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The world is changing. Communicating with the world and learning information is done with the speed of light and this is all due to the fast rise of technology in all the parts of the world. These changes influence all of us privately and publicly. It influences states and the way they conduct foreign policy. Diplomacy changed into digital diplomacy. Diplomats, states, NGO's are online and are open to the community which was unthinkable in the past. As much as there are positive connotations to all of this new technologies and the internet there are also negative once that are linked to terrorism, war, uprisings, hackers and so on. Important information can be hacked by terrorists and used to harm a state, a nation or the world. Therefore, digital diplomacy should be conducted in a very specific way and the diplomats should be trained to conduct diplomacy to be open but safe. Key words: digital diplomacy, internet, foreign policy

Artikel ini membahas tentang fenomena digital diplomacy di Indonesia dan tantangannya. Pada era masyarakat terkoneksi internet, informasi menambah pengaruh lebih kuat, karena informasi itu dapat menyebar dalam hitungan detik atau menit. Pemerintah, khususnya lembaga yang mengurusi masalah kebijakan luar negeri, seharusnya mengambil manfaat dari keadaan ini karena mereka akan mampu memperluas agenda diplomasi publik mereka dalam cara yang bahkan lebih interaktif.Diplomasi digital, yang juga disebut e-diplomasi, mengacu pada penggunaan teknologi komunikasi internet dan informasi yang luas untuk membantu aktor dalam diplomasi publik, akses informasi, dan analisis data. Meskipun setiap aktor yang terlibat dalam politik global dapat melakukannya, namun dalam kasus ini, ini terutama mengacu pada diplomasi yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah. Dengan menonjolnya gagasan kewarganegaraan digital (digital citizenship), diplomasi tidak hanya berjalan pada satu arah seperti dulu dan negara harus menyesuaikan diri. Penulis menelusuri fenomena ini melalui webnya kemlu RI dan dokumentasi yang sesuai dengan data yang dibutuhkan. Kata Kunci: digital diplomacy,kebijakan luar negeri, diplomasi publik

Indonesia is known as a country whose people massively use social media. It is currentlyone of the largest internet users in the world, especially social media. President of Indonesia,Joko Widodo, (famously called 'Jokowi') also tries to 'fit in' to the trend of social media acrossIndonesia. Jokowi has several social media accounts, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,and YouTube. He even publishes a lot of his works, including his meeting agenda with otherstates' leaders. Jokowi sometimes uploads some video blogs or 'vlogs' which some of them arecollaborations with leaders of powerful countries, such as King Salman Abdul Aziz of SaudiArabia, Emmanuel Macron of France, and many others. Therefore, the authors consider thisas a great opportunity for Indonesia to start digital diplomacy. Through literature study,the authors will provide a broader analysis of prospect and challenge of Indonesia's digitaldiplomacy. The findings showed that digital diplomacy implemented by Jokowi has a goodprospect albeit many challenges. Moreover, it was also discovered that this type of diplomacycould bring some threats to Indonesia.

Changing the habits of information consumption and the presence of digital communication in society necessitates also the national diplomatic services to adapt to the new challenges and use of digital communication channels. The aim of the study is to find out the development of the implementation of digital diplomacy tools in the diplomatic service of Latvia and the influence of institutional factors in the mentioned processes.Study of publicly available documents regulating the communications process were carried out and direct interviews with the management of the MFA Communication Directorate were executed.According to the study findings, digital diplomacy is regulated by the general procedures of public administration as well as the MFA Communication Strategy, which establishes the general principles of communication and relationship building with stakeholders.MFA is aware of the importance of digital diplomacy and the need to develop this direction, but more exigent activity is limited because of other diplomatic service priorities. The limited institutional capacity and the available financial and human resources limit the implementation of these processes in a short time period, thus possibly losing the competition to the countries with similar historical, political and socio-economic level of development in the battlefield of public diplomacy.

The purpose of the article is to find out the essence of digital diplomacy as a component of public diplomacy. The research methodology is based on the application of an interdisciplinary approach, which made it possible to clarify the specifics of the discourse of digital diplomacy. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the attempt to comprehensively analyze the discourse of digital diplomacy as a component of public diplomacy in the subject area of information affairs. Conclusions. It is noted that due to the development of new methods of analyzing the behaviour of social network users, digital diplomacy has become an effective tool not only in political information campaigns but also in cultural policy. For this purpose, services and special web-applications SocioViz, NVivo, Google Trends, etc. are used. Today, the effectiveness of the message in digital diplomacy is achieved by maximizing the range of readers and viewers. It is concluded that digital diplomacy has the capacity to implement a policy of 'soft power', to develop concerted action to overcome society and political and socio-cultural crises, as well as to develop measures to prevent them. It is emphasized that the processing of big data and the use of artificial intelligence for the purposes of digital diplomacy is a requirement of the time (so-called data diplomacy).

The EU has historically sought to project outwards its identity, values and raison d'etre during times of uncertainty and crisis. One of the core values stated to be at the heart of the EU's identity is gender equality. Yet, whilst gender equality features more visibly in the EU's external discourse as it seeks to position itself as a global leader in equality and human rights, the internal challenge posed by crisis presents a real obstacle to future developments in this area. This article examines digital diplomacy, specifically twitter presence, as a discursive site for constituting meaning. We thus take the digital space afforded by Twitter as a site where the EU's internal and external identity is constructed in a process of articulation and contestation. Digital diplomacy is now a salient part of public diplomacy, increasingly prioritised over 'traditional' approaches. Using data gathered from Twitter on the EU's 60th anniversary and International Women's Day in 2017 this paper provides the first in-depth study of the EU's approach to digital diplomacy. We find the marginalisation of gender issues from the EU's core narratives bringing into question the place of gender equality as a core value of the EU.

This study aimed to identify the role of digital diplomacy in improving Israel's image internationally. To achieve this objective, the researcher used the inductive approach. The most important conclusion of the study is that digital diplomacy has a role to play in improving Israel's image internationally. This role can be seen when Israel has tried to restrict the Palestinian narrative by relying on the Arabic language in its media discourse. Israel has attached great importance to digital diplomacy by using technological advances and recruiting staff for digital diplomacy. Israeli discourse has focused on humanizing the occupying state and Israeli soldiers, in an attempt to remove the stereotype of the occupying entity. The people responsible for communication work in Israel's digital diplomacy channels have distinct capabilities in the diversity of languages and security experiences. Through digital diplomacy, Israel is still trying to appear as a democracy, intelligently promoting Israeli policies. And by trying to improve its relations with neighboring countries.

In the context of regional autonomy, the Regional Government can engage in international activities to develop the region's potential. Through digital diplomacy, it is easy for local governments to promote their potential. This study aims to determine the Wakatobi local government's digital diplomacy in promoting regional tourism in the international world. The research method used in this research uses a qualitative approach with the number of informants as many as three people from the Tourism and Creative Economy Office of Wakatobi Regency. The findings in this study indicate that the regional Government of Wakatobi's digital diplomacy utilizes social media and websites in informing various local tourism activities and potential, while also involving non-state actors. They assist in the implementation of digital diplomacy

Dış politikanın yürütme aracı olan diplomasi, ilk çağlardan günümüze gelinceye kadar büyük bir değişime uğramıştır. Küreselleşmeyle birlikte iletişim alanında meydana gelen değişimler, diplomasi alanında önemli etkilere neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada küreselleşmenin diplomasiye yansıması kapsamında, dış politikanın şekillenmesinde hayati öneme sahip karar alıcılar üzerindeki etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Küreselleşmeyle gelen değişimin; diplomatik kurumlara nasıl yansıdığı incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Küreselleşen dünyada diplomasi uygulamaların getirdiği eskiye yönelik toplumsal kayıplar ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışma konusunun derin araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyduğu ve henüz bakir bir alan olduğu saptanmıştır. ; Diplomacy which is a means in pursuing of the foreign policy has been greatly changed since the ancient times. The changes happened in the field of communication at the same time with the globalization have caused important effects on diplomacy. In this study, the effects of globalization on policy makers that have great importance in the shaping of foreign policy have been dwelled on from the reflection of globalization perspective on foreign policy. How the change coming with the globalization has reflected on the diplomatic institutions is studied. The deadweight losses that happened in the past as the result of diplomatic acts within the globalizing world have been mentioned. It is determined that the objective of this study needs to be researched deeply, and it is still a virgin area.

While e-diplomacy is gaining momentum, there are certain factors that are hampering its implementation by governments, and by foreign ministries in particular. Uthayasankar Sivarajah and Vishanth Weerakkody examine these factors and argue that diplomats need to embrace digital diplomacy now if they are to reap its benefits.

Republic of Korea (ROK) shifted its policy focus toward ASEAN through the New Southern Policy (NSP). As the core foreign policy to its southern neighbors, the NSP is envisioned to 'elevate' ASEAN status. The partnership has been backed by institutional and bureaucratic transformation to sustain the policy. Accordingly, ROK tapped on its digital resources to support this diplomatic engagement. Digital diplomacy, therefore, is an important strategy to engage the ASEAN public. However, does ROK's digital primacy is translated well to support NSP's digital diplomacy? This paper utilizes empirical explorative qualitative primary data collection of ROK's government tweets on two levels of analysis; towards domestic and foreign audiences. The finding confirms that domestic engagement is better. However, further scrutiny shows that within domestic narratives NSP is mainly used as a political tool. Meanwhile, on external engagement, this paper argues for ROK's digital diplomacy deficit toward ASEAN. Not only does ROK's digital diplomacy strategy lack uniformity, but it also fails to create conversation about NSP. Keywords : ASEAN, Republic of Korea, New Southern Policy, Digital Diplomacy, Twitter ; Republik Korea (ROK) mengalihkan fokus kebijakannya ke arah ASEAN melalui New Southern Policy (NSP). Sebagai kebijakan luar negeri utama di batas Selatan, NSP diharapkan dapat 'meningkatkan' status ASEAN. Kemitraan ini ditopang oleh transformasi kelembagaan dan birokrasi sebagai upaya untuk mempertahankan keberlanjutannya. Sejalan dengan upaya tersebut, ROK memanfaatkan sumber daya digitalnya untuk mendukung diplomasi ini. Diplomasi digital merupakan strategi penting terhadap publik ASEAN. Namun, apakah keunggulan ini diterjemahkan dengan baik dalam mendukung diplomasi digital dari NSP? Makalah ini menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data primer kualitatif yang bersifat eksploratif empiris dengan mengidentifikasikan tweet pemerintah ROK di dua tingkat analisis; domestik dan luar negeri. Makalah ini menyimpulkan bahwa keterlibatan ...

Development of information and communication technologies (ICT) deeply affected our lives. ICT revolution in the second half of the 20111 century transformed the way we communicate and transfer information. As a result ICT were incorporated into governance and notion of e-governance emerged. Digital diplomacy emerged as a continuum of the ICT revolution in the conduct of diplomacy. With the popularisation of new media, social networks, smartphones and other latest internet-based tools, diplomacy moved into a new domain of digital affairs. Thus digital diplomacy is simply defined as use of new ICT tools in order to achieve diplomatic goals. The paper starts by examining how international affairs have been affected by advancements in the ICT industry. It discusses major challenges and benefits foreign services have to face in this highly technological world. It is concluded that ICT has helped states to run their communications with a larger audience in a much faster and cost-effective ways. But at the same time state borders has been blurred, large numbers of emerging actors in international relations have made it difficult to manage the communications and more importantly digitalisation of state affairs has put government networks under threat of cyberattacks or simply hacking. The first chapter tries to depict the large scale of the ICT revolution and its impact on world affairs. Furthermore, the report examines US experience in order to provide better understanding of how and why digital diplomacy came to existence and its importance in the 21 st century. In this part historical background of the US public diplomacy is presented. The transformation of public diplomacy from a Cold War weapon into a modernized tool of US influence. The reasons behind reforms in public diplomacy were mainly declining US image in the world affairs at the end 1990s and start of the 21st century. It is argued that American officials started to realize a need for dialogue and interaction with the rest of the world in order to be able to sustain their global influence. The paper also examines US arsenal of digital diplomacy from an institutional point of view by looking at different programs and projects American digital diplomats have been involved in. The chapter concludes that transformation in US public diplomacy has brought new era in the conduct of diplomacy, namely digital diplomacy. The third and last chapter draws from the previous ones and tries to apply them to the Australian public diplomacy. In doing so it first defines what Australian public diplomacy is. Furthermore it discusses major problems facing Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) in the 21 st century. The paper argues that Australia's once well-developed ICT industry came to decline in the late 1990s which slowed down the process of digitalisation of the state affairs, namely e-government. Moreover, budget cuts and dramatic reduction of staff in DFAT exacerbated the situation. Today DFAT do not have a clear policy on digital diplomacy. The paper claims that digital diplomacy can serve as a cost-effective and fastest way to rejuvenate Australian public diplomacy and carry it into another level. Furthermore case studies of Virtual Student Foreign Service and virtual embassy in Second Life are presented as prospective projects for DFAT. The report concludes that emergence of digital diplomacy in the 21st century has been a long process that required reforms and rethinking of the ways public diplomacy is conducted. DFAT should accelerate this process and become foremost advocate of digital diplomacy in the world. Active presence in the digital world is the best way to promote geographically isolated Australia.

With the current massive coverage of Internet technologies and ongoing spread as well as progressively growing influence of social media platforms, it is natural that diplomacy as a sphere could not refrain from this phenomenon. Moreover, not only did it nor abstain, it has harnessed the new opportunities instead. This paper contributes to the debate on the phenomenon of digital diplomacy which has entered the scientific environment relatively recently and has not yet been comprehensively conceptualized into a single and globally recognized theory. In this paper we study how digital diplomacy is organized and implemented in the Czech Republic. The paper focuses on the approach of the Czech Republic to digital diplomacy, the country's implementation of its tools and digital diplomacy is embedded within the foreign policy of the state. The author provides an overview of the legal framework underlying development of digital diplomacy in the Czech Republic. The paper also outlines the institutional system operating in the sphere and how its elements contribute to the attainment of the goals typically set up by digital diplomacy. Finally, the author defines the projects created by the Czech governmental and non-governmental bodies aiming at strengthening the image of the country and promoting its brand for the foreign audiences using online tools and solutions. The paper also offers the analysis of efficiency of the primary digital diplomacy tools applied by the Czech Republic in its foreign policy and provides recommendations and conclusions based on the data included for the research. ; У сучасних умовах масового поширення Інтернет-технологій та їх охоплення аудиторії, тенденції до переважного використання мобільних пристроїв у споживанні контенту, а також прогресивно зростаючої ролі й впливовості соціальних медіа-платформ природним є те, що зовнішнся політика та дипломатія як сфери не могли залишитись осторонь цих глобальних трендів. Більше того, вони не лише не утрималися від змін, а й натомість ефективно використали нові можливості, тим самим створивши окрему галузь – цифрову дипломатію. Відтак, цією статтею ми долучаємо до наукового дискурсу про явище цифрової дипломатії, яке порівняно нещодавно ввійшло в наукове середовище, а тому досі не було концептуалізовано в комплексну загальноприйняту теорію. Отже, у цій розвідці проаналізовано організацію та впровадження цифрової дипломатії в Чеській Республіці. Ми зосереджені на теоретичному підході Чеської Республіки до цифрової дипломатії, її позиції в зовнішній політиці країни та досвіді практичного впровадження її інструментів у зовнішньополітичну комунікацію. У цьому розрізі подано огляд теоритично-правової бази, що покладена в основу розвитку цифрової дипломатії в Чеській Республіці. У статті також проаналізовано інституційну систему у сфері цифрової дипломатії та роль її елементів у сприянні досягненню зовнішньополітичних цілей держави. Крім того, визначено ключові проекти, розроблені чеськими урядовими й неурядовими організаціями та спрямовані на зміцнення іміджу країни й просування її бренду серед іноземних аудиторій за допомогою онлайн-інструментів і медіа-платформ. Як результат, у статті також запропоновано аналіз ефективності вибірки основних інструментів цифрової дипломатії, застосованих Чеською Республікою у своїй зовнішній політиці. Урешті, у праці сформульовано низку рекомендацій та висновків на основі даних, отриманих у рамках дослідження.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused challenges to international affairs in term of health, economy, politics and security in addition to the changes of interaction between actors. As one of the regional governments in a unitary state and a capital city of Indonesia, the Jakarta government projected its paradiplomacy in response to the pandemic. Its status as a lower administration under the national government did not prevent it from taking active efforts by exploiting internet and digital technology development. The paper aims to describe the Jakarta government's paradiplomatic practices in responding to the COVID-19. This research applied the qualitative method with a descriptive analysis. In addition, this research employed the concept of paradiplomacy and digital diplomacy. The findings show that the Jakarta government carried out digital diplomacy as the form of its paradiplomacy in a number of activities such as providing reliable information, collaborating with foreign communities, participating in global forum, releasing gubernatorial message, improving data platform capability and initiating an international forum at home. Such internet-supported activities were meant to share experience, collaborate and provide transparency. Paradiplomacy in the form of digital diplomacy activities was mainly conducted to gain trust to the regional government from its international audiences and create an image that Jakarta was a crisis-proof city and the part of global community. The paper argues that sub-national governments' roles in international affairs are becoming important thanks to a new room for diplomacy practices, strengthened by unprecedented global crises.

Social media's pervasiveness has created new demands for openness, transparency, real-time communication, and public engagement in diplomacy. In this study, we analyze public engagement strategies for diplomacy on Twitter that were employed by a German ambassador. By applying a text analytics approach, we explored the ambassador's tweets' core themes, how people reacted to those tweets, and what type of topics received higher engagement for 2 years. Eight themes emerged from our analysis of the tweets: democracy, politics and law; society and culture; conflict and violence; personality; environment and health; economic and social development; personal life; and embassy affairs. By analyzing the tweets' content, we present a public engagement model (PEM) for social media communication by highlighting 3 key factors that promote online public engagement: self-disclosure, positive attitude, and inquisitiveness. Results suggest that over 2 years, the German ambassador was a highly engaging personality in Pakistan, with around 4,369 interactions and highlighted positive diplomatic communication on Twitter. Tweets were positive, courteous, respectful, personalized, interactive, and direct.