In recent decades, the International Cooperation for Development (ICD) has experienced alternative ways of implementation, integrating developed countries, developing countries and multilateral organizations in triangular arrangements. In a context of economic crisis, the limitations of ICD to promote development and the doubts on the fulfillment of the financial commitments of OECD donors, led to new roles and responsibilities for emerging economies in the international development tasks. They bet on more horizontal forms of cooperation, with approaches and practices a priori distinct from the traditional North-South Cooperation (NSC). For emerging countries such as Brazil, but also for other developing countries, Triangular Cooperation (TRC) is an instrument of support to South-South Cooperation (SSC) which allows to increase the scale of their projects, deepen their impact and explore complementarities with other countries and international organizations.
Desde os anos 1980, em resposta aos desafios trazidos pelas doenças raras, alguns países desenvolvidos vêm estabelecendo quadros regulatórios. Os países em desenvolvimento devem fazer o mesmo? Este artigo argumenta que a limitação de recursos de um país em desenvolvimento, embora seja um fator importante para se considerar cuidadosamente a distribuição dos gastos com saúde, não pode ser uma desculpa para negar a necessidade de uma regulamentação. O trabalho apresenta argumentos legais e políticos para o estabelecimento de tal regulação nos países em desenvolvimento. Também relata os recentes esforços legislativos para o cuidado das doenças raras por parte das autoridades locais chinesas, explica as razões para a adoção de uma nova definição de doenças raras e elabora os segmentos necessários dentro de um contexto integrado, racional e adequado à China para o cuidado dessas enfermidades. ; In response to the challenges posed by rare diseases, some developed countries have set up regulatory frameworks since 1980s. Should developing countries follow suit? This article argues that the limited resources of a developing country, although a major factor for carefully considering just distribution of health spending, should not be used as an excuse to reject the need for such a regulatory framework. It provides both policy and legal arguments for establishing such a framework in developing countries. It also reports the recent development of rare disease legislative efforts by local authorities in China, explains the reasons of a new definition of rare diseases adopted, and elaborates the necessary blocks in an integrated rational framework for rare diseases suitable for China.
Background and objectives The waste anesthetic gases (WAGs) present in the ambient air of operating rooms (OR), are associated with various occupational hazards. This paper intends to discuss occupational exposure to WAGs and its impact on exposed professionals, with emphasis on genetic damage and oxidative stress. Content Despite the emergence of safer inhaled anesthetics, occupational exposure to WAGs remains a current concern. Factors related to anesthetic techniques and anesthesia workstations, in addition to the absence of a scavenging system in the OR, contribute to anesthetic pollution. In order to minimize the health risks of exposed professionals, several countries have recommended legislation with maximum exposure limits. However, developing countries still require measurement of WAGs and regulation for occupational exposure to WAGs. WAGs are capable of inducing damage to the genetic material, such as DNA damage assessed using the comet assay and increased frequency of micronucleus in professionals with long‐term exposure. Oxidative stress is also associated with WAGs exposure, as it induces lipid peroxidation, oxidative damage in DNA, and impairment of the antioxidant defense system in exposed professionals. Conclusions The occupational hazards related to WAGs including genotoxicity, mutagenicity and oxidative stress, stand as a public health issue and must be acknowledged by exposed personnel and responsible authorities, especially in developing countries. Thus, it is urgent to stablish maximum safe limits of concentration of WAGs in ORs and educational practices and protocols for exposed professionals.
Brazil, together with India and South Africa, now represent a renewed source of international pressure, views, and resources. IBSA has brought together these three developing nations, that are regional powerhouses, therefore simultaneously opening space for affirmative multilateralism, intra-South political coordination. They countries have been dedicating special attention to the rule-making process of global governance agendas and institutions. While broadening and deepening the scope of their responsibilities and commitments to other developing countries, they have been crafting innovative forms of inter-state collaboration. The chance to sit together at the UNSC in 2011 as non-permanent members became a major opportunity for IBSA. During this year, this group was able to share and reinforce the values and perspectives on world politics and security in an effort to strengthen a Southern critical appraisal of the post-cold war liberal peace concepts and prescriptions. Whereas western powers have downplayed the importance of reviewing its methods and procedures UNSC, IBSA countries have transmitted their special concern with the flaws of UN bureaucratic coordination, the needs for improvement in the links between SC, the GA and the executive boards of the UN agencies. Brazil has become especially concerned with the question of legitimacy of the use of force in international intervention as well as the humanitarian impact of military action and the importance of solutions which sought equilibrium between peace, solidarity, sovereignty and sustainable development."Assistance and cooperation, rather than coercion must be our watchwords", have been Brazil's pledge at the UNCS.
Carl Schmitt is still astonishingly present in the legal discourse. Yet instead of indulging in the study of his explicit 'lesson' and its possible impact on contemporary legal problems, it might be worthwhile to survey the primary cause of his greatest fear. Following this perspective, the article analyses Schmitt's concept of the nomos, distinguishing it from the traditional normativist approach on the one hand and confronting it with a more recent understanding of law in terms of the network conception on the other. Thus Schmitt's view of the developing legal system in the twentieth century proves to be relevant to our current efforts to grasp newly emerging legal phenomena in the twenty- -first century.
Como desenvolvimento de trabalhos anteriores, são estudadas as consequências culturais da tecnologia digital e o modo como interferem na comunicação ao desenvolver necessária e urgente distinção entre mediação e interação. Portanto, este trabalho tem como questão saber até que ponto a comunicação pode superar a dimensão linear da simples transmissão e ser sensível às transformações sociais contemporâneas que apontam para matrizes políticas da comunicação e a redefinem como área científica. ; As a result of previous studies, this research aims to study the cultural consequences of digital technology and their interference on communication by developing a necessary and urgent distinction between mediation and interaction. Therefore, the subject of this study is to investigate to what extent communication can overcome the linear dimension of simple transmission and be sensitive to contemporary social transformations that allude to political roots of communication and redefine it as a scientific area.
Abstract: Justice Reform in developing countries is one of the most important priorities of international economic organizations. Reform is frequently pursued by setting up new institutions beyond national authorities, in order to prevent national government interference with their functions. The theories linking economic growth and rule of law models offer legitimization to the legal transplants required to meet international standards. The Cambodian case shows that this connection is often unbalanced and the regulation of the new models seeks productive increase rather than better justice in the field of fundamental rights.Resumo: Areforma da justiçanos países em desenvolvimentoé uma dasprioridades maisimportantes das organizaçõeseconômicas internacionais.Esse objetivo éfrequentementeseguido pela criação denovas instituiçõespara alémdas autoridades nacionais, a fim deimpedir que estasinterfiram emsuas funções.Teoriasque ligamo crescimento econômico e anormatividadede modelosjurídicosoferecemlegitimaçãoàs migraçõeslegaisnecessárias para cumprir ospadrões internacionais.O casodo Camboja, no entanto, destacaque esta ligaçãoé muitas vezesdesequilibradae a regulamentaçãodo novomodelo buscamaisumincrementoprodutivo do quemelhorar a Justiça nodomínio dos Direitos Fundamentais.
This article aims to analyze two fields of the Brazilian cultural policy developed since 2000, during the governments of Luis Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. The first analysis focus on the Nacional System of Culture and its goal of generating stability to the national cultural policy through the linking of the federal entities. In this context, the text addresses aspects related to the challenges involved in the multilevel governance in Brazil considering, on the one hand, the tradition of the country in developing systemic policies, and by the other hand, the problems faced to promote a democratic, decentralized and cooperative cultural management. The second analysis seeks the role of the country, represented by the Ministries of Culture and of Foreign Affairs, in processes of cultural cooperation and multilateral negotiation in the Ibero-American space. Thus, the article approaches the unprecedented international dimension that culture has achieved to the Brazilian's policy of foreign affairs, becoming an important diplomatic tool.
Ilus. Tab. Bib. Sum. (En) ; Secondary forests developing on agricultural land after it is abandoned, or as the fallow period in systems of subsistence agriculture, are an increasingly important component of the forest resources of the tropics. They fix and store carbon and may contribute to the alleviation of global warming, they are refuges for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, and they are low-cost sources of a tremendous variety of forest products. The final years of the 20th century represent an opportune time to bring together researchers concerned with biological, ecological, social/organizational, financial/economic and political aspects of secondary forests and their management, to share their experiences and opinions concerning secondary tropical forests and to contribute to the development of a forward-looking, cross-disciplinary research agenda. The conference had the following objectives: 1) to summarize the state of knowledge of tropical secondary forests from the standpoint of the ecological, social and political sciences. 2) to report the most recent results of research on secondary forests from all relevant disciplines.
Over recent years, lifelong learning has been a central and guiding principle in the formulation of European educational policies. Within this general framework, the authors have been developing a research project that allows them to approach the theme of lifelong learning and European educational policies, taking into account four levels of analysis, namely: the supranational, the national, the institutional and, finally, the individual level of analysis. This methodological strategy reflects a theoretical understanding of policy as the result of the actions of a diversity of actors at different levels. This article focuses on the supranational level of analysis, drawing on data from an analysis of European educational policy documents. First, the authors clarify the methodological issues raised by the research findings presented. Second, they discuss the results concerning the process of definition of European educational policies. Third, the authors briefly revisit the evolution of the idea of lifelong learning and discuss the results regarding its plurality of meanings and conceptualizations within the documents considered for analysis. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Th e happiness is the supreme ideal of new phase of capitalism in which we live. It's in search of happiness which is developing the hyperconsumption, concept presented by French philosopher Gilles Lipovetsky. In this scenario, the author points the paradoxes of current society, showing through data, several aspects of our lives such as family relationships, love, sex, work, leisure, politics, religion, media, aesthetics and ethics. Th roughout the work emerge many questions for refl ection, some questions with possible answers and others in the air. ; A felicidade é o ideal supremo da nova fase do capitalismo em que estamos vivendo. É em busca dela que se desenvolve o hiperconsumo, noção apresentada pelo fi lósofo francês Gilles Lipovetsky. Nesse cenário, o autor aponta os paradoxos da sociedade atual, evidenciando através de dados, vários aspectos da nossa vida tais como as relações familiares, o amor, o sexo, o trabalho, o lazer, a política, a religião, a mídia, a estética, a ética. Ao longo de toda a obra são trazidas à tona inúmeras questões para refl exão, algumas com possíveis respostas, outras fi cando apenas em suspensão.
Qual o papel que a política social desempenha no desenvolvimento? Que ferramentas teóricas e conceptuais podemos usar para compreender melhor esse papel - considerando que as de que dispomos actualmente são, na maioria, as associadas aos modelos socioeconómicos e políticos dos países mais industrializados? Neste trabalho procuramos analisar estas questões, com base na reflexão sobre os modelos de regimes de bem-estar aplicados à realidade dos países em desenvolvimento. Nesta discussão recorremos a um conceito de política social abrangente e, nesse sentido, procurámos identificar a multi-dimensionalidade de funções que aquela pode desempenhar no desenvolvimento, designadamente em sociedades caracterizadas pela instabilidade e pela fragilidade institucional. Por outro lado, considerando a dependência que grande parte dos PED vive em relação à ajuda pública ao desenvolvimento, procurámos perceber também, de que modo a política social é entendida pelos actores-chave da cooperação – qual a posição que ocupa na agenda actual, dominada pelos objectivos da luta contra a pobreza, da melhoria dos níveis de saúde e de educação? Este articulado de questões está vertido na análise do caso da Guiné-Bissau numa perspectiva de regime de bem-estar, cuja evolução recente tem sido marcada pela instabilidade política, conflito, e degradação dos níveis de bem-estar. Palavras-Chave: Política Social, regimes de bem-estar, cooperação para o desenvolvimento, Estados "frágeis," Guiné-Bissau ; What's the role of social policy in development? Which theoretical and conceptual instruments can we use to better understand that role – considering that the ones we usually have are, mostly, associated with the socioeconomic and political contexts of industrialized counties. In this work, we aim to discuss those questions, using the welfare regimes theoretical framework, as it has been applied to the reality of developing countries. In this discussion we have used a broader concept of social policy and, in that sense, we've tried to identify the multi-dimensionality of roles that it can perform in development, particularly, in societies characterized by instability and institutional fragility. On the other hand, considering the great dependency on foreign aid that many developing countries face, we've tried to understand the approaches of the main development cooperation actors' towards social policy – what's the position of social policy in the present agenda, characterized by the importance given to poverty, health and education? This set of questions is integrated in the analysis of the Guinea-Bissau case in a wellbeing regime perspective, considering that it recent history has been characterized by political instability, conflict and the falling of wellbeing levels. Keywords: Social policy, welfare regimes, development cooperation, "fragile" states, Guinea-Bissau
Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) constitute the majority of businesses and a significant part of developed and developing countries' Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This article presents a series of prospective scenarios that investigate the effects of public policies on entrepreneurship in Canada, Ireland, and Italy. Public policies for this sector can be classified as regulatory policies (e.g., laws for the entrance and exit of businesses, labor and social laws, property laws, tax laws, intellectual property laws, bankruptcy laws, and laws that affect the liquidity and availability of capital) and stimulus policies (e.g., promotion of cultural and educational programs to foster entrepreneurship and internationalization). Regulatory policies influence the business environment for MSMEs, and are generally designed to provide entrepreneurs with high growth potential (known as "gazelles"). Four scenarios involving the critical uncertainties surrounding political and economic integration and technological development are developed for each country. Each scenario is constructed based on public policies specific to each country. This article concludes that public policies are not a panacea capable of generating economic development, given that their effectiveness depends on other economic decisions and exogenous economic conditions. However, the absence of state intervention does not produce positive effects, even in the case of positive scenarios under exogenous conditions.
ABSTRACT Objective: reporting the experience of a multidisciplinary health team in developing a care plan for a patient with Werdnig Hoffmann Syndrome, based on the theoretical framework of Singular Therapeutic Project. Method: a descriptive study type reporting reflective nature experience, held in a hospital of Sao Paulo from August/2012 to January/2013. The participants were: the patient, his mother, and the multidisciplinary team. There were performed workshops with guided discussions in the framework of the Therapeutic Project for Single Individuals, health needs being raised the patient and the caregiver to developing the intervention plan based on individual vulnerabilities, social and political and programmatic case. Results: there was the construction of a new way of working as a team. Conclusion: Singular Therapeutic Project as a humanistic tool proved to be powerful and helpful to illustrating the implementation of a care management device which can equip complex health actions. Descriptors: Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood; Patient Care Team; Child Care; Nursing. RESUMO Objetivo: relatar a experiência de uma equipe multiprofissional em saúde na elaboração de um plano de cuidados para um paciente portador da Síndrome de Werdnig Hoffmann, alicerçado no referencial teórico do Projeto Terapêutico Singular. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência de cunho reflexivo, realizado em um hospital paulista no período de agosto/2012 a janeiro/2013. Participaram da pesquisa: o paciente, sua mãe, e a equipe multiprofissional. Realizaram-se oficinas de trabalho com discussões pautadas no referencial do Projeto Terapêutico Singular para Indivíduos, sendo levantadas necessidades de saúde do paciente e da cuidadora, para elaborar o plano de intervenção baseando-se nas vulnerabilidades individuais, sociais e político-programáticas do caso. Resultados: verificou-se a construção de uma nova forma de trabalhar em equipe. Conclusão: o Projeto Terapêutico Singular como ferramenta humanística, mostrou-se potente e foi útil para exemplificar a implementação de um dispositivo de gestão do cuidado o qual pode instrumentalizar ações complexas de saúde. Descritores: Atrofias Musculares Espinais da Infância; Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente; Cuidado da Criança; Enfermagem. RESUMEN Objetivo: presentar la experiencia de un equipo multidisciplinario de salud en el desarrollo de un plan de atención para un paciente con Síndrome de Werdnig Hoffmann, con base en el marco teórico del Proyecto Singular Terapéutico. Método: un tipo de estudio descriptivo de informe de experiencia, de naturaleza reflexiva, que tuvo lugar en un hospital de Sao Paulo a partir de agosto/ 2012 a enero/2013. Los participantes fueron: el paciente, su madre, y el equipo multidisciplinario. Hubo talleres con discusiones guiadas en el marco del Proyecto Terapéutico para personas individuales, las necesidades de salud están planteando el paciente y el cuidador, para desarrollar el plan de intervención basado en vulnerabilidades individuales, caso social y política y programática. Resultados: hubo la construcción de una nueva forma de trabajar en equipo. Conclusión: el Proyecto Terapéutico Singular como herramienta humanista demostró ser potente y útil para ilustrar la aplicación de un dispositivo de gestión de la atención que se puede equipar las acciones de salud complejas. Descriptores: Atrofias Musculares Espinales de la Infancia; Grupo de Atención al Paciente; Cuidado de Niños; Enfermería. ; RESUMO Objetivo: relatar a experiência de uma equipe multiprofissional em saúde na elaboração de um plano de cuidados para um paciente portador da Síndrome de Werdnig Hoffmann, alicerçado no referencial teórico do Projeto Terapêutico Singular. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência de cunho reflexivo, realizado em um hospital paulista no período de agosto/2012 a janeiro/2013. Participaram da pesquisa: o paciente, sua mãe, e a equipe multiprofissional. Realizaram-se oficinas de trabalho com discussões pautadas no referencial do Projeto Terapêutico Singular para Indivíduos, sendo levantadas necessidades de saúde do paciente e da cuidadora, para elaborar o plano de intervenção baseando-se nas vulnerabilidades individuais, sociais e político-programáticas do caso. Resultados: verificou-se a construção de uma nova forma de trabalhar em equipe. Conclusão: o Projeto Terapêutico Singular como ferramenta humanística, mostrou-se potente e foi útil para exemplificar a implementação de um dispositivo de gestão do cuidado o qual pode instrumentalizar ações complexas de saúde. Descritores: Atrofias Musculares Espinais da Infância; Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente; Cuidado da Criança; Enfermagem. ABSTRACT Objective: reporting the experience of a multidisciplinary health team in developing a care plan for a patient with Werdnig Hoffmann Syndrome, based on the theoretical framework of Singular Therapeutic Project. Method: a descriptive study type reporting reflective nature experience, held in a hospital of Sao Paulo from August/2012 to January/2013. The participants were: the patient, his mother, and the multidisciplinary team. There were performed workshops with guided discussions in the framework of the Therapeutic Project for Single Individuals, health needs being raised the patient and the caregiver to developing the intervention plan based on individual vulnerabilities, social and political and programmatic case. Results: there was the construction of a new way of working as a team. Conclusion: Singular Therapeutic Project as a humanistic tool proved to be powerful and helpful to illustrating the implementation of a care management device which can equip complex health actions. Descriptors: Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood; Patient Care Team; Child Care; Nursing. RESUMEN Objetivo: presentar la experiencia de un equipo multidisciplinario de salud en el desarrollo de un plan de atención para un paciente con Síndrome de Werdnig Hoffmann, con base en el marco teórico del Proyecto Singular Terapéutico. Método: un tipo de estudio descriptivo de informe de experiencia, de naturaleza reflexiva, que tuvo lugar en un hospital de Sao Paulo a partir de agosto/ 2012 a enero/2013. Los participantes fueron: el paciente, su madre, y el equipo multidisciplinario. Hubo talleres con discusiones guiadas en el marco del Proyecto Terapéutico para personas individuales, las necesidades de salud están planteando el paciente y el cuidador, para desarrollar el plan de intervención basado en vulnerabilidades individuales, caso social y política y programática. Resultados: hubo la construcción de una nueva forma de trabajar en equipo. Conclusión: el Proyecto Terapéutico Singular como herramienta humanista demostró ser potente y útil para ilustrar la aplicación de un dispositivo de gestión de la atención que se puede equipar las acciones de salud complejas. Descriptores: Atrofias Musculares Espinales de la Infancia; Grupo de Atención al Paciente; Cuidado de Niños; Enfermería.
Based on the writings of Judge Cunha Rodrigues, the author finds that due to the current prevalence of the case law of the Court of Justice on fundamental rights, the primordial establishment of the principles of primacy and direct effect. He draws attention to the functionalist consequences of the case law of the Court of Justice regarding the relationship between the Union and the Member States and the birth of the concept of Union citizenship, contributing to overcome what had once only aspired to be the construction of a common market. Finally, he notes the Union deadlock after the creation of the single currency, divided between developing the political project and the intergovernmental retreat, supported by national electorates. ; Com fundamento em textos do Conselheiro Cunha Rodrigues, o Autor encontra, na base da atual prevalência da jurisprudência jusfundamental do Tribunal de Justiça, o primordial estabelecimento dos princípios do primado e do efeito direto. Chama a atenção para as consequências de tipo funcionalista da jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça na relação entre a União e os Estados-Membros e no nascimento do conceito de cidadania da União, contribuindo para ultrapassar o que outrora ambicionou apenas ser a construção de um mercado comum. Por fim, constata o impasse da União após a criação da moeda única, dividida entre o aprofundamento do projeto político e o recuo intergovernamental, sustentado pelos eleitorados nacionais.
