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AbstractThe study explores the determinants of credit union (CU) savings in Ghana and finds that credit risk, assets (size) and female membership are significant determinants of CU savings. Whereas a rise in CU credit risk increases CU savings, a rise in female membership as well as CU assets is characterised by a fall in CU savings. The study, therefore, argues that CUs in Ghana could maximise their savings if they target their savings‐ mobilisation campaigns at income‐earning men with higher marginal propensity to save coupled with the adoption of an effective and efficient asset management policy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The article shows the factors that influenced legal behavior of a person in a historical retrospect. Special attention is paid to the economic, technological, political, moral, and religious factors. The author shows the conditionality of legal behavior of a person in the Middle Ages in relation to their status. It is proposed to combine the historical determinants of legal behavior into several groups. The role of law in establishing criteria of lawful behavior is emphasized.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that determine credit ratings provided by the top three credit rating agencies: Fitch Rating, Moody's, Standards and Poor. Key component analysis is Sused to determine the common factors affecting these components. A systematic analysis is used to determine the effect of the changes involved in these factors. Of the many variables used, the set of explanatory variables chosen in this study is very important in describing credit ratings. That said, six variables appear to be most relevant in determining a country's credit rating. The results show that sovereignty ratings are primarily affected by per capita income, government income, real exchange rate fluctuations, inflation and debt history.The study also highlighted the importance of corruption as measured by Transparency International's Corruption Awareness Index, which appears to be indicative of the country's economic growth and good governance.

This study critically investigates the determinants of sovereign credit ratings in emerging markets, during 2001 to 2015. This was conducted in 20 emerging markets, using S&P and Moody ratings. Linear framework econometric approach with the use of pooled Ordinary Least Square regression method was adopted in the study. The explanatory power of the estimated models has a good performance across both rating agencies. The study reveals the importance of five macroeconomic variables in determining the sovereign credit rating of emerging markets. These variables are: gross domestic product per capital, inflation, government debt, reserves, and external debt. Also, world governance indicators, a proxy for qualitative/political variables, were found to be an essential determinant of rating.

Adams' dissonance-based equity theory is compared with a normative approach based on the value-expectancy-normative (VEN) model of social behaviour. This alternative view of equity phenomena avoids difficulties associated with consistency theory by attributing motivation to reduce inequity to conformity with an equity norm. It retains most of the behavioural predictions of Adams' model but emphasizes the effect of situational factors known to influence conformity. It is suggested that the VEN model is particularly useful for predicting behaviour in cases of profitable inequity where self-interest and equitable behaviour are in conflict. In the first experiment high and low profitable inequity were induced by two levels of overpayment, and reward re-allocation examined under two 'surveillance' conditions. Reward re-allocation occurred as predicted by Adams, but the effect of magnitude of inequity on outcome choice supported the VEN prediction rather than predictions derived from Adams' somewhat ambiguous statement. The effect of the surveillance variable did not reach the required level of significance. The VEN approach was further examined in the second experiment by inducing competitive and co-operative relations between P and 0 and exposing them to two levels of economic cost of conforming with the equity norm. As predicted, both the competitive relationship and high cost of conformity reduced equitable behaviour.