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Developed and advanced way of calculation concession fee than provided by the Government Methodology from 04.02.2016. It based on the critical review of existing legal regulation in Ukraine, considering the inflation factor according to international requirements (UNIDO). This approach provides a reduced risk of members of concession agreement, protection of the project member's interests and the financial viability of the project. Ukraine should follow international practice and rely on concession fee as an instrument of regulation, not only as a fiscal instrument. During the concession contest, where the criteria for selection of the winner is a concession fee, the Government should provide the object to concession if the amount of the payment will be higher than the maximum profit that can get a monopoly. Fee may take the form of a single or an annual payment. In the latter case, reasonable discount rate must be set to calculate the present value of the stream of payments. Confirmed: the need pre-planning examination of normative documents, the use of sentences of the international experience of evaluation of projects, the revised rate of interest a concession payment, the desirability of calculating asset values using their average annual cost, taking into account the special conditions of the project.

Purpose: The study aims to identify the prospects for the application of modern methods of balancing the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Design/Methodology/Approach: The formation of balanced budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is intended to provide funding for priority expenditures of the regions effectively, predetermining the need to identify the features of the implementation of scientific theories about the balance of budgets, to highlight the problems of the budget legislation of the Russian Federation and to determine the prospects for the use of traditional and new market methods of regulating the basic parameters of budgets. Findings: Authors grounded the need for complex application of methods of balancing budgets for the main parameters to increase tax and non-tax revenues, the formation of expenses regarding their optimization and efficiency, weighted debt policy, improving intergovernmental relations. The authors recommended the development of standards for applying methods of balancing budgets. Practical implications: The results of the study can be considered in the practice of forming the basic parameters of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the context of limited budget funds to strengthen budget revenues. Originality/Value: The main contribution of this study is to justify the complexity of the application of methods of balancing budgets, as well as to shift the emphasis on the regulation of domestic debt relations in the context of economic uncertainty. ; peer-reviewed

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the Organic carbon/elemental carbon technique as a method to quantify and identify the exposure of graphene and its derivatives, the aim being to propose a standardized occupational exposure measurements method for graphene. Graphene is a 2D-material consisting primarily of elemental carbon, and has many useful properties such as flexibility, elasticity, and conductivity among others. Graphene could therefore become a material used in many occupational fields in the future, and as of today, no optimal measuring technique for occupational exposure exists. The readily available techniques are either nonspecific or nonquantitative. An OC/EC-instrument can quantitively determine the amount of and distinguish between two different types of carbon, organic and elemental carbon. OC/EC could therefore be a possible measuring method used to quantitively determine occupational exposure to graphene. Preliminary test of the method has shown that it is possible to determine the amount of graphene on a quartz filter using the technique. Early results have also shown that it is possible to pinpoint which type of graphene that has been analysed between, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and graphene. The technique needs optimization, but early results indicates that the technique could be a fast and efficient monitoring technique.

VTT Tiedotteita - Research Notes 2189 ; Greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of wood and paper products, in the following referred as harvested wood products (HWP), is twofold: 1) HWP form a renewable pool of wood-based carbon, whose changes act as carbon sink or source, 2) manufacture and whole lifecycle of HWP cause fossil carbon emissions. These fossil emissions are often smaller than those of rival products from nonrenewable sources, and thus material and energy substitution by HWP can cause a relative decrease in GHG emissions. This report considers both above components, but it focuses on impact 1) and specifically on the approaches and methods for estimating the balance of wood-based carbon in HWP. In estimation and reporting GHG emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), countries do in principle report all their fossil carbon emissions (including those of HWP lifecycle), whereas reporting principles of carbon balance in HWP, impact 1), is still open. At present only changes in forest biomass are reported whereas HWP stock is not assumed to change. Climate political debate has raised alternative and competing accounting approaches, which in totally different way allocate HWP emissions or removals between countries. The report discusses and compares the alternative approaches and provides numerical examples illustrating the position of various countries in above emissions allocation. After inclusion of HWP reporting under the UNFCCC, the next possible step could be to include HWP accounting in the commitments of the Kyoto Protocol. In this case, substantial barriers for international trade of HWP and use of renewable bioenergy might be formed, dependent on the choice of the HWP accounting approach. In this study a dynamic spreadsheet model of carbon balance in HWP was developed, which countries could use in their national emissions estimation and reporting under the UNFCCC. The model requires as basic input data the production and international trade rates of HWP, provided worldwide and since 1961 by the FAO database, which is easily accessible through the internet. The report presents a short description of the above model. In addition, a more robust method for estimation of national HWP stocks is presented, based on direct inventory of building stock. However, this method is not applicable in national reporting globally, basically due to lack of relevant statistics in most countries. The GHG impacts of type 2) are also shortly illustrated by Finnish case studies, two of which consider material substitution in Finnish new construction.

There are a wide range of characteristics of cultural development in the digital age. One of the main features among them is the impact of modern information and communication technologies on the development of culture, which causes the new meanings and images of culture. These phenomena appear both in a real, traditional incarnation, and in a new — digital one. Moreover, both of these images are interconnected and often they are two sides of a cultural picture, process or phenomenon. The widespread use of information and communication technologies in the cultural sphere allows a person to realize his cultural potential. As a result, the cultural space is gradually saturated with works and objects of digital culture, digital art. And such objects no longer have analogues in the real world. They act as independent cultural phenomena and dominants, generating new cultural meanings. Therefore, an effective and comprehensive study of cultural images is possible only via new methods which are based on the information and communication technologies application, i. e. methods of Digital Humanities. Several new approaches to the study of culture are offered in the paper. They allow us to study the modern pervasive social and cultural space more effectively. These methods and approaches are used both in the scholarly research conducted by the authors and are effectively used for the study of culture by students of the St. Petersburg State University.