Suchergebnisse

Local economies often get developed with the participation of government, non-government organizations, and the community at large. Among the community, micro and small enterprises operators have the capability to strengthen the local economy through mobilizing local resources. This research explores the performance of Micro and Small enterprises and their role in enhancing local economic development in Gullele Sub-City, Addis Ababa. The analysis was based on primary and secondary data collected through administrative type of questionnaires and key informant interviews from the operators, government officials, and enterprise representatives. Contribution of MSEs is viewed in terms of the enterprises' performance by using their capital, profit, and employment creation. To see their impact, the study also review contribution of MSEs in light of economic improvement of the operators through household income and saving habit, household's expenditure to food, education, health, durable and non-durable assets. Finally, discussion was held with operators regarding the challenge and opportunities the enterprises and operators are facing now. The results indicate that, MSEs show improvement in their capital and profit. The enterprises' performance in terms of employment, capital and profit varies based on the sector in the study area. Construction and wood and metal works need high initial capital, they are labor intensive and have higher profit margin than the textile and the food and beverage sub sectors. Hence, this shows their contribution to local economic development is encouraging. Most of the operators are performing without appropriate training even if training is provided by the government. Nonetheless, the operator's living standard, income, food consumption, education, health, durable, and non-durable household assets are increasing. Most of the operators have a plan to expand the business either in the same line or to have a branch and diversify the business which has a greater impact to the local economic development. However, there is still much untapped potential for improvements in this respect beyond what has been achieved so far. Major constraining factors for realizing such potential include lack of technical and entrepreneurial skills, lack of sufficient capital, affordable access to raw material and input and lack of market to their product.

There was a mistake in the spelling of the first author's last name. Jean-Phillipe should be spelled JeanPhilippe. The original article can be found via the DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2017.497

The study presents the results of the analysis of the relationship of self-esteem of physical development of adolescent athletes with the parameters of well-being, adaptation and self-relationship. The results suggest that the higher the indicators of self-description of physical development are, the higher the socio-psychological adaptation, subjective well-being, self-relationship and lower individual scales of self-relationship are, for instance internal conflict and self-blame in girls and internal conflict in boys. The gender specificity of self-assessment of physical development is discussed. Sportive girls in comparison with athletic boys have more differentiated self-assessment of physical qualities. Boys consider that appearance is less connected with indicators of self-relation.

The architecture of global carbon markets has changed significantly since the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals were both agreed in 2015. Voluntary, international cooperative approaches established in Article 6 of the Paris Agreement allow Parties to work together to achieve the targets set out in their respective Nationally Determined Contributions to limit global warming to an increase below 1.5–2 °C. In Article 6.4, a sustainable mitigation mechanism is established for which rules, modalities and procedures will be developed internationally considering the experience and lessons learned from existing mechanisms, such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and its Sustainable Development (SD) Tool. Historically the issue of making integrated assessments of sustainable development and mitigation actions has been politically and methodologically controversial for many reasons: developing countries fear that an international definition of SD will interfere with their sovereignty and therefore their ability to define their own development pathways; players in the carbon market fear that markets can only handle one objective, namely mitigation outcomes; and sustainable development is regarded as too complex and costly to be measured and quantified. In an effort to address these concerns, the article proposes a new methodology for the sustainability labelling of climate mitigation actions relevant to Article 6 approaches. The article draws on an application of the CDM SD tool to analyse 2098 Component Programme Activities that had entered the CDM Pipeline by January 2017. The article demonstrates that assessment of the sustainable development benefits of climate actions can be graded and labelled based on the analysis of qualitative data, which is less costly than applying a quantitative approach.

Trotz des in den 1960er Jahren beginnenden Tourismusbooms Spaniens verharrte der Fischerort Isla
Cristina in den traditionellen, binnenmarktorientierten Tourismusstrukturen. Die bis Ende der 1980er
Jahre dauernde Stagnation der touristischen
Entwicklung ging einher mit dem fortschreitenden
Niedergang der Fischindustrie, was sich in der Folge in den urbanistischen Prozessen der Stadt
widerspiegelte: Der erste Flächennutzungsplan Isla Cristinas wurde praktisch
nicht umgesetzt. Der Ort
Isla Cristina stellte folglich Ende der 1980er Jahre
einen Abwanderungsraum innerhalb der insgesamt
durch einen Entwicklungsrückstand gekennzeichneten Provinz Huelva dar.
Exogene Impulse der Europäischen Union, des spanischen Staates sowie anderer spanischer Regionen
leiteten schließlich den Übergang zu
einer außenmarktorientierten
Entwicklung ein. Die beginnende
Ausrichtung der touristischen Strukturen der Stadt auf einen internationalen, zum hochwertigen
Qualitätstourismus zählenden Markt, wurde dabei begünstigt durch die Erstellung eines zweiten
Flächennutzungsplans im Jahr 1987, dessen Vorgaben zum größten Teil realisiert werden konnten. Die
Persistenz der überkommenen Strukturen führte jedoch zu einer Verzögerung des Wandels, weshalb
erst Ende der 1990er Jahre von wirklichen Veränderungen innerhalb des Stadtbildes und der
Wirtschaft Isla Cristinas gesprochen werden kann.
Der besonders in den letzten Jahren spürbare Wandel des touristischen Sektors der Region und speziell
Isla Cristinas zog wesentliche Veränderungen der urbanistischen Planung und der Wirtschaftsstruktur
nach sich, wobei weitere Faktoren wie der Aufschwung der 'Neuen Landwirtschaft', weitreichende
Förderungen durch die EU und die Verbesserung der nationalen Wirtschaftslage die positive
Entwicklung begünstigten. Wenngleich verschiedene Einflussfaktoren den Wandel Isla Cristinas
ermöglichten, so ist dennoch der Tourismus als maßgebliche Größe zu betrachten. Dies drückte sich
eindrucksvoll in der Durchführung des Projekts Islantilla aus: Das seit Ende der 1980er Jahre positive
Investitionsklima innerhalb der Region sowie die koordinierte Planung und Vermarktung des Projekts
manifestierten sich hier in eindrucksvoller Weise, doch verdeutlicht der neu geschaffene Standort
zugleich die Gefahren und Risiken der neuen Konzeption. Die Nutzungskonflikte, die durch den
zunehmende Flächenbedarf des touristischen Sektors, besonders im
Hinblick auf den geplanten Bau
eines zweiten Golfplatzes in Zukunft noch verschärft
werden, stellen ein Problem für die Akteure des
agrarischen Sektors dar und bedr
ohen zudem den Erhalt der empfindlichen Ökosysteme des Raums.
Trotz des sich verstärkenden Problempotentials
kann die Tourismusentwicklung der letzten 10 Jahre
als positiv für die gesamtwirtschaftlichen und sozialen
Prozesse innerhalb Isla Cristinas bewertet
werden. Die durch den touristischen Sektor ausgelösten Synergieeffekte ermöglichten einen
wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung und drücken sich innerhalb der Bevölkerung in einer spürbaren
Aufbruchsstimmung aus. Die für die nahe Zukunft geplanten Projekte versprechen den Ausbau der
hochwertigen touristischen Einrichtungen der Stadt und lassen die Fortsetzung der positiven
Entwicklung erwarten.
Die verantwortlichen öffentlichen und privaten Akteure
sollten dennoch die Wahrung der
traditionellen Strukturen und der regionalen Identität als oberstes Ziel ihres Handelns bewahren. Isla
Cristina war im Jahr 2000 noch immer ein ursprünglicher, durch die Strukturen des Fischfangs
geprägter Ort, woraus sich der besondere Charme
und Reiz der Stadt ableitet.
Dieses Charakteristikum
unterscheidet Isla Cristina von den meisten touristischen Reisezielen anderer Küstenabschnitte
Spaniens und stellt daher das bedeutendste Potential der künftigen Entwicklung dar.

The objective of the present investigation is to describe the social impacts of the administration of knowledge in the social development of a municipality, specifically in the case of Florence, Cuba. The methodology used is that of case study and the techniques are interviews with key informants and the revision of documents. Some of the main results are that the university administration of knowledge has an increasing influence in the decision-making process at the government level; the mediator instrument is the strategy of local development, with its programs that stem from the same strategy and from the main priorities of the same strategy, municipal energy administration, local production of materials of construction and production of foods; each of these levels has its own system of indicators. There are tangible advances in governmental demands to different institutions of education, the use of external and internal networks, events like that of the social sciences of the mountain and the Filial Universitaria Municipal and the media Ambiente (FUMMA), the existence of a portfolio of projects (investigation and development), and the improvement of the environmental administration with the design of the environmental rules of the municipality. ; El objetivo de la presente investigación es describir los impactos sociales que la gestión del conocimiento ha tenido en el desarrollo social de un municipio, específicamente en el caso de Florencia, Cuba. La metodología utilizada es la de estudio de caso y se emplearon como técnicas la entrevista a informantes clave y la revisión de documentos. Entre los principales resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo se encuentran: la gestión universitaria del conocimiento influye de forma progresiva en la toma de decisiones a nivel gubernamental; el instrumento mediador es la estrategia de desarrollo local, con sus programas que devienen de la misma y de sus principales prioridades concretadas en sus líneas, gestión energética municipal, producción local de materiales de la construcción y producción de alimentos; cada uno de ellos cuenta con su sistema de indicadores. Existen avances visibles en la realización de demandas gubernamentales a diferentes instituciones del conocimiento, aprovechamiento de redes externas e internas, consolidación de eventos como el de las ciencias sociales de la montaña y la Filial Universitaria Municipal y el Medio Ambiente (FUMMA), presencia de una carpeta de proyectos (investigación y desarrollo) y mejoramiento de la gestión ambiental con el diseño del ordenamiento ambiental del municipio.

El objetivo de la presente investigación es describir los impactos sociales que la gestión del conocimiento ha tenido en el desarrollo social de un municipio, específicamente en el caso de Florencia, Cuba. La metodología utilizada es la de estudio de caso y se emplearon como técnicas la entrevista a informantes clave y la revisión de documentos. Entre los principales resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo se encuentran: la gestión universitaria del conocimiento influye de forma progresiva en la toma de decisiones a nivel gubernamental; el instrumento mediador es la estrategia de desarrollo local, con sus programas que devienen de la misma y de sus principales prioridades concretadas en sus líneas, gestión energética municipal, producción local de materiales de la construcción y producción de alimentos; cada uno de ellos cuenta con su sistema de indicadores. Existen avances visibles en la realización de demandas gubernamentales a diferentes instituciones del conocimiento, aprovechamiento de redes externas e internas, consolidación de eventos como el de las ciencias sociales de la montaña y la Filial Universitaria Municipal y el Medio Ambiente (FUMMA), presencia de una carpeta de proyectos (investigación y desarrollo) y mejoramiento de la gestión ambiental con el diseño del ordenamiento ambiental del municipio. ; The objective of the present investigation is to describe the social impacts of the administration of knowledge in the social development of a municipality, specifically in the case of Florence, Cuba. The methodology used is that of case study and the techniques are interviews with key informants and the revision of documents. Some of the main results are that the university administration of knowledge has an increasing influence in the decision-making process at the government level; the mediator instrument is the strategy of local development, with its programs that stem from the same strategy and from the main priorities of the same strategy, municipal energy administration, local production of materials of construction and production of foods; each of these levels has its own system of indicators. There are tangible advances in governmental demands to different institutions of education, the use of external and internal networks, events like that of the social sciences of the mountain and the Filial Universitaria Municipal and the media Ambiente (FUMMA), the existence of a portfolio of projects (investigation and development), and the improvement of the environmental administration with the design of the environmental rules of the municipality.

The article considers the formation of the legal framework for the development of civil society in Ukraine in the transition period. The author of the article draws attention to the problem of underdeveloped methods and forms of public influence on government decision-making, which leads to an imbalance between public and state interests, as well as the deepening of social conflicts. Emphasis is placed on the fact that this problem is intensifying in the transition period, which is in Ukraine, as there is a need to introduce additional mechanisms to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens. That is why the aim of the article is to provide a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the impact of transitional justice on the process of building civil society in Ukraine. The article analyzes the main legal acts, which enshrine the legal basis for the development of civil society in Ukraine, with further identification of key shortcomings that hinder the paradigm shift in relations between government and the public. The author concludes that promising areas of civil society development in Ukraine in the transition period are: a clear distinction between "public participation in public policy" and "illegal public interference in government activities"; introduction of a system of clear and realistic criteria for assessing the state of development of civil society in Ukraine; revision of the doctrine of participation of civil society institutions in law-making and adoption of other decisions important for the state. The author argues that the principles and directions of transitional justice play a significant role in the development of civil society in Ukraine, expanding the functionality of civil society institutions. The author also analyzes in detail the following areas of transitional justice, which today affect the process of formation of civil society in Ukraine: the statement of truth (definition of the so-called "point of departure" and "point of arrival"); institutional reforms (introduction of mechanisms of interaction and coordination of government and the public in various spheres of public life); improvement of legislation and practice of its application (development of civil society is not possible without modernization of relevant legislation). ; У статті розглядається питання формування правових засад розвитку в Україні громадянського суспільства в умовах перехідного періоду. Автор статті звертає увагу на проблеми нерозвиненості методів і форм впливу гро¬мадськості на прийняття органами влади управлінських рішень, що призводить до дисбалансу між суспільними і державними інтересами, а також поглиблення соціальних конфліктів. Акцентовано увагу на тому, що означе¬на проблема активізується в умовах перехідного періоду, на етапі якого перебуває Україна, оскільки з'являєть¬ся потреба впровадження додаткових механізмів захисту прав і свобод громадян. Саме тому за мету статті автор ставить комплексний теоретико-правовий аналіз впливу перехідного правосуддя на процес розбудови в Україні громадянського суспільства. В статті проаналізовано основні нормативно-правові акти, в яких закріплено пра¬вові засади розбудови громадянського суспільства в Україні, з подальшим визначенням ключових недоліків, які заважають зміні парадигми відносин між владою та громадськістю. Автор доходить висновку, що перспектив¬ними напрямами розвитку громадянського суспільства в Україні в умовах перехідного періоду є: чітке розмежу¬вання понять «участь громадськості в реалізації державної політики» та «неправомірне втручання громадськості в діяльність органів влади»; впровадження системи зрозумілих та реальних критеріїв оцінки стану розвитку гро¬мадянського суспільства в Україні; перегляд доктрини участі інститутів громадянського суспільства у законотво¬рчості та прийнятті інших, важливих для держави рішень. Автор доводить, що принципи та напрями перехідного правосуддя відіграють значну роль у розвитку громадянського суспільства в Україні, розширюючи функціональ¬ні можливості інститутів громадянського суспільства. Автор також детально аналізує наступні напрями пере¬хідного правосуддя, які сьогодні впливають на процес становлення в Україні громадянського суспільства: кон¬статація істини (визначення так званих «пункту відправлення» та «пункту прибуття»); інституційні реформи (впровадження механізмів взаємодії та координації влади і громадськості в різних галузях суспільного життя); удосконалення законодавства та практики його застосування (розвиток громадянського суспільства не можливий без модернізації відповідного законодавства).

The article focuses on the data about the topicality of the state-private partnership introduction in the health care system of the RK. The SPP mechanism is considered as a topical instrument to provide the necessary financial base and modernization of the social infrastructure objects including medical establishments. Synergy of the state and private business allows increasing quality of the services provided to the population by the optimal ratio «price – quality», providing the infrastructure development, creating additional work [places that in complex has a positive multiplicative effect. The SPP is a mutually beneficial cooperation of the state and private sector in the spheres traditionally referring to the state responsibility on conditions of balanced distribution of risks, profits and costs, rights and duties.Efficient preparation and realization of projects on the basis of SPP mechanisms will allow increasing investments into the system of health care and correspondingly will accelerate the process of achieving the strategic goals of health care system. The article has researched the normative-legislative base acts regulating the SPP in the RK, analyzed trends of SPP development in the health care system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, problems and perspectives of the SPP development have been defined.As the objects to research we chose the informative-legislative system «Әділет» of the Republic center of legal information of the Ministry of Justice of the RK http://adilet.zan.kz with the list of officially accepted normative-legislative acts (NLA), official information sources (the round table material, seminars, internet-sites). In order to increase availability and quality of services on account of competitiveness in conditions of medical insurance it is planned to transform the medical establishments by the principles of corporate management, to expand the guaranteed volume of free medical aid (GVFMA) through private suppliers. We find it prospective to introduce new forms of the SPP for health care system of the RK that implies realization of investment projects with information- communication technologies attracting private partners including pharmaceutical companies. ; The article focuses on the data about the topicality of the state-private partnership introduction in the health care system of the RK. The SPP mechanism is considered as a topical instrument to provide the necessary financial base and modernization of the social infrastructure objects including medical establishments. Synergy of the state and private business allows increasing quality of the services provided to the population by the optimal ratio «price – quality», providing the infrastructure development, creating additional work [places that in complex has a positive multiplicative effect. The SPP is a mutually beneficial cooperation of the state and private sector in the spheres traditionally referring to the state responsibility on conditions of balanced distribution of risks, profits and costs, rights and duties.Efficient preparation and realization of projects on the basis of SPP mechanisms will allow increasing investments into the system of health care and correspondingly will accelerate the process of achieving the strategic goals of health care system. The article has researched the normative-legislative base acts regulating the SPP in the RK, analyzed trends of SPP development in the health care system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, problems and perspectives of the SPP development have been defined.As the objects to research we chose the informative-legislative system «Әділет» of the Republic center of legal information of the Ministry of Justice of the RK http://adilet.zan.kz with the list of officially accepted normative-legislative acts (NLA), official information sources (the round table material, seminars, internet-sites). In order to increase availability and quality of services on account of competitiveness in conditions of medical insurance it is planned to transform the medical establishments by the principles of corporate management, to expand the guaranteed volume of free medical aid (GVFMA) through private suppliers. We find it prospective to introduce new forms of the SPP for health care system of the RK that implies realization of investment projects with information- communication technologies attracting private partners including pharmaceutical companies.

Проаналізовано виклики та перспективи розвитку малого та середнього підприємництва (МСП) в Україні. Виявлено ключові недоліки законодавства, оподаткування, кредитування та державної політики щодо МСП. За результатами проведеного дослідження виявлено наявність значних бар'єрів у розвитку МСП в Україні. Розроблено рекомендації щодо покращення ділового клімату та активності МСП. ; The challenges and prospects of small and medium size enterprises (SME) development in Ukraine are analyzed. The key shortcomings of legislation, taxation, lending and state policy regarding SME are revealed. According to the results of the study, there were significant barriers to the development of SMEs in Ukraine. Recommendation as for improvement of business climate and activity of SME has been developed.

The quality of theeducation provided in schoolsislargely determined byteachers' initial universitytraining. Therefore, it is a challenge in Spain to configure a Teacher Training Model that is adapted to the demands of the changing society. To this end, the official university degrees that enable the exercise of the regulated profession of Early Childhood Education Teacher are established by the Order ECI/3854/2007, of 27 December, which includes the European Union's guidelines on competences. The general objective of this research is to analyse the perception that students of the Degree in Early Childhood Education have of the level of development of the competences acquired in their initial training grouped into four dimensions: educator and guide, member of an organisation, interlocutor and referent, and researcher and innovator. A quantitative, descriptive-correlational methodology was used, through the application of a questionnaire to 144 students in the 3rd and 4th year of the Degree in Early Childhood Education taught at the University of A Coruña. The results show that the training of future Early Childhood Education teachers is positively valued in all the dimensions of the model, especially in relation to their training as researchers and innovators. The high correlations between the dimensions of the model show the need to design training plans that are committed to comprehensive teaching, taking as a reference the future teachers' point of view on the strengths and weaknesses of their training. ; Uno de los factores más estudiados en la psicología del deporte es la motivación deportiva en deportistas amateurs y de alto rendimiento. El presente estudio tiene los objetivos de establecer la relación entre clima motivacional hacia el deporte, ansiedad y autoconcepto emocional y físico en deportistas amateurs y de alto rendimiento e identificar y clarificar las relaciones existentes entre el clima motivacional, ansiedad, autoconcepto emocional y físico. Para ello han participado un total de 1434 ...

Wie kaum ein anderer Großraum Europas sind die Alpen seit mehr als einem halben Jahrhundert besonders tiefgreifenden Prozessen des regionalen Strukturwandels ausgesetzt. Zentrales Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung ist die Herausbildung einer ausgesprochen differenzierten Raumstruktur, die zugleich mit einer Reihe ernst zu nehmender ökonomischer, soziokultureller und ökologischer Probleme verbunden ist. Für Raumordnung und Regionalpolitik stellen diese eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Zur Lösung der entstandenen Probleme stehen heute vorrangig Überlegungen zur Diskussion, die der Vielfalt der räumlichen Entwicklungstendenzen über die Formulierung regionsspezifischer Handlungsstrategien in Politik und Planung Rechnung zu tragen versuchen. Entsprechende Ansätze einer "regionalisierten Regionalentwicklung" werden primär aus zwei Richtungen beeinflusst: Auf der einen Seite beruhen sie auf Vorstellungen einer stärker dezentralen Steuerung notwendiger Entscheidungsprozesse, die mit der Verlagerung vormals zentral-staatlicher Aufgaben und Zuständigkeiten auf eine regionale Ebene verbunden sind. Auf der anderen Seite wird dieser Prozess durch eine Regionalisierung "von unten" bestimmt, wie sie u. a. in verschiedenen Formen der interkommunalen Kooperation sichtbar wird. Der österreichische Nationalpark Hohe Tauern stellt ein geeignetes Beispiel dar, anhand dessen Möglichkeiten, Widersprüche und Grenzen von Strategien einer "regionalisierten Regionalentwicklung" im Alpenraum diskutiert werden können. So gilt die Einrichtung des Nationalparks über die Grenzen der Länder Kärnten, Salzburg und Tirol hinweg heute vielfach als ein "Lehrstück" der alpinen Raumordnung, das primär auf der Qualität eines inzwischen weithin unbestrittenen Zonierungskonzeptes beruht. Darüber hinaus wird die mit der Installierung des Schutzgebietes eingeleitete Entwickl ung der "Nationalparkregion" aber auch als ein Modell für die Erprobung regional angepasster Entwicklungsstrategien in peripheren ländlichen Räumen angesehen. Die Erfahrungen mit der bisherigen Entwicklung in der Nationalparkregion Hohe Tauern vermitteln dabei allerdings ein heterogenes, keineswegs widerspruchsfreies Bild. Zu den erkennbaren Problemen zählt insbesondere die nach wie vor unzureichende regionale Abstimmung diverser Entwicklungsprojekte, die mit dem Fehlen eines regionalen Leitbildes für den Gesamtraum der Nationalparkregion einhergeht. Auch die Entwicklung entsprechender Einrichtungen eines professionellen Regionalmanagements sowie mehrerer LEADER-Aktionsgruppen haben dieses Defizit einer stärkeren Verankerung der "regionalen Ebene" nur bedingt auszugleichen vermocht. Stattdessen wirkt insbesondere im Bereich der touristischen Infrastrukturplanung heute nach wie vor die Konkurrenz der Gemeinden in starkem Maße als Motor der regionalen Entwicklung. Mit der Vorstellung einer nationalparkkonformen -nachhaltigen- Entwicklung der Region erscheint dieses Bild schwerlich vereinbar. Insoweit wird deutlich, dass die angestrebte Integration des Schutzgebietes mit der Gesamtentwicklung der Region nach wie vor ein beträchtliches Stück hinter den Erwartungen und Möglichkeiten einer "regionalisierten Regionalentwicklung" zurückbleibt.

Abstract
This article examines the ideological trajectory of Ioannis Metaxas and his intellectual Weltanschauung. It argues that he was strongly influenced by several German developments, including the Kultur vs. Zivilisation debate. Furthermore, from the 1920s he explicitly transformed key fascist ideas and drew on those of the 'Conservative Revolution'. It shows that Metaxas addressed all key historical developments, from the turn of the century, to the establishment of his dictatorship, to the Second World War, through his ideological and intellectual prism: national reconstruction and palingenesis and a new cultural orientation for the Greek nation. Metaxas's thinking is examined from its formative period in Germany (1899–1903) to his dictatorship (1936–1941). The methodological framework draws on the work of Peter Wagner, who conceives the period from 1870 to 1940 as the heyday of the 'first crisis of modernity'; the work of Roger Griffin, Aristotle Kallis, and António Costa Pinto centred around the palingenetic, modernist dynamic of fascism; and finally, the notion of 'intellectual appropriation of technology' developed by Mikael Hård and Andrew Jamison.