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The subject of this paper is the discussion about the concepts of rural development and local development starting from the different lines that tend in their making up: the Geographic epistemology, the politics based on them and the material processes of development. The issues of this discussion are: the difficulty of reflect this development processes in quantitative evidences (indicators) due to their rather qualitative character; the ambiguous definition of their scale, and related to that, their condition spread or concentrated; their suitability to make compatible objectives of both territorial and social cohesion; the limitations to be extrapolated the concept of stakeholders, own of local development, to rural development; the lack of coordination between economic planning and urban planning to the detriment of a true sustainability and, in the opposite, the threats that are to the rural space the application of sustainability politics designed from the urban context. ; El objeto de este artículo es la discusión de los conceptos de desarrollo rural y local a partir de las distintas líneas que convergen en su definición: las elaboraciones epistemológicas de la Geografía, los instrumentos de planificación en ellos basados y los procesos reales. Los términos de esta discusión son los siguientes: La dificultad de expresar en indicadores los resultados de estos procesos de desarrollo, dado su carácter más cualitativo que cuantitativo; la ambigua definición de su escala, y, en relación con ello, su carácter difuso o concentrado; su idoneidad para compatibilizar objetivos de cohesión social y territorial; las limitaciones de la extrapolación al desarrollo rural del concepto de «actores» propio del desarrollo local; la carencia de coordinación entre planificación económica y urbana en detrimento de una sostenibilidad real y, a la inversa, las amenazas para el espacio rural derivadas de la aplicación de políticas de sostenibilidad trazadas desde una perspectiva urbana. [fr] L'objet de c'article est la discussion ...

One central obstacle in the way of modernizing societies in the Third World is the difficulty of combining tolerance and development the author studies the social, cultural and political conditions which favor social and economic development., avoiding economic reductionism of the kind which sees the market and economic growth as the only path to development as well as that which sees the disappearance of capitalism as the cure for all evils. Bula says that all societies are conflictive by nature, but some manage to solve their conflicts by consensus. In the Third World there are a number of economic and political interests opposed tothe opening up of society", and progress towards equi ty and solidarity will only be achieved with contradiction and conflict". The challenge is therefore to form a "new paradigm" for democracy which gives values and qualitative growth priority over quantitative growth; one that prizes the quality of life and the environment. This is the task of society as a whole, from which the new social movements will produce the leading agents in the new paradigm. ; Un obstáculo central para construir sociedades modernas en el Tercer Mundo es la dificultad para combinar la tolerancia con el desarrollo. El autor estudia las condiciones sociales, culturales y políticas que favorecen el desarrollo social y económico, evitando el reduccionismo económico, tanto el que ve en el mercado y en el crecimiento la única vía para el desarrollo como el que ve en la desaparición del capitalismo la solución a todos los males. Afirma que todas las sociedades son conflictivas por naturaleza, aunque algunas han logrado resolver sus conflictos mediante consenso. En el tercer mundo existen numerosos intereses económicos y políticos que se oponen a la apertura de espacios sociales y sólo "a través de un proceso contradictorio y conflictivo se avanzará hacia una sociedad equitativa y solidaria". Así el reto es configurar un "nuevo paradigma" democrático que dé prioridad a los valores, al crecimiento cualitativo antes que el cuantitativo, a la calidad de vida y del medio ambiente. Y esta tarea es responsabilidad de la sociedad civil, dentro de la cual los nuevos movimientos sociales serán los actores del nuevo paradigma.

Technological Development at Aernnova: Experience and opportunity to collaborate with Universities and Research Centers. This project has received funding from the Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 807097. The JU receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the Clean Sky 2 JU members other than the Union. The results, opinions, conclusions, etc. presented in this work are those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily represent the position of the JU; the JU is not responsible for any use made of the information contained herein.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) created a new standard known as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), with the objective of developing the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) which specifies an encryption algorithm capable of protecting sensitive information to be used by the government of the United States. In October 2000, the NIST selected Rijndael as the algorithm proposed for the AES. The algorithm has a round shape made up by three uniform and non-reversible transformations which assures broadcast over the total set of fixed rounds and optimal non-linearity properties. This thesis presents an 8-bit FPGA implementation of the 128-bit block and 128 bit-key AES cipher. ; Reseña de la tesis presentada en 2006 por Mónica Cristina Liberatori para obtener el título de Magister en Redes de Datos (UNLP) ; Facultad de Informática

This study analyses some of the challenges facing democracy in Mexico, basedon the neoliberal form of accumulation imposed on the country in recentyears. The effects of this imposition can be seen in an economy with growthrates lower than the needs of an increasing population of working age. Itis an economy lacking the structural capacity to generate employment, withabruptandsteadydeclinesinrealwages,increasinglyprecariousemployment,increasing social inequality and economic exclusion, increasing informality,and increased migration as a survival strategy alongside of the growth of anillegal economy and social violence.Under these kinds of conditions, a set of social uncertainties and conflictshas been generated that have restricted the broad and equal participation ofcitizensinpublicaffairs,underminedtheautonomousformsof collectiveorga-nization,andrestrictedtheruleof law.Thetypeof relationshipsthathavebeenestablished between the state and society have become clientelistic, vertical,and increasingly violent relations that the society reproduces and manifestsback to the state.The crisis of legitimacy that pervades established parties andthe main democratic institutions demonstrates a clear distancing with a polit-icalregimethatincreasinglygovernsbehindthebacksof thecitizens.Alltheseelements allow us to reflect, in a broader sense, on the limits imposed upondemocracy by underdevelopment, generating a set of inequalities and socialconflicts that limit it and make it unfeasible.

Development from its origins after President H.Truman's discourse in 1949 to the beginning of the 21st century, as a concept and idea, has been and is pursued and longed for by the coun-tries of the economic and developing south, overused by policymakers and academics, overestimated by international and local institutions; notion used indiscriminately by universities, local governments and institutions. Development understood by some as a social, economic, political, and social process. Complex, polysemic and relative abstraction, interpreted and misinter-preted by many. This document aims to show the deficiencies of a concept in vogue. First, we dissect from the decoloniality of power and knowing the concept of development as an empty signifier, and as a useful discursive and axiomatic tool for international institutions and Eurocentric countries. Next, we analyze development as an agency and a process within an economic production system. Finally, by way of conclusion, we briefly outline the post-development proposal as a rupture and alternative to development. ; El desarrollo desde sus orígenes después del discurso del presidente H.Truman en 1949 hasta principios del siglo XXI, como concepto e idea ha sido y es perseguido y añorado por los países del sur económico y en vías de desarrollo, sobreutilizada por policymakers y académicos, sobreestimada por instituciones internacionales y locales; noción utilizada indiscriminadamente por universidades, gobiernos locales e instituciones. El desarrollo entendido por algunos como proceso social, económico, político, social. Abstracción compleja, polisémica y relativa, interpre-tado y mal interpretado por muchos. El presente documento pretende mostrar las deficiencias de un concepto en boga. Primero, diseccionamos desde la decolonialidad del poder y el saber el concepto del desarrollo como un significante vacío, y como herramienta discursiva y axiomática útil para las instituciones internacionales y países eurocentricos. Después, analizamos el desarrollo como agencia y proceso dentro de un sistema de producción económico. Finalmente a manera de conclusión, esbozamos de manera sucinta la propuesta del postdesarrollo como ruptura y alternativa al desarrollo. ; O desenvolvimento desde suas origens após o discurso do Presidente H.Truman em 1949 até o início do século XXI, como conceito e idéia, foi e é perseguido e almejado pelos países do sul econômico e em desenvolvimento, superutilizados pelos formuladores de políticas e acadêmicos, superestimada por instituições internacionais e locais; noção usada indiscriminadamente por universidades, governos e instituições locais. Desenvolvimento entendido por alguns como um processo social, econômico, político e social. Abstração complexa, polissêmica e relativa, interpretada e mal interpretada por muitos. Este documento tem como objetivo mostrar as deficiências de um conceito em voga. Primeiro, dissecamos da descolonialidade do poder e conhe-cemos o conceito de desenvolvimento como um significante vazio e como uma ferramenta discursiva e axiomática útil para instituições internacionais e países eurocêntricos. A seguir, analisa-mos o desenvolvimento como uma agência e um processo dentro de um sistema econômico de produção. Finalmente, como conclusão, esboçamos brevemente a proposta de pós-desenvolvimento como uma ruptura e alternativa ao desenvolvimento.

By combating malaria with mosquito nets or buildingschools and providing basic sanitation, philanthropyis helping transform the developing world. Rich donorsare devoting fortunes?many of them earnedthrough computer software, entertainment, and venture capitalism?to defeating poverty and improving lives, supplementingand in some cases surpassing official aid channels.Frombillionaires Bill and Melinda Gates and WarrenBuffett to Aliko Dangote and George Soros, the titans ofcapitalism are backing good causes with their cash. Whetherfinancing new vaccines, building libraries, or buying upAmazon rai

This year, we mark the 70th anniversary of the IMF and World Bank and the 50th anniversary of F&D. The world has seen a staggering amount of change in the past seven decades. So, with these two anniversaries in mind we focused our attention on the transformation of the global economy-looking back and looking ahead. What will the global economy look like in another 70 years?Five Nobel laureates-George Akerlof, Paul Krugman, Robert Solow, Michael Spence, and Joseph Stiglitz-share their thoughts on which single "frontier" issue promises to shape the economic landscape in the years ahead.In "A Wor