-jor formatting role, which is yet from the scientific perspective so far undefined. The paper argues that the analysis of the local cultural industry as a key factor in the creation of new labour forces in the metropolitan regions such as the Rhine-Main as well as stimulating atmospheres for service-related industries has to be connected to micro-spatial analysis of the emergence of new scenes. Sociological analysis provides valuable insights in the formation of new communities, but micro-geographical analysis can conceptually and methodologically provide a spatial understanding of complex place-making strategies of new post-traditional communities. Space is a yet an underestimated variable in the analysis of the emergence of new agents - such as the culturepreneurs - in the field of the local cultural industries. The conducted field research shows not only the fact that - from the perspective of individual agents (culturepreneurs) - place matters, but that the processes of professional socialisation is closely linked to a complex creative and necessarily practice with place in order to create a spatial network, that means a new socially-defined space. This process can first be seen as a necessary attempt in order to regain a professional place in the labour market, but second as a practice to get economic, social, and network-related attention by acting, staging and using (with) the variable place. Culturepreneurs develop - with new forms in the field of the economy of attention - these new geographies that can be read as a post-modern counterstrategy to the dominant place-making strategies, applied most visible with the geography of centrality in the case of Mainhatten (sic!), Frankfurt on Main.

The thesis adresses the estimation and control of coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). The first application is in the area of fluid system cryogenics at CERN. A new technology for cooling is now developing at CERN using CO2 as the cooling refrigerant. The objective of a cooling cycle is to pump a cold fluid to cool the hot silicon detectors. The cooling cycle contains elements called heat exchangers. These devices are used to exchange energy from the hot fluid to the cold one through a wall interface. The dynamics of the exchangers are modelled by variables that vary not only in time, but also in space, such temperatures, pressures and mass flow rates. We address in this thesis three automatic control problems that are related to heat exchangers. The first one is to synthesise an adaptive observer to estimate the distributed temperatures and also the heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchanger running single phase CO2 as the working refrigerant. The mathematical model is based on linear coupled hyperbolic partial differential equations. The second problem is to design a boundary observer to estimate the states of a heat exchanger with flows that are changing phase. The mathematical model involves nonlinear hyperbolic equations of balance laws. The third problem is to investigate the importance of the diffusion property in heat exchangers. This is done through the study of mathematical models involving coupling between different classes of PDEs: hyperbolic and parabolic. The second application of the thesis is the exhaust car system equipped with dual EGR loops for diesel engines (Renault). Emission limits for Diesel engines have been imposed by the European legislation to minimize the road transport pollution, which remains the most important source of urban air pollution in Europe with respect to NOx (nitrogen oxides) and CO (carbon monoxide). The environmental demands force the car engine designers to develop new technologies to decrease the fuel consumption and the emission levels while satisfying the desired engine drivability conditions. One of the new configurations, that can provide adequate conditions for multiple combustion modes is the Dual exhaust gas regulation (EGR) with both high-pressure (HP) and low-pressure (LP) recirculation. The EGR system is modelled using networks of hyperbolic PDEs coupled with time varying oridinary differential equations (ODEs). The fourth objective of the thesis is to design boundary adaptive estimators for such kind of systems. ; La thèse aborde sur l'estimation et le contrôle d'équations aux dérivées partielles couplées (EDP). La première application est dans le domaine de la cryogénie des systèmes de fluides au CERN. Une nouvelle technologie de refroidissement est maintenant développée au CERN, utilisant le CO2 comme réfrigérant. L'objectif d'un cycle de refroidissement est de faire circuler un liquide de refroidissement froid dans les détecteurs au silicium chauds. Le cycle de refroidissement est constitué avec d'éléments appelés échangeurs de chaleur. Ces dispositifs sont utilisés pour échanger l'énergie du fluide chaud vers le fluide froid à travers une interface solide. La dynamique des échangeurs est modélisée par des variables qui évoluent non seulement dans le temps, mais aussi dans l'espace, telles que les températures, les pressions et les débits massiques. Nous abordons dans cette thèse trois problèmes de contrôle automatique liés aux échangeurs de chaleur. Le premier consiste à synthétiser un observateur adaptatif pour estimer les températures distribuées ainsi que le coefficient de transfert de chaleur d'un échangeur fonctionnant au CO2 monophasé comme fluide de refroidissement. Le modèle mathématique est basé sur des équations hyperbolique aux dérivées partielles linéaires couplées dans le domaine. Le deuxième problème est de concevoir un observateur de frontière pour estimer les états d'un échangeur de chaleur avec des fluides qui changent de phase. Le modèle mathématique implique des équations hyperboliques non linéaires décrivant les lois d'équilibre. Le troisième problème est d'étudier l'importance de la propriété de diffusion dans les échangeurs de chaleur. Ceci implique l'étude de modèles mathématiques impliquant le couplage entre différentes classes d'EDP: hyperboliques et paraboliques. La deuxième motivation de la thèse est le système d'échappement de voiture équipé de doubles boucles EGR pour moteurs diesel (Renault). Des limites d'émission pour les moteurs diesel ont été imposées par la législation européenne pour minimiser la pollution des transports routiers, qui reste la source la plus importante de pollution de l'air urbain en Europe en ce qui concerne les NOx (oxydes d'azote) et CO (monoxyde de carbone). Les exigences environnementales obligent les concepteurs de moteurs de voitures à développer de nouvelles technologies pour diminuer la consommation de carburant et les niveaux d'émissions tout en satisfaisant les conditions de conduite du moteur souhaitées. L'une des nouvelles configurations, qui peut fournir des conditions adéquates pour plusieurs modes de combustion, est la double régulation des gaz d'échappement (EGR) avec recirculation à la fois haute pression (HP) et basse pression (LP). Le système EGR est modélisé à l'aide d'un réseau d'EDP hyperboliques couplées à d'équations aux dérivées ordinaire (EDO) variant dans le temps. Le quatrième objectif de la thèse est de concevoir des estimateurs adaptatifs aux frontières du domaine pour ce type de systèmes.

In an increasingly connected world, the Internet permeates every aspect of our lives. The number of devices connected to the global network is rising, with prospects foreseeing 75 billions devices by 2025.The Internet of Things envisioned twenty years ago is now materializing at a fast pace, but this growth is not without consequence. The increasing number of devices raises the possibility of surveillance to a level never seen before.A major step has been taken in 2018 to safeguard privacy, with the introduction of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union. It imposes obligations to data controllers on the content of information about personal data collection and processing, and on the means of communication of this information to data subjects. This information is all the more important that it is required for consent, which is one of the legal grounds to process personal data.However, the Internet of Things can pose difficulties to implement lawful information communication and consent management.The tension between the requirements of the GDPR for information and consent and the Internet of Things cannot be easily solved. It is however possible. The goal of this thesis is to provide a solution for information communication and consent management in the Internet of Things from a technological point of view.To do so, we introduce a generic framework for information communication and consent management in the Internet of Things. This framework is composed of a protocol to communicate and negotiate privacy policies, requirements to present information and interact with data subjects, and requirements over the provability of consent.We support the feasibility of this generic framework with different options of implementation. The communication of information and consent through privacy policies can be implemented in two different manners: directly and indirectly. We then propose ways to implement the presentation of information and the provability of consent.A design space is also provided for systems designers, as a guide for choosing between the direct and the indirect implementations.Finally, we present fully functioning prototypes devised to demonstrate the feasibility of the framework's implementations. We illustrate how the indirect implementation of the framework can be developed as a collaborative website named Map of Things. We then sketch the direct implementation combined with the agent presenting information to data subjects under the mobile application CoIoT. ; Dans un monde de plus en plus connecté, Internet s'infiltre dans tous les aspects de nos vies. Le nombre d'appareils connectés au réseau mondial ne cesse d'augmenter, certaines perspectives prédisant 75 milliards d'appareils d'ici 2025.L'Internet des Objets envisagé il y a 20 ans se matérialise à une vitesse soutenue, mais cette croissance n'est pas sans conséquence. Le nombre croissant d'appareils suscite en effet des possibilités de surveillance jamais vu auparavant.Un cap a été franchi en 2018 pour la protection de l'intimité numérique (privacy), avec la mise en application du Réglement Européen sur la Protection des Données (RGPD) dans l'Union Européenne. Il impose des obligations aux responsables de traitements sur le contenu de l'information à communiquer aux personnes concernées à propos de la collecte et du traitement de leurs données personnelles, ainsi que sur les moyens de communiquer cette information. Cette information est d'autant plus importante qu'elle est une condition préalable à la validité du consentement, une base légale de traitement. Cependant, l'Internet des Objets peut poser des difficultés pour mettre en place la communication de l'information nécessaire à la validité légale d'un traitement, ainsi qu'à la gestion du consentement.La tension entre les exigences du RGPD à propos de l'information et du consentement et l'Internet des Objets n'est pas chose facile à résoudre.Ce n'est cependant pas impossible. Le but de cette thèse est de fournir une solution pour la communication de l'information et la gestion du consentement dans l'Internet des Objets.Pour ce faire, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel générique pour la communication de l'information et la gestion du consentement dans l'Internet des Objets. Ce cadre conceptuel est composé d'un protocole de communication et de négociation des politiques de protection de la vie privée (privacy policies), d'exigences pour la présentation de l'information et l'interaction avec les personnes concernées, ainsi que d'exigences pour la démonstration du consentement.Nous soutenons la faisabilité de ce cadre conceptuel générique avec différentes options de mise en oeuvre. La communication de l'information et du consentement peut être effectuée de deux manières : directement et indirectement. Nous proposons ensuite différentes manières de mettre en oeuvre la présentation de l'information et la démonstration du consentement. Un espace de conception (design space) est aussi proposé à destination des concepteurs de systèmes, afin d'aider à choisir entre différentes options de mise en oeuvre.Enfin, nous proposons des prototypes fonctionnels, conçus pour démontrer la faisabilité des options de mise en oeuvre du cadre conceptuel. Nous illustrons comment la communication indirecte de l'information peut être mise en oeuvre au sein d'un site web collaboratif appelé Map of Things. Nous présentons ensuite la communication directe de l'information et du consentement combinée à un agent présentant l'information aux personnes concernées à travers une application mobile nommée CoIoT.

Recenti studi sulla salute pubblica si sono concentrati sulla determinazione delle influenze dell'ambiente costruito sullo stato di salute fisica e mentale della popolazione. Al fine di promuovere il trasporto attivo e l'attività fisica, considerati comportamenti favorevoli per la prevenzione delle malattie non trasmissibili (NCD) come l'obesità, è necessario ridurre gli effetti negativi dell'ambiente costruito e sviluppare quelli positivi, come, ad esempio, uno spazio urbano percorribile. Lo scopo della ricerca è definire un quadro di valutazione della percorribilità della città in grado di evidenziare punti di forza e debolezza nel suo ambiente urbano. Tutti gli aspetti che hanno un'influenza diretta (basata sull'evidenza) sulla promozione dell'adozione di stili di vita sani o sulla promozione del trasporto attivo come strategia per aumentare il livello di attività fisica a causa dell'esistenza del viaggio urbano quotidiano. Dopo aver condotto una revisione della letteratura volta a identificare tutti gli strumenti di valutazione esistenti, sono stati esaminati in dettaglio 20 studi di ricerca. Il nuovo metodo di valutazione nasce dal confronto e dalla selezione critica dei vari indicatori qualitativi-quantitativi trovati, integrati in una struttura di analisi multi-criterio di indagine a doppia scala, con riferimento alla calpestabilità e prestando attenzione a quegli indicatori che hanno implicazioni sulla promozione della salute . Il nuovo framework di valutazione, denominato MilanoWalkability Measurement (MWM), è applicabile in diversi contesti urbani ed è stato testato in due diverse aree di Milano. La dimensione Macro (vale a dire, densità, diversità e criteri di progettazione) si riferisce alla scala urbana ed esamina la città da una vista dall'alto. Descrive quantitativamente i fattori urbani complessivi (dimensione dell'area urbana pari a 1,5 Km2; tipologia di dati: archivio). La Micro dimensione (vale a dire criteri di Utilità, Sicurezza, Comfort ed Estetica) indaga la città a livello di scala stradale. Descrive qualitativamente le caratteristiche degli spazi esterni (lunghezza della strada di circa 500/700 mt; tipologia di dati: osservativa). Infine, il quadro è stato ponderato rispetto a un gruppo di esperti. I risultati attesi sono stati riflessi nelle raccomandazioni di progettazione basate sui dati qualitativi-quantitativi raccolti. Il metodo di valutazione sviluppato porta criteri innovativi come la fase di valutazione multi-scaling (Macro e Micro) e la capacità di prendere in considerazione aspetti che secondo la letteratura hanno relazioni con la promozione della salute legate al miglioramento di uno stile di vita sano, legate al quotidiano scelte di trasporto attive. Le raccomandazioni di progettazione sono utili sia per i responsabili politici, per fare scelte specifiche basate sull'evidenza, sia per i progettisti, per capire quali aspetti dell'ambiente urbano devono essere migliorati o implementati al fine di promuovere una città percorribile. ; Recent studies in public health have focused on determining the influences of the built environment on the population's physical and mental health status. In order to promote active transport and physical activity, considered favorable behavior for the prevention non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, it is necessary to reduce the negative effects of the built environment and develop positive ones, such as, for example, a walkable urban space. The aim of the research is to define a city's walkability assessment framework capable of highlighting points of strength and weakness in its urban environment. All of the aspects that have a direct influence (evidence-based) on fostering the adoption of healthy lifestyles or promoting active transport as a strategy to increase the level of physical activity due to the existence of daily urban travel should be considered. After conducting a literature review aimed at identifying all of the existing assessment tools, 20 research studies were examined in detail. The new evaluation method arises from the comparison and critical selection of the various qualitative-quantitative indicators found, integrated into a multi-criteria analysis structure of dual-scale survey, with reference to walkability and paying attention to those indicators that have implications on health promotion. The new assessment framework, named MilanoWalkability Measurement (MWM), is applicable in different urban contexts and was tested in two different areas of Milan. The Macro dimension (i.e., Density, Diversity, and Design criteria) refers to the urban scale and examines the city from a top view. It describes quantitatively the overall urban factors (urban area size equal to 1.5 Km2; typology of data: archival). The Micro dimension (i.e., Usefulness, Safeness, Comfort, and Aesthetics criteria) investigates the city at the street scale level. It describes qualitatively features of the outdoor spaces (road length of about 500/700 mt; typology of data: observational). Finally, the framework was weighted by comparison with a panel of experts. The expected results were reflected in the design recommendations based on the collected qualitative-quantitative data. The developed assessment method brings innovative criteria such as the multi-scaling assessment phase (Macro and Micro) and the ability to take into consideration aspects that according to the literature have relationships with health promotion linked to the improvement of a healthy lifestyle, related to daily active transportation choices. The design recommendations are useful both to policy-makers, to make evidence-based specific choices, and to designers, to understand what aspects of the urban environment must be improved or implemented in order to promote a walkable city.

The Internet started out – with the inception of ARPANET in the 1960s, followed by NSFNET in 1986 – as a government-funded academic research network interconnecting universities and research facilities. Just a few years later, the World Wide Web was invented, and the first commercial service providers emerged. During the transition phase from a research to a commercial-purpose network, most of the crucial changes to protocols, infrastructure, and governance have occurred and continue to shape the Internet today. In its current state, the Internet is a collection of tens of thousands interconnected networks which exchange traffic among each other. These heterogeneous networks, varying in size and type, are owned and operated by organizations with individual interests and goals. While some networks provide connectivity to consumers and companies, other networks focus on the distribution and delivery of content. Depending on their business model, traffic composition and volumes exchanged among these networks can vary significantly. Network operators need to understand the composition of traffic in order to meet the quality expectations of their customers. However, Internet traffic is more diverse than ever. Many different applications, including video streaming, gaming, or file-sharing, dominate the dynamic composition of traffic, while live events such as the World Cup cause major temporal variations in traffic volume. Moreover, an increasing trend towards traffic encryption makes it increasingly difficult for network operators to obtain a holistic picture of the traffic landscape. Further, the manner in which traffic is exchanged between the networks makes it increasingly hard to reason about trends in the Internet. The exchange of traffic is governed by complex business relations among ISPs, or by traffic steering policies performed by CDNs and cloud providers who take advantage of network and path diversity by peering at IXPs. Inter-domain routing and the associated traffic flow is steadily evolving. In order to keep track of developments in the Internet, it is vital to steadily revisit changes to infrastructure and policies and how they affect traffic flow. In this dissertation, we investigate the traffic flow and the underlying routing mechanisms. Specifically, we seek to gain a better understanding of heterogeneity and traffic asymmetries on inter-domain links and the global routing table growth. We dissect the composition of today's Internet traffic and the interactions of the involved parties and highlight the economic incentives that drive many of the main commercial players to deploy their servers deep within third-party networks. Further, we illuminate how hypergiants and complex business relationships impact the balance and distribution of ingress and egress in inter-domain traffic. Finally, we study the ramifications of these complexities on the global routing table growth by investigating one of the contributors to growth, namely prefix delegations, and how different parties use prefix delegations to influence path selection. Through the analysis of the Internet from multiple points of view, we observe an increasing trend towards network heterogeneity and unconventional routing, which is increasingly diverging from our notion of a hierarchical Internet. Our findings contribute to advancing a new mental model for the Internet's ecosystem that goes beyond traffic agnostic AS-graph models and can support network operators in network planning and provisioning. Last, insights in the complexities of prefix delegations shed light on current protocol limitations and can inform protocol designers in the future. ; Das Internet begann – mit der Gründung von ARPANET in den 1960er Jahren, gefolgt von NSFNET im Jahr 1986 – als staatlich finanziertes akademisches Forschungsnetz, das Universitäten und Forschungseinrichtungen miteinander verband. Wenige Jahre später wurde das World Wide Web erfunden und die ersten kommerziellen Provider entstanden. Während der Übergangsphase von einem Forschungs- zu einem kommerziellen Netzwerk fanden die meisten wesentlichen Änderungen an Protokollen, Infrastruktur und Governance statt und prägen das Internet bis heute. Das heutige Internet ist eine Ansammlung Zehntausender, miteinander verbundener Netzwerke, die untereinander Verkehr austauschen. Diese heterogenen Netzwerke unterscheiden sich in Größe und Typ, und werden von Organisationen mit individuellen Interessen und Zielen betrieben. Während einige Netzwerke Konnektivität für Verbraucher und Unternehmen bereitstellen, konzentrieren sich andere auf die Verteilung und Bereitstellung von Inhalten. Abhängig vom Geschäftsmodell, kann die Zusammensetzung und das Volumen des ausgetauschten Verkehrs erheblich variieren. Netzbetreiber müssen die Zusammensetzung des Verkehrs verstehen, um die Qualitätserwartungen ihrer Kunden zu erfüllen. Der Internetverkehr ist jedoch vielfältiger als je zuvor: Verschiedene Anwendungen, z. B. Video-Streaming, Spiele oder Filesharing, dominieren die dynamische Zusammensetzung, während Live-Ereignisse, wie die Fußballweltmeisterschaft, große temporäre Volumenschwankungen verursachen. Der Trend zur Datenverschlüsselung und die Art des Verkehrsaustauschs zwischen den Netzen, machen es zunehmend schwerer für Betreiber ein Bild der Verkehrslandschaft zu erstellen und Trends zu verstehen. Dabei wird der Verkehrsaustausch von komplexen Geschäftsbeziehungen zwischen Providern oder von Verkehrssteuerung durch CDNs und Cloud-Anbietern, die die Netzwerk- und Pfadvielfalt in IXPs ausnutzen, beeinflusst. Inter-Domain Routing, und der damit verbundene Verkehr, entwickeln sich kontinuierlich. Um Entwicklungen im Internet zu verfolgen, ist es wichtig, Änderungen an Infrastruktur und Richtlinien, und deren Auswirkungen auf den Verkehr ständig zu überprüfen. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir den Verkehrsfluss und die zugrundeliegenden Routing-Mechanismen. Insbesondere möchten wir ein besseres Verständnis der Heterogenität und der Verkehrsasymmetrien auf Inter-domain-Links, und des Wachstums der globalen Routing-Tabelle erlangen. Wir analysieren die Zusammensetzung des heutigen Verkehrs und die Interaktionen der beteiligten Akteure, und heben wirtschaftliche Anreize vieler kommerziell relevanter Akteure zum Einsatz von Servern in Dritt-Netzwerken hervor. Zudem beleuchten wir Auswirkungen von Hypergiants und komplexer Geschäftsbeziehungen auf die Balance und Verteilung von Ingress und Egress im Inter-Domain-Verkehr. Zum Schluss untersuchen wir die Auswirkungen dieser Komplexitäten auf das Wachstum der globalen Routing-Tabelle, indem wir einen der Wachstumsträger untersuchen, nämlich Präfixdelegationen, und wie sie von verschiedenen Akteuren verwendet werden, um die Pfadauswahl zu beeinflussen. Durch die Analyse des Internets aus mehreren Blickwinkeln beobachten wir einen ansteigenden Trend hin zu Netzheterogenität und unkonventionellem Routing, der zunehmend von unserer Vorstellung eines hierarchischen Internets abweicht. Unsere Resultate tragen zu einem neuen Denkmodell für das Internetökosystem bei, das über verkehrs-unabhängige AS-Graph-Modelle hinausgeht, und Netzbetreiber bei der Netzwerkplanung und -bereitstellung unterstützen kann. Schließlich geben Einblicke in die Komplexität von Präfixdelegationen Aufschluss über aktuelle Protokolleinschränkungen und können Protokolldesigner in der Zukunft informieren.

About the research question: in the business world, companies increasingly tend to create their websites and apps by conducting exhaustive simultaneous or preliminary research and testing. Surfaces developed in this way are easy to use and understand, and they meet the explicit and implicit needs and expectations of the users. This in turn generates new expectations, that is, citizens need public administration sites to be usable and easy to understand at the same time. They want to be able to search for information, do administrative tasks and carry out other transactions in a straightforward manner (Béres and Zsák, 2007).In the meantime, it is a well known fact that citizens have a problem with orienting themselves on public administration websites in most countries. The interpretation of the information architecture and wording cause difficulty, a lot of things are not found in places where the user would look, and so on. However, if the surface of public administration sites is cumbersome, navigation is complicated, the expressions used there are difficult to understand, citizens will be annoyed, and choose personal administration with a bad feeling. This does not favor the spread of e-government, while, according to the eEurope action plans, public administration should be able to offer complex electronic public services that meet up to date standards of quality, content and functionality.The paper explores the possible backgrounds of the above problems, and presents methods for developing online public administration web surfaces in such a way the results meet the explicit and implicit expectations of users after all.The author gives real answers to the following questions:• How can public administration websites be more simple and straightforward to use?• How can web surfaces be tested, and in which phase of developing is it best to do this?• What kinds of known, tried methods are available for this, and when have they been used?• How did those who "did well" do it?In order to answer the above questions, the paper also presents some case studies, websites developed by governments and cities that specifically kept in mind the explicit expectations, values and points of view of users, and these needs were taken into account during development.Method of the research: following the thorough desk research, the author conducted and complemented the exploration with on site, personal and telephone interviews as well as e-mail communications. The presented examples are based on the author's research going on since 2009.Main results, conclusion: The examples presented in the study aim to support the point that as well as all other websites, public administrations sites also need to or should be made with continuous testing during development, including the study of mental models (even if this was not a stated explicit need during the development).The presented examples demonstrate that sites that were systematically assessed through preliminary research and testing during development, and the finished page is also continuously developed, meet the expectations of users much better than those where this was not the case (see, for example, Herendy, 2015), and the subsequent studies of the author also confirm this.During the development of the studied sites, designers and developers conducted the following types of research, among others:• Analyzing web analytics, e.g. Google Analytics, in order to learn about the prior and present behavior and needs of the users;• Preparing online survey research, and analyzing the results in order to map the needs of users;• Workshops for designing the information architecture;• Card sorting tests to support the design of the information architecture;• A/B tests, which help developers pick the design that is easier and simpler to use from two options;• Preparing wireframes and prototypes, testing them with members of the target group;• Collecting feedback from users.The British gov.uk site can be an outstanding example to follow for all public administration organs, as it was designed with the use of nearly all the excellent testing and development methods: starting with learning about the needs of users, followed by A / B testing and preparing a prototype. They paid attention to optimizing color coding, the simplest possible presentation of everything, ease of use, iteration, and accessibility. They got to know existing mental models and stuck to them, they coordinated the adjustment of contrast, color, typography, icons, style, sound effects and visual metaphors.The British gov.uk site is also outstanding because it is not just about the government creating and continuously developing and shaping a web surface, but also teaches anyone interested in how they can create this kind of surface themselves, or at least one that meets such high standards.The presented examples represent the state of the sites in the period between 2012 and 2017. Some of the surfaces have been further developed in the meantime, and some were completely restructured.With a view to the harmful development practices that can be observed sometimes – not only in Hungary worldwide – (the development process is poorly planned, it involves no testing or testing is poorly implemented, authentic UX and research experts are not consulted, developments are often made in-house (which tends to happen due to the lack of information, rather than by bad intentions)), the presented examples are still of interest in 2017. This is especially true if we consider the testing and development methods that have been used smoothly for the past 5-10 years.

Buildings account for 40% of all energy use in European countries. The European Union (EU) therefore encourages member states to adopt Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) and implement energy-efficient practices during building design to minimize the energy use of buildings. However, recent studies have shown that energy-efficient buildings may not always outperform conventional buildings in terms of Life Cycle Energy (LCE) use. This is mainly due to the trade-off between embodied and operational energy, and a reliance on EEMs that reduce operational energy while sometimes increasing embodied energy and LCE use. To improve buildings' environmental performance, the impact of different EEMs on buildings' energy use needs to be assessed from a lifecycle perspective, and methods for identifying optimal combinations of EEMs that minimize LCE use should be developed. Ideally, these methods should be integrated with building information modelling (BIM) to enable seamless data exchange and to help Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) practitioners make optimal design decisions relating to EEMs. The work presented in this thesis had two overall objectives: (1) to explore the scope for developing BIM-supported method(s) for assessing and optimizing the impact of EEMs on buildings' LCE use during the design process, and (2) use the BIM-supported method(s) for exploring the impact of various EEMs that are implemented and modified during the building design process on the buildings' LCE use. The work presented in this thesis is based on an exploratory research design involving iterative cycles of (1) problem identification, (2) method development, (3) method examination, and (4) theory suggestion. In step 1, problems were identified by conducting literature studies and workshops with AEC practitioners, and analyzing archival data. In step 2, prototyping was used to develop methods to overcome the identified problems. In step 3, the applicability of these methods (or prototypes) was tested in case studies on actual and hypothetical building projects. Three case studies were conducted – one dealing with a low energy dwelling located in Kiruna, Sweden; another dealing with a multifamily residential building in Uppsala, Sweden; and a third dealing with a hypothetical multifamily residential building in Stockholm, Sweden. In step 4, the results were compared to existing theories to strengthen existing knowledge and identify previously unrecognized findings. In relation to the first objective, the results obtained show that the factors and activities required to develop BIM-supported method(s) for assessing and optimizing the impact of EEMs on a building's LCE use during the design phase are: • A database that stores external and building project data (e.g. BIM data) and links it to be used for assessment and optimization, providing access to the data whenever needed. • The development of interfaces using middleware applications to ensure interoperability and seamless automated exchange of information between BIM and other systems. • Predefined objects (i.e. building part and component recipes) that are stored in a database and linked to inventories and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for the relevant materials, enabling assessment of the buildings' embodied energy and LCE use. • The application of multi-objective optimization techniques (e.g. Pareto-based genetic algorithms) to identify optimal solution(s) for EEMs that minimize (optimize) the building's LCE use. In relation to the second objective of the thesis, the results obtained indicate that: • EEMs that are implemented and modified during the detailed design phase have much less influence on the building's LCE use than those implemented in the early design phase. Highly influential EEMs related to the early design phase which were tested herein were the building's shape, orientation, Window to Wall Ratio (WWR), and the selection of materials used in the building envelope. • Generally, thickening roof insulation has a strong beneficial effect on LCE use for buildings in Sweden. • For buildings using energy sources with high primary energy factors, the most effective way to reduce LCE use may be to implement many EEMs that reduce operational energy use. However, this approach may be less helpful for buildings using greener energy sources because in such cases the embodied energy may have a greater effect on the final LCE use. • The embodied energies of materials in the same class can vary significantly between suppliers. Such differences in embodied energy can be identified by considering the suppliers' EPDs, the energetic contributions due to their mode of transportation from the site of production, and the distance between the site of production and the construction site. • If the developed optimization approach is used to identify optimal combinations of EEMs in the early design phase, designers can freely choose from a wide range of building shapes without greatly affecting LCE use. However, without early phase optimization, designs that use different building shapes may exhibit significantly different LCE use values. The results provide both theoretical and practical contributions that may be useful to researchers and AEC practitioners seeking to develop BIM-supported design processes and to reduce buildings' LCE use by adopting appropriate EEMs. The results also show that embodied energy can be a major component of a building's LCE use if the building's design relies heavily on EEMs designed solely to reduce operational energy use. Policy makers and governmental bodies are thus advised to update regulations and building codes to reflect the importance of embodied energy so as to minimize the LCE use of new and retrofitting building projects.

Introduction. Activation of the process of internationalisation and mobility in Russian Vocational Education and Training (VET) is quite possible by adapting principles and methodology of the European Credit Transfer System for Vocational Education and Training (ECVET). The need to achieve transparency of qualifications, recognition of learning outcomes in view of achieving qualifications, accumulation, comparison and transfer of learning outcomes becomes more apparent and urgent for integration processes of VET systems in Russia and European Union countries and is currently under consideration by the RUECVET project team.The aimis to adjust application of functional analysis to description of an occupation in terms of work functions with the following conversion of the defined functions into sets of learning outcomes necessary for characterizing a qualification. The ECVET principles and technical specifications form the context of the research in order to develop an adequate VET study programme for achieving the correspondent qualification of level 4 or 5 of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) in the Russian education environment. Methodology and research methods. The methodology is based on the functional analysis of an occupational sector and the functions performed within it in such a manner that the following identification of the correspondent units of learning outcomes for the relevant qualification can be fulfilled. The research has been conducted by means of the content-analysis, modelling and expert estimation method.Results and scientific novelty. Comparative analysis of approaches to the design of occupations and qualifications in both national and European environments is presented in the article. The functional analysis is used for allocation of work functions and creation of units of learning outcomes related to a particular qualification. The procedure of applying functional analysis to an occupation as well as the technology of consequent construction of the functional map for the correspondent qualification taking into account the relevant educational and occupational standards and sectoral preferences have been elaborated. The result of the study is adaptation of methodology of functional analysis and verification of the developed procedure when constructing a functional map of the chosen qualification. The procedures are illustrated on the qualification of a lawyer achieved in the VET study programme "Legislation and Social Protection", equivalent to level 5 of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF). Successful experiments with occupations of welders, electricians, web designers, hospitality managers and others related to the qualifications of level 4 and 5 of EQF have been also completed in RUECVET project, although are not described in the article due to the restricted volume.Practical significance. The derived procedures are useful for development of a set of detailed learning outcomes from functional mapping by allocating knowledge and skills and using the concept of unit of learning outcomes for compilation of a qualification in accordance with the relevant educational and occupational standards and employers' understanding how the real work should be performed. The procedures are useful also for identifying units of learning outcomes to build an adequate VET study programme in ECVET context of Russian educational system. ; Введение. Активизации процессов мобильности и интернационализации в системе среднего специального и высшего российского образования способствует внедрение в нее методологии и инструментария European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training – ECVET (Европейской системы зачетных единиц для профессионального образования и обучения). Необходимость прозрачности приобретаемых студентами квалификаций, устанавливающихся посредством единых механизмов оценки, признания, накопления и сравнения результатов профессиональной подготовки, становится более очевидной и актуальной в связи с интеграцией образовательного пространства России и Европы. В настоящее время изыскания в этом направлении ведутся группой ученых, участвующих в пилотном международном проекте RUECVET.Цель публикации – представить разработанную авторским коллективом исследователей методику описания квалификации – определения подразумевающихся под ней трудовых функций с последующим их преобразованием в показатели результатов обучения, характеризующих данную квалификацию, которая присваивается по завершении программы профессиональной подготовки.Методология и методы. В ходе работы в качестве методолого-методической базы использовались функциональный и сравнительный виды анализа, методы контент-анализа, моделирования и экспертной оценки.Результаты и научная новизна. Сопоставлены подходы к проектированию профессий и квалификаций, применяющиеся в странах Евросоюза и в Российской Федерации. Исходя из синтезированного опыта разных государств, адаптированного к российским экономическим и образовательным реалиям, выделены обобщенные трудовые функции ряда специальностей, соответствующих 4-му или 5-му уровням Европейской рамки квалификаций (EQF). На основе этих функций и с учетом содержания действующих образовательных и профессиональных стандартов, а также мнения работодателей сформированы блоки результатов обучения, требующихся для достижения определенного квалификационного уровня. Продемонстрирован процесс создания функциональной карты конкретной квалификации. Технология построения функциональной карты проиллюстрирована на примере специальности среднего профессионального образования «Право и организация социального обеспечения» (в EQF относится к 5-му уровню). Отмечается, что ряд подобных успешных экспериментов был проведен с профессиями сварщика, электрика, веб-дизайнера, специалиста по гостеприимству и др.Практическое значение. Предлагаемые процедуры детализации профессиональных знаний, умений, навыков и компетенций и комплектования из них блоков результатов обучения в виде функциональных карт для конструирования и оценки квалификации позволяют разрабатывать адекватные требованиям мирового рынка труда программы профессионального образования. Технология, основанная на функциональном анализе, отвечает принципам и техническим требованиям ECVET и дает возможность измерять и регистрировать результаты обучения согласно международной системе зачетных единиц (кредитов).[1] Режим доступа: http://www.ruecvet.uz/en/.

This thesis argues that it is productive to consider playthings, playmates, playgrounds, and play practices as constituting a set with shared design characteristics. I make this argument by analyzing a series of examples, teasing out commonalities, and articulating these as play design principles. Since play is central to human experience, play design techniques allow us to design for the whole human, whether we are crafting games, tools, learning experiences, or playthings. SimCity, a software plaything that confounds game-centric approaches (e.g. game studies and game design), is the keystone in an arch of case studies that takes us from some of the earliest examples of computer simulation all the way to model cities enacted with children, cardboard, and costumes, and unusual playgrounds made of junk.Before turning to the case studies that lead to the principles of play design, we must first address two foundational methodological points:First, in order to analyze something as play, we must be able to speak constructively about play itself, which is a bewildering subject. In chapter 1, Play, we review the literature on play, reconciling multiple perspectives and definitions, and distill seven play characteristics that underpin the thesis.Second, in order to analyze software, we must have methods for doing so. Chapter 2, Software, advances an analytical framework for this purpose. This is a methodological contribution to the nascent field of software studies, which seeks to interpret the semi-visible infrastructure of computing that mediates modern life, from our bodies and our most intimate relationships to our public and political lives. To link software to play, I introduce an additional analytical framework for considering software as a resource for play.Will Wright created SimCity to amuse himself and learn about cities. To build it, he appropriated from multiple traditions in which computers are used as tools for modeling and thinking about the world as a complex system, most notably system dynamics and cellular automata. Wright's make believe play was scaffolded by these software practices, which offered inspiration and guidance, as well as abstract computational primitives for world building. Chapters 3–5 trace the historical contexts and origins of SimCity's many design influences, from system dynamics (chapter 3) and cellular automata (chapter 4)—two very different ways of seeing, thinking about, and computationally representing the world—to Pinball Construction Set and Raid on Bungling Bay (chapter 5).Taking up the evolution of software in this way allows us to see how it is formed, what it is made of, and how ideas are embedded within and perpetuated by it. Deconstruction also helps us to understand software as a medium of dynamic representation, a scaffold for thought, an aesthetic experience, and its appeal as a resource for play.In Chapter 5, SimBusiness, I give a historical account of SimCity's creation and the social circumstances that shaped its design, and sketch the history of Maxis, the company that marshaled and published SimCity. The trajectory of Maxis offers a parable about play and creativity. We see in Maxis's formation and unraveling the inescapable tension between play and capitalism, and between intrinsic and extrinsic play—the private autotelic play that innovates and creates, and the public play of player-consumers that pays the bills.Chapter 6, SimCity, completes the SimCity case study by considering it as play artifact and experience. Using extensive diagrams that translate and map its code, I perform a close reading of SimCity, explaining how it conjures the illusion of a miniature living city, and how this living world scaffolds play.Two non-digital examples round out the play design case studies. In chapter 7, City Building Education, we look at Doreen Nelson's practice of building and role playing model cities with children in classrooms. Nelson's simulation is an excellent counterpoint to Wright's, and their comparison elucidates many play design principles. Chapter 8, Adventure Playground, looks at an unusual playground in which children build with junk, and play with risks and materials, like wood, paint, and nails, that are typically withheld from them. In addition to illuminating principles of play design, the adventure playground tradition reveals play's "refructifying" (Sutton-Smith 1999) capacity to sweep up everything, even the detritus of civilization, and creatively reimagine it. Conceived amidst the darkness of World War II, adventure playgrounds illustrate how life transcends ruin through play—an important lesson for the 21st century's unfolding challenges.In chapter 9, Play Design, I articulate play design principles drawn from the case studies. The principles are analytical, enabling us to see how play is scaffolded, as well as generative, prescribing design strategies for scaffolding play. This analytical-generative pairing enables us to deconstruct the design of a plaything, and transfer these design techniques to a new project—a technique that should be of interest to the educators, marketers, and designers of all stripes who have often envied the deep focus, enthusiasm, and pleasure afforded by make believe caves, dungeons, cities, and computationally animated living worlds. Play design is also deeply relevant to new embodiments of computation on the horizon, such as augmented reality and tangible dynamic media. Play is profoundly appropriative, and good play designs teach us how to robustly accommodate unpredictable environments and activities—a key design consideration for builders of such systems, which must gracefully take in the human world in all its glorious messiness.