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The crisis of 2001 & 2002 & the recovery from the crisis are an excellent example of the cyclical nature of Argentine politics & economics. The analysis of the evolution of the crisis is important in order to compare it with the key issues of regional development in Latin America in the 1980s, namely the "double transition" from authoritarianism to democracy & from state interventionism to market economy. Graphs, References. Adapted from the source document.

The present crisis had started as a financial crisis that suddenly has became an economic crisis. First, we will start to identify the main features of this crisis trough some quantitative indicators. Then we will refer the historical lessons of the past crisis and its impact in Democracy. Finally, we will review the outcomes of some research about the association among Democracy, economic policy decision processes and economic development. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of this article is to use the integration of Spain & Portugal into the European Union as an opportunity to reflect on what has happened to both countries since 1986. It examines the integration process & how it has affected political, economic & social developments in Portugal & in Spain over the last two decades. It identifies the basic changes in the economies & societies of Portugal & Spain that occurred as a result of European integration. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

The article argues that the causes behind the shortcomings & weaknesses of the democratic institutions of any EU member, including those of Portugal, will not be ameliorated by the approval & adoption of the European Constitution. European integration, much like globalization, is not a passing or one-time phenomenon, but a long-range evolutionary process, as is the further development & refinement of democratic institutions. European integration, along with democratic reforms, will continue with or without the ratification of the Constitution. The article compares & contrasts sections of the Portuguese Constitution & proposed European Constitution, the Portuguese Parliament & the proposed European Parliament, as well as the Portuguese executive & the proposed European executive. R. Young

In the last fifty years, Brazil began a rapid process of structural transformation, following the first stage of industrial development in the 1930s. Currently the country integrates the small group of countries which evolved from an initial peripheral and subordinate insertion dating back to the nineteenth century, part of the most dynamic segment of the semiperiphery. But this category, intermediate between the "maturity" and "backwardness", according Modernization theorists, or between the "center" and "periphery", as theorists of the Dependence defend, has undergone a process of overcoming considerable positive progress in the direction of the group of states that dominate the current world system. In this way, during the years 2003-2010, foreign policy, along with the formulation of a new regionalism as a strategy of global integration and a new ideal model of State, has been a key factor. Adapted from the source document.

Next July, Portugal undertakes the Presidency of the European Union. The purpose of this article is to anticipate the main challenges that the Portuguese presidency will face, rather than describing the exact content of its agenda. In the field of external relations, Portugal will try to promote the dialogue between Europe & the wider world through the Africa & Brazil summits. The negotiations of the Constitutional Treaty, Turkey's accession to the EU & the continuous enlargement process will be treated as critical issues to the future of the European project. Since the ED cannot be just a free trade area with a certain number of common policies, the Portuguese presidency is committed to the reinforcement of the social pillar of the Lisbon Strategy, in order to strengthen Europe's economic cohesion. Adapted from the source document.

Considering the extraordinary economic growth experienced by China in recent years, especially after its entry into the World Trade Organization, this essay on the Sino-Brazilian relationship will, while analyzing the historical process in its different dimensions, attempt to determine, on one hand, whether current relations may still be understood from the perspective of South-South cooperation, and, on the other, whether the Chinese economic boom may be defining a new, much more competitive than cooperative relationship. Adapted from the source document.

This paper looks at foreign policy in transition from a Soviet communist regime towards failed attempts at democratization, in the case of the Russian Federation. The sinuous process of transition twenty years ago, the challenges implied & the opportunities missed, are here focus of analysis. This article addresses also Russia twenty years past, highlighting the elements of continuity that persist in a changed context. An analysis based on the formulation & implementation of foreign policy, in a Soviet & post-Soviet framing, & in the way this differentiation reveals the underlining dynamics to politics of action & reaction in Russian foreign policy. In this way the paper seeks to understand the foreign policy alignments underlying Russian affirmation as a relevant actor in the international system. Adapted from the source document.

In this paper, we defend that euronorcentric theories of modernity which pursuit the philosophical-sociological reconstruction of the process of the Western modernization (or European, or the evolutionary-constitutive pattern of development of the contemporary industrialized societies) are characterized for a historical-sociological blindness which is marked by three basic points: (a) the understanding of the Western modernization as a self-referential, self-subsistent, self-sufficient, endogenous and autonomous process of development, so that there would be modernity as rationalization and all the rest as traditionalism, position that, on the other hand, does not prevent the theories of modernity of correlating modernity-modernization, rationalization, universalism and human evolution; (b) the separation between cultural modernity and social-economic modernization, the first as a sphere purely normative, and the second as a sphere basically instrumental, logical-technical, with the purpose of saving a normative concept of epistemological-moral universalism which is the cultural modernity itself; and (c), as condition of that philosophical-sociological reconstruction, the erasing, the deletion and the silencing about the colonialism as a consequence of the development of the Western modernization as a whole. We argue that a Latin-American decolonial praxis has in the denounce, unveiling and deconstruction of this historical-sociological blindness assumed by euronorcentric theories of modernity in their reconstruction of the process of the Western modernization its fundamental epistemological-political starting point to become itself an alternative to the modernity's normative paradigm, to ground its (Latin-American) philosophical-sociological discourse about Western modernization and its correlation with colonialism.

The choice of a model to be adopted in the process of urban planning and transportationrequires extensive analyzes of model characteristics and suitability to the problem being treated. This paper presents a comparison of twenty-two integrated models of land use and transportationby using content analysis methods to simplify this process and assist the planner to define the model to be adopted. The results showed that the evaluated methods have the potential to list the key information and establish important connections, simplifying the analysis of large volumes of information. In addition, the comparison has identified classes of similarities between the models and diagnose limitations, seeing new research opportunities in the area, such as applications in regional studies.

New Development Strategy for Brazil: a long-term vision. The foremost aim of the article is to propose a new development strategy for Brazil, replacing the neoliberal model presently used. In short, the point is to recover a long term vision of the economic policies. And for that it is indispensable to take into consideration the recent evolution of the Development Economics which considers the existence of market, instead of the availability of savings, as the main condition in economic development policies has as one of its consequences the unacceptability of the process of globalization with its present characteristics. (Rev Econ Polit/GIGA)

The text is part of a doctoral research process in education, and dialogues, in an essayistic manner, with themes such as the city, images, body and everyday affective crossings. These dialogues tension with education, history, daily life and other ways of thinking about the urban tangle, anchored in the cartographic method. Through formative processes experienced by the author, seek to evidence issues, concerns and discomforts that are still unstable, rehearsed in everyday life and outlined in thought and inventions. It argues that the power of creation and wandering in the city are insurgent ways of ruptures in the face of current conservative advances, paying attention to the exercise of otherness, inventiveness and experimentation, having as main references authors such as Michel Foucault, Suely Rolnik, Félix Guattari , Peter Pelbart, among others.

The article discusses the relantionship between humans, animals and machines, focusing on the problem of the decoupling of consciousness implied in the development of artificial intelligences. 'What is the relationship between the progressive conditioning of human processes to artificial processes (intelligent and non-conscious entities) and the so-called animal ethics?' and 'What does it mean to say that the recent ethical concern for animals is a post-historical and biopolitical phenomenon?' are some of the questions that the articles elaborates and tries to answer.