Suchergebnisse

When announcing its ideas on development policy in the Second Development Decade which began in 1971, the Federal Government said that it "wishes to promote tourism in sultable less developed countries (LDCs) through improvement of the infrastructure, especially transport, provision of accommodation and training of the required personnel, making use of development banks in suitable cases".

"United Nations publication. Sales no. E.72.II.D.4." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Capital markets in developing countries are under increasing political pressure. What solutions are likely to the conflicts and problems that arise over the need to integrate them into exploiting the resources, and fulfilling the needs, of a developing economy as a whole?

Despite the many dramatic developments that have occurred over thepast half dozen years in relation to the production of natural resources insome areas of the third world, mineral production in most developingcountries is still carried out through contractual arrangements betweenforeign firms and host country governments. The nationalization of thecopper industry in Chile and the baudte industry in Guyana, the spectacularsuccesses of OPEC, and the completed or projected nationalizationsof petroleum operations in a number of countries have taken center stagesince 1969. Nevertheless, these developments are not typical of the vastmajority of mineral arrangements in developing countries.

The effects of direct investments and multinational corporations remain a highly contentious issue. The author traces here the reasons for the large number of diverging statements and comments on this issue and considers what political conclusions should be drawn from this wide variety of views.

Both exploitation of Natural resources and activities of multinational corporations in developing countries have independently been subjects of vehement discussions surrounding the oil or in a wider sense raw material crisis emerging from the embargo of OPEC countries in 1973 and those on the New International Economic Order. This paper examines in this background the role of foreign private investments in the natural resources of developing countries in the light of their current policies. But compared with traditional definition of natural resources, they are conceived here more broadly. They include besides (1) minerals., energy sources, forests, etc., also (2) air, rivers, oceans, sun energy, climate and other environmental constituents which determine nature's absorptive capacity for industrial growth and pollution. Natural resources of the first group are called here non-renewable or exhaustive and those of the second group environmental resources. The dividing line between the two groups may, however, be in some cases very thin because all natural resources are subject to exhaustion, albeit to different degrees, and all of them are parts of environment. Nevertheless, a distinction between exhaustive and environmental resources is drawn in this paper in order to account for their varying importance for foreign private investments in developing countries and in this sense our definitions of the two groups of natural resources are purely subjective.

In diesem Besprechungsaufsatz setzt sich der Autor mit dem 1977 erschienenen Buch "Die Außenwirtschaftsbeziehungen des COMECON mit den Entwicklungsländern. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Südasiens" von Jiri Elias auseinander. Clemens Jürgenmeyer weist daraufhin, dass die wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen COMECON und der Dritten Welt bis dahin unzureichend untersucht wurden und daher dieses Buch dabei hilft, eine Forschungslücke zu schließen.

Given the limitations of traditional economic theory in its generalizations, some economists are searching new analytical frameworks to analyze social reality. Following the proposal of Jürgen Schuldt to integrate economics with political sociology, this article offers the first suggestions to achieve this synthesis. ; El sistema autogestionario, diferente al sistema de mercado y estatista, ofrece una alternativa para los países en desarrollo que buscan alcanzar a los países desarrollados en materia económica, política y social. El artículo desarrolla las diferencias entre estos sistemas y las ventajas del sistema autogestionarios sobre los otros dos.

The title for my presentation given in your program clearly covers two major subjects, either of which would make an ambitious topic for the relatively brief presentation I intend to make today. Therefore, for the half-hour or so that I will talk before we get into the more important and valuable exchange of ideas and discussion to follow, I have made the decision, which I hope you will agree is sensible, to deal mostly with the subject I know more about--the protection of United States private interests abroad. But just so no one asks for his money back, let me first say a few words about the United States perspective on exploitation and supply of energy resources. Our perspective can in fact be dealt with quickly because it is straight forward and obvious. Having suffered, along with most of the rest of the world, the adverse economic effects of the huge price increases imposed by the OPEC oil cartel, as well as the embargo actions of the Arab oil producers, we are most anxious to see new sources of oil and other energy supplies developed, which will reduce the relatively unrestrained monopoly power currently exercised by OPEC. It is in this context that we are deeply concerned about the current expropriations of oil company assets that are occurring in a number of countries.

The developing countries have several things in common. They share, to a large extent, similar political and socio-economic backgrounds, strive to overcome similar problems, and aspire to achieve the same goals of social progress and economic welfare. Hence, the importance of coordination of their efforts towards their common objectives can hardly be overemphasized. In order to avoid the mistakes of the past and emulate the positive gains of the present, the developing countries, in searching for and developing their petroleum resources, can and must learn a great deal from each other. The experience of some of them has been long, rich, and varied, albeit painful and agonizing at times; that of others has been either fledgling or virtually non-existent. The gap between the two extreme categories can span as much as three-quarters of a century or more. The latter can obviously benefit from the experience of the former, adapting whatever is relevant to their own particular local conditions and current needs. This paper is an attempt to review certain aspects of that experience and to deduce its lessons in order to promote the exchange and dissemination of information, which is a prerequisite for effective cooperation among the developing countries.

The evolution of ideas on socio-economic development is first considered to show that they were theoretical in the beginning, and tended to be generalised and accorded global applicability, but were revised as experiences in the developing countries increased knowledge of the development process. The nature of the construction industry and its role in development are next discussed, and the features of the task of improving it identified. It is observed that the industry faces problems in every country. In reviewing existing studies of the construction industries of developing countries, the similarity between their diagnoses of the problems and prescriptions for improvement are noted. Generally, they suggest that construction can constrain development and therefore it should be improved and expanded to avoid this. Main themes of current proposals for improving construction in developing countries are crystallised and compared with Ghana's experience in developing its industry between 1951 and 1979. After showing that Ghana has attempted to implement most of the current proposals without significant success, it is observed that certain socio-cultural, historical and political factors underlying the industry's problems and hindering their solution are often overlooked, and that the issue of improving construction is complex and variable. Furthermore, despite generally depressing conditions, and contrary to usual calls for new procedures and systems and additional resources, much can be gained by utilising existing institutions, arrangements and resources more effectively. The need for practical approaches is emphasised. A programme for improving Ghana's construction industry is formulated. Suggestions for modification of current ideas on the construction industries of developing countries are made, especially the need for strategies to be country-specific and dynamic, the importance of a time perspective, and the usefulness of according orders of priority to particular measures, and concentrating on those easiest to implement, or with greatest linkage effects.

A large number of models have been developed and used for energy policy planning, in a regional, national or international level, in order to cope with the broad variety of issues related to the energy problem. Energy models belong to the class of policy models, which address fuzzy and complex issues involving many non-quantitative factors, such as political issues, behavioural aspects, etc., as well as many uncertainties and lack of rigorous knowledge concerning the structure of the reference system, and the interrelationships of its elements. The role of energy policy models is very important, since they enhance understanding and communication, and they assist the policymakers to review plausible future configurations of relevant decision variables and parameters. In this paper one of the most important areas of energy modelling is investigated, that concerning the interactions between energy and economy in the group of Developing and Industrializing Countries (DIC's). It is pointed out that energy models used in the DIC's must capture the particular features of energy policy in these countries, such as rapid economic development fueled by expensive, depleting and often imported energy resources; dependence on foreign resources such as energy, capital, technology, etc.; management of indigenous resources, social structural changes, rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization. In order to improve energy models and enhance their contributions in policy analysis, it is proposed that modelling efforts should be directed towards a better understanding of the energy-economy relationships in the DIC's, as well as towards the development of validated data bases. © 1983.

In consequence of the growing economic differences between the developing countries themselves, the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany has developed, alongside plans to combat absolute poverty, a concept for cooperation with relatively advanced developing countries. Rainer Offergeld, Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation, explains this concept.

As is peculiarly appropriate for any conference dealing with a rapidly developing and constantly changing area of international economic activity, both the speakers and the participants at this meeting raised more questions than were answered. A principal theme, illustrated by the papers reproduced here, was the need for careful consideration of the problem--legal and commercial-- involved in international lending on the basis of specific information concerning its effect, its promise and the needs involved. Generalizations concerning activities in developing countries are increasingly ineffective as guides to government or business policy or academic inquiry. Recent events in the Middle East confirm the rise of some segments of the Third World to positions of unprecedented economic power with which the developed world must deal. Of particular importance was the evidence presented at the conference of the need for careful consideration of new organizational forms, both public and private, to permit the effective interchange of capital, raw materials, and goods and services in a manner in which mutual benefit can be perceived by both developed and developing states. At a time when the developed world depends, to an ever greater degree, for supplies of basic raw materials, upon exports from the developing countries and when those countries give voice and action to a rapidly growing desire to enter the twentieth century during the twentieth century, consideration of these questions by the commercial, legal and academic communities must take a high priority. It is hoped that this symposium will contribute to that development.

Examines volume and effect of U.S. private trade with developing countries and discusses prospects of increased trade and improved foreign relations with such nations. ; Record is based on bibliographic data in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index. Reuse except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; Indexed in CIS US Congressional Committee Hearings Index Part VIII ; Examines volume and effect of U.S. private trade with developing countries and discusses prospects of increased trade and improved foreign relations with such nations. ; Mode of access: Internet.