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Do small but wealthy interest groups influence referendums, ballot initiatives, and other forms of direct legislation at the expense of the broader public interest? Many observers argue that they do, often lamenting that direct legislation has, paradoxically, been captured by the very same wealthy interests whose power it was designed to curb. Elisabeth Gerber, however, challenges that argument. In this first systematic study of how money and interest group power actually affect direct legislation, she reveals that big spending does not necessarily mean big influence. Gerber bases her findings

This paper exploits the introduction of the right of referenda at the local level in the German state of Bavaria in 1995 to study the fiscal effects of direct democracy. In the first part of the paper, we establish the relationship between referenda activity and fiscal performance by using a new dataset containing information on all 2500 voter initiatives between 1995 to 2011. This selection on observables approach, however, suffers from obvious endogeneity problems in this application. The main part of the paper exploits population dependent discontinuities in the signature and quorum requirements of referenda to implement a regression discontinuity design (RDD). To safeguard against co-treatments that might affect fiscal outcomes simultaneously at the same thresholds, we validate our results by extending the RDD approach to a difference-in-discontinuity (DiD) design. By studying direct legislation in an archetypical cooperative federation as Germany, our paper extends the literature to a novel institutional setting. The results indicate that in our setting - and in contrast to most of the evidence from Switzerland and the US.

Part, Part I: The Theory of Foreign Direct Investment: The Law of FDI -- chapter 1 Introduction -- chapter 2 FDI Theories and the Role of the State -- chapter 3 The Current Regulatory Framework for FDI -- chapter 4 Methodology -- part, Part II: Strategies for a Global Investment Agreement: The Key Players -- chapter 5 The OECD Countries and the OECD Agenda -- chapter 6 Developing Countries -- chapter 7 Consumer, Labour, Environmental and Business Groups -- chapter 8 International Organisations -- part, Part III: Evaluation: Towards Regulated Openness -- chapter 9 Evaluation of the Strategies -- chapter 10 Regulated Openness -- chapter 11 Conclusion.

The ECJ Direct Tax Compass is a collection of summaries of the 265 most significant judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, rendered up to 31 January 2017, which are relevant for EU direct taxation. With its useful search features and valuable content, the book serves as a reliable guide through the thicket of ECJ case law on direct taxation. The book contains a keyword index which facilitates topical searches. The summaries of the direct tax cases are classified according to topics representing the most important clusters of issues addressed by the ECJ from 1986 onwards. These are complemented by important texts of EU legislation. Also, several classification tables enable searches according to the legal basis of the decisions and the justification grounds invoked by the Member States