While political observers were commenting upon the dullness of the 1975' spring session of the Legislature, something approaching a quiet revolution was taking place in Consumer Law. Changes were heralded in January 1975 when the amendments of late 19732 to the Consumer Services Act were proclaimed in force. The amendments expanded the functions of the Consumer Services Bureau and, most importantly, permitted for the first time the appointment of a minister of Cabinet rank to administer the Act. A few days before the Legislature met in March, Dr. Maynard McAskill was named to that position. The new minister wasted no time in acting. The first bill in the Assembly was introduced by him. In all, three consumer bills were passed during the sitting. In order of introduction they were Bill 1, the Collection Agencies Act,4Bill 36, 5 being amendments to the Consumer Protection Act, 6 and Bill 116, The Direct Sellers' Licensing and Regulation Act. 7 This note will comment on each in turn.
Solid waste management is becoming less a matter of personal household initiative and more an institutionalized system of legislation and programs. In order to decrease the amount of waste that is produced, discarded, and disposed of (landfilled or incinerated), governments, non-profit organizations and private companies are developing various programs and initiatives. Some programs make recycling as trouble free as possible while others offer incentives and discounts for reducing waste. While the methods differ widely the goals are the same: maximize the \"3R's\" (recycle, reduce, reuse) and minimize the waste going to landfills. In Canada, all levels of government have legislative authorities with respect to the environment and. more specifically, waste management. A large number of those governments (federal, provincial, regional, municipal) have indeed acted upon that authority and adopted various legislation, regulations programs initiatives, dealing with waste management. These differ widely across jurisdictions. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of governmental legislation and waste management programs currently in effect that deal with household solid waste management. The goal is to compile information on how and to what degree government and business affect the solid waste stream at the household level. The focus is primarily on Canadian legislation and programs. European and American legislation is discussed when relevant. For Canada, the three levels of government are studied. The legislation and programs at the federal level are reviewed as they are for each of the 10 provinces and two territories. At the local level a cross section of municipalities are examined. These municipalities were chosen because they offered extensive or unique programs and covered a wide range of possible programs available at the local level. This research was carried out through the study of legislation, articles, information brochures and personal correspondence. Government officials were contacted at the federal level and from each of the provinces. These officials relayed contact names of officials at the municipal level. Only in Quebec, where granting is done through a non-profit organization and not the government, was information provided by a non-government official. Those contacted then provided the information regarding the current situation in their area. This has lead to a wide difference in the amount of information available for each program. For example, in some provinces, only the text of the legislation was made available without any data or reports on the affect of the legislation on waste management. For other provinces and municipalities, extensive reports were provided and the direct effect of the programs can be estimated. For provinces and areas where only the text of the legislation was available, speculation as to its effect has been avoided and only the pertinent sections of the legislation are presented. For the United States and Europe information was taken primarily from articles and information packages. It must be understood that the nature and numbers of initiatives, programs, regulations are changing constantly. Indeed, new programs are developed, existing ones modified and refined, and old legislation overhauled on a continual basis. Hence, the paper offers a description of the programs as they currently exist.
Solid waste management is becoming less a matter of personal household initiative and more an institutionalized system of legislation and programs. In order to decrease the amount of waste that is produced, discarded, and disposed of (landfilled or incinerated), governments, non-profit organizations and private companies are developing various programs and initiatives. Some programs make recycling as trouble free as possible while others offer incentives and discounts for reducing waste. While the methods differ widely the goals are the same: maximize the \"3R's\" (recycle, reduce, reuse) and minimize the waste going to landfills. In Canada, all levels of government have legislative authorities with respect to the environment and. more specifically, waste management. A large number of those governments (federal, provincial, regional, municipal) have indeed acted upon that authority and adopted various legislation, regulations programs initiatives, dealing with waste management. These differ widely across jurisdictions. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of governmental legislation and waste management programs currently in effect that deal with household solid waste management. The goal is to compile information on how and to what degree government and business affect the solid waste stream at the household level. The focus is primarily on Canadian legislation and programs. European and American legislation is discussed when relevant. For Canada, the three levels of government are studied. The legislation and programs at the federal level are reviewed as they are for each of the 10 provinces and two territories. At the local level a cross section of municipalities are examined. These municipalities were chosen because they offered extensive or unique programs and covered a wide range of possible programs available at the local level. This research was carried out through the study of legislation, articles, information brochures and personal correspondence. Government officials were contacted at the federal level and from each of the provinces. These officials relayed contact names of officials at the municipal level. Only in Quebec, where granting is done through a non-profit organization and not the government, was information provided by a non-government official. Those contacted then provided the information regarding the current situation in their area. This has lead to a wide difference in the amount of information available for each program. For example, in some provinces, only the text of the legislation was made available without any data or reports on the affect of the legislation on waste management. For other provinces and municipalities, extensive reports were provided and the direct effect of the programs can be estimated. For provinces and areas where only the text of the legislation was available, speculation as to its effect has been avoided and only the pertinent sections of the legislation are presented. For the United States and Europe information was taken primarily from articles and information packages. It must be understood that the nature and numbers of initiatives, programs, regulations are changing constantly. Indeed, new programs are developed, existing ones modified and refined, and old legislation overhauled on a continual basis. Hence, the paper offers a description of the programs as they currently exist.
Recent polls indicate a dramatic surge in anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States. Sources of this sentiment are Japanese purchases of high-profile United States companies and real estate and the lack of similar opportunities for United States firms in Japan. This Note recognizes that although Japanese interest in mergers and acquisitions has increased, this interest focuses on foreign companies. The reason for the lack of activity within Japan are the various legal, structural, and cultural barriers that impede acquisitions, both foreign and Japanese, of Japanese companies. First, this Note considers T. Boone Pickens Jr.'s recent battle for seats on the board of directors of Koito Manufacturing as an example of how a confrontational approach to foreign access in Japan can prove unsuccessful. This Note then examines both legal and extralegal barriers to foreign investment. It is suggested that the friendly and successful acquisition by British-based Polly Peck International of fifty-one percent ownership in Sansui Electric Company is a model for future foreign direct investment activity in Japan. This Note concludes that continuing pressure for reform, both in Japan and by the United States under the recently completed Structural Impediments Initiative and proposed legislation, will lead to increased foreign investment activity in Japan in the 1990s.
Since the left came to power in 1981, French labour legislation has been redrafted. The Auroux Laws revised two‐thirds of the Labour Code and so broadly extended the rights of workers and their representatives within companies. The right of direct expression has had effects that vary as a function of situations within each work environment. Variables include: the economic branch or sector, the level and nature of employee qualifications, the size and legal status of the firm, the history of production units and their personnel. The potential in terms of managerial practices and the problems of "direct management" are discussed in the light of how the formation of direct expression groups has affected the ways in which operations are run within companies and how this innovation satisfies the contradictory interests from which it has sprung.
The subject of worker participation in the decision-making process has become one of the major topics in the developing area of EEC labor law. The EEC Treaty, however, does not provide the direct legal basis for the introduction of worker participation legislation by the Community. The Commission, therefore, has concentrated on harmonizing the company legislation of the Member States in its drive to develop a European labor legislation. In this article, Dr. Kolvenbach surveys the existing company legislation in the Member States dealing with worker participation and discusses the recent harmonization proposals of the Commission. He then concludes by supporting the harmonization efforts as the most practical means of achieving the goal of a European labor law.
THIS ARTICLE SUGGESTS THAT THE INGREDIENTS FOR AN IMPROVED INFORMATION SYSTEM IN EUROPE ALREADY EXIST. A WEALTH OF CURRENT INFORMATION CAN BE DERIVED FROM EUROPEAN UNION-RELATED ELECTRONIC DATABASES AND THROUGH DIRECT LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS. THE ARTICLE ALSO PROPOSES THAT A NEW CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICE FOR THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, DISTRIBUTED VIA THE PARLIAMENTARY NETWORK AND AS HARD COPY, COULD FOCUS INFORMATION FOR MP'S IN A MUCH MORE ACCESSIBLE WAY.
Using results of the US Senate vote on the 1983 proposed Hatch/Eagleton Amendment, which would have reversed the Supreme Court's decision to legalize abortion, 1980 census data, church membership statistics, & data on state ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment, a model was developed to identify the various constituencies that may be significant in determining whether a state would continue to allow legal abortions. Results indicate that women in white-collar occupations & nonwhites support legal abortions, while evangelical Christians do not. There also exists a direct relationship between the liberal ideology of a state & its political support of legal abortions. It is concluded that, if the determination of legal status of abortions were to revert to the states, 19 states would almost certainly continue to allow abortions, & probably 5 other states as well. However, 18 states would almost certainly abolish legal abortions & 8 other states are unlikely to continue to allow legal abortions. 1 Table, 16 References. Modified AA
THIS ARTICLE EXMAINE THE EXTENT OF THE INFLUENCE WHICH BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES RESPONSIBLE FOR EVALUATING EEC LEGISLATION EXERT OVER THE FATE OF THIS LEGISLATION. THESE COMMITTEES AND THEIR REPORTS ARE FOUND TO HAVE LITTLE INFLUENCE ON THOSE BRITISH OFFICIALS WITH DIRECT AUTHORITY OVER THE LEGISLATION, BUT DO EXERT SOME INFLUENCE IN A MORE INFORMAL MANNER.
Despite a dramatic decline in transfusion-associated AIDS, increased safety of the national blood supply, and voluntary efforts to find alternatives to homologous blood sources, Americans remain fearful about the possibility of acquiring AIDS through a blood transfusion. Numerous states have initiated legislative efforts that would require explicit warnings about blood safety and that would direct patients to alternative sources of blood. These proposed laws—known as MANTRA bills, for "mandatory notification of transfusion alternatives"—would require physicians to advise patients of blood transfusion options prior to any surgery. Many would mandate the development of new informed consent documents and involve health departments in the implementation of new regulations regarding transfusions. This article concludes that MANTRA legislation is primarily a symbolic attempt to reassure the public about AIDS. It mandates practices that are being adopted voluntarily; it will not make the blood supply safer; it will increase the cost of health care to individuals and in the aggregate; it may diminish the number of donors to the voluntary blood supply system; and it is likely to intensify public fear about the risk of a blood transfusion.
