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"Today, for a large number of English law specialists, the reforms adopted throughout the nineteenth century in England tend to remedy "the glorious uncertainty of the common law." They converge in fact towards a goal: to reduce the obstacles to the accessibility to the law on the material as well as the formal level. But if this requirement of accessibility finds a favourable echo from its time because it expresses the common feeling, it is clear that the English reformer, Jeremy Bentham is the one who intends to place it at the center of all legal thinking. For him it is a direct consequence of the application of the principle of utility in legislation. This is what his entire theory on the codification of law tends to demonstrate. But the influence of Bentham on these reforms remains to relativize, because the largest project by which he envisaged to concretize the reform of the English law to make it accessible, -the Pannomion- never saw the light of the day. The final finding of the failure of codification in England seems to be interpreted as the result of the incompatibility of the common law system with the system of codified law". ; Aujourd'hui, pour un grand nombre des spécialistes du droit anglais, les réformes adoptées tout au long du XIXème siècle en Angleterre tendent remédier à « la glorieuse incertitude de la common law ». Elles convergent de fait vers un but : réduire les entraves à l'accessibilité au droit sur le plan tant matériel que formel. Mais si cette exigence d'accessibilité trouve un écho favorable dès son époque du fait qu'elle exprime le sentiment commun, force est de constater que le réformateur anglais, Jeremy Bentham est celui qui entend la placer au centre de toute la réflexion juridique. Pour lui, c'est une conséquence directe de l'application du principe de l'utilité en matière de législation. C'est ce que tend à démontrer toute sa théorie sur la codification du droit. Mais l'influence de Bentham sur ces réformes reste à relativiser, car le plus grand projet par lequel il envisageait de concrétiser la réforme du droit anglais pour le rendre accessible, -le Pannomion- n'a jamais vu le jour. Au final, le constat d'échec de la codification en Angleterre semble devoir être interprété comme le résultat de l'incompatibilité du système de common law avec le système du droit codifié

Khat (Catha edulis Forsk.), Family Celastraceae, is a plant endemic to East Africa and Yemen. Traditionally consumed during long chewing sessions, its leaves are used for their euphoric and stimulating properties. Cathinone, khat main alkaloid responsible for these effects, leads to various adverse effects of three types : short-term (insomnia, lethargy, depression), medium and long term (hypertension, diabetes, oral diseases, cancers, etc. ). The direct link between khat and illness is not always highlighted, but is not excluded. The use of this plant as an anorectic or against smoking cessation is now obsolete. Nevertheless, there is keen interest in cytotoxic alkaloids of this plant to develop new therapeutics against cancer. Synthetic drugs derived from khat are highly developed in Western countries the last few years. Thus, the use of mephedrone increases in young people due to the decrease in the quality of other drugs and an attractive price. It is also noteworthy that the consumption of Khat has social implications, particularly in family life and the economic sphere. On legislation towards this hallucinogenic plant, it is not uniform throughout the world; in France, khat was registered on the list of narcotics in 1957. ; Le khat (Catha edulis Forsk.), de la famille des Célastracées, est une plante endémique de l'est de l'Afrique et du Yémen. Traditionnellement consommées lors de longues séances de mastication, ses feuilles sont utilisées pour leurs propriétés euphorisantes et stimulantes. La cathinone, principal alcaloïde du khat responsable de ces effets, conduit à divers effets indésirables de trois types : à court terme (insomnie, léthargie, dépression), à moyen et long terme (hypertension artérielle, diabète, affections buccales, cancers, etc.). Le lien direct entre khat et maladie grave n'est pas systématiquement mis en évidence, mais n'est cependant pas à exclure. L'utilisation de cette plante comme anorexigène ou contre le sevrage tabagique est aujourd'hui désuète. Néanmoins, on s'intéresse de près aux propriétés cytotoxiques des alcaloïdes de cette plante pour développer de nouvelles thérapeutiques contre le cancer. Les drogues de synthèse issues du khat se sont fortement développées dans les pays occidentaux au cours de ces dernières années. Ainsi, la méphédrone prend une place grandissante auprès des jeunes du fait de la diminution de la qualité des autres drogues et de son prix attractif. Il est aussi à signaler que la consommation de Khat a des répercussions sociales, en particulier sur la vie de famille, et sur le plan économique. Concernant la législation vis à vis de cette plante hallucinogène, elle n'est pas uniforme de par le monde ; en France, le khat a été inscrit sur la liste des stupéfiants en 1957.

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are the cornerstone of the French economy and job creation. However, due to financial and resource constraints, they are not inclined to look for environmental information autonomously. As a result, they often consider environmental issues as a constraint rather than a potential benefit. SMEs generally invest neither time nor money in order to reduce the environmental impacts of their activities and thus remain in an "inactivity cycle". Their global environmental impact cannot be neglected which makes their interested parties more and more concerned. The aim of this study is to analyse the environmental information system of SMEs in order to identify scope for potential improvements. The first hypothesis of this study is that SMEs do not have the knowledge that is necessary in order to implement a "rational" pollution prevention policy. It is also assumed that access to environmental information is necessary for the SME to reduce the environmental impact of its activities. In order to validate these hypotheses and to identify which information channels contribute to the reduction of environmental impacts, a method is proposed to simultaneously evaluate the environmental policies of the SME and its ability to access to environmental information. This approach has been used to survey 47 SMEs. In addition, more than 300 pieces of information that were given to companies by two industrial associations were analysed. These data were analysed using principal component analysis, multiple correspondence analysis and chi square tests on contingency tables. The survey shows that SMEs favour direct contact with various organisations. The more a company is open to partners, the more it prevents pollution. Each SME has a different "partnership profile" according to the area where it is situated, its level of independence, its status according to environmental legislation and its situation with respect to quality standards. Most of the surveyed companies do not conform to the environmental legislation. Six criteria have been determined to have a significant impact on the level of pollution prevention: the company's status according to environmental legislation, the presence of an environmental manager, the type of motivation of its manager and its situation with respect to quality standards. A set of 15 indicators was employed to evaluate the environmental behaviour of the SME. The analysis of the information that had been given to firms by environmental experts led to a classification of environmental information into four categories: its type (about the environment, about the pollution prevention, organisations that are involved in environmental protection, events and references), its theme and its decisional and geographical levels. A model of how to use environmental information is proposed for SMEs. It is based on the metasystem model that is proposed by J. VAN GIGCH. This model can be used to diagnose the dysfunction of the environmental information system of a SME. To stimulate pollution prevention amongst SMEs, it would seem necessary to favour partnerships between public and private organisations through the implementation of projects that aim to help SMEs to improve their environmental performances. Thus, local partners can distribute environmental information by direct contact with the SMEs. In order to help in the organisation of such projects, a methodological guide is proposed. ; Les petites et moyennes entreprises prédominent dans le tissu industriel français. Manquant de moyens (humains et financiers), la plupart d'entre elles ne recherchent pas spontanément l'information environnementale et considèrent l'environnement comme une contrainte et non comme un atout. Elles sont donc réticentes à investir pour l'environnement et s'enferment dans un "cercle de passivité". Leur impact environnemental global ne peut cependant être négligé et préoccupe de plus en plus leurs parties intéressées. Notre objectif est d'analyser leur système d'information environnementale pour identifier les améliorations qui peuvent y être apportées afin de les encourager à réduire leurs impacts environnementaux négatifs. Nos hypothèses sont que le postulat de rationalité parfaite ne peut s'appliquer au cas de l'intégration de l'environnement par les PME / PMI et que l'accès à l'information environnementale est une condition nécessaire à sa maîtrise des impacts environnementaux. Pour les valider et identifier les flux et canaux d'information nécessaires à la diminution des impacts environnementaux, nous proposons une démarche évaluant le comportement environnemental de la PME à partir de son niveau d'accès à l'information environnementale. Cette méthode a été utilisée pour mener une enquête auprès de 47 PME / PMI. Nous avons également analysé plus de 300 renseignements fournis à des entreprises par les services "SVP environnement" de deux associations d'industriels. Les données recueillies ont été traitées par analyses factorielles, tri à plat et tableaux croisés. Notre enquête montre que le canal d'information privilégié des PME / PMI est le contact direct avec différentes organisations et que plus une entreprise est ouverte sur ses partenaires, mieux elle intègre l'environnement. Chaque PME a un "profil de partenaires" différent selon son territoire d'implantation, son niveau d'indépendance, son statut ICPE et sa situation par rapport à la certification qualité. La majorité des entreprises interrogées ne respectent pas la totalité des exigences de la réglementation ICPE. Six caractéristiques influencent significativement le niveau d'intégration de l'environnement de l'entreprise : son statut ICPE, la présence d'un responsable environnement, le type de motivation de son dirigeant et sa situation vis-à-vis de la certification qualité. Nous avons également validé une grille évaluant le comportement environnemental de la PME à partir de 15 critères sur une échelle à trois niveaux (écodéfensif, écoconformiste et écosensible). L'analyse des questions posées aux centres de ressources nous a amenés à classifier l'information selon 4 axes : son type (sur l'environnement, sur les moyens d'intégrer l'environnement, sur les éco-acteurs et sur les événements et références), son thème, ses niveaux décisionnel et géographique. Une représentation de l'utilisation de l'information environnementale par la PME / PMI est proposée sur la base du modèle du méta-système de J. VAN GIGCH. Elle permet d'identifier les carences des PME / PMI en information environnementale. Pour encourager les PME / PMI à améliorer leur gestion environnementale, il semble nécessaire de faciliter les partenariats entre acteurs publics et privés afin de faire transiter l'information environnementale par des acteurs locaux pouvant établir un contact direct avec les industriels. Aussi, nous proposons un guide méthodologique pour des projets visant à diffuser de l'information aux PME pour les encourager et aider à mieux maîtriser leurs impacts environnementaux.

To reduce health and environmental risks of chemicals and to minimize the environmental footprint of human activities, green chemistry searches for alternative, environment-friendly reaction media and at the same time strives to increase reaction rates and milder reaction conditions. A growing area of research is devoted to ionic liquids often termed as "designer" solvents due to the extreme tunability of sought functional properties. However, these aspects have inadequately led many stakeholders to qualify ILs as 'green solvents'. This qualification was stated without sufficient caution about versatility of ionic liquid chemical structures which could induce significant variation in risk profiles. Thus, the Institute proposed a potential industrial accompaniment to reduce ionic liquid harmfulness by a novel combination of OECD Daphnia magna standardized test and fish immunomarkers. The combination of these two tests allowed multicriteria examination of ILs impacts in different organisms and trophic levels. The work provided new data for legislation and opened a door towards an integrative environmental evaluation due to direct implications of immune system in fish and ecosystem health. ; Afin de réduire au maximum les risques induits par les produits chimiques pour la santé humaine et environnementale, la chimie verte serait une approche alternative performante et plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Depuis quelques années, les liquides ioniques, également appelés « solvants verts », constituent un domaine de recherche en plein essor lié à la malléabilité de leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. De plus, les liquides ioniques sont considérés comme faiblement volatiles (pas de diffusion dans l'atmosphère, risque d'exposition faible), non inflammables (réduction des risques d'accidents) et stables tout en offrant d'intéressantes opportunités comme milieu réactionnel pour une chimie plus propre. De récents travaux publiés dans la littérature scientifique se sont focalisés sur l'étude des risques pour les écosystèmes ...

As a specific crime, incest has become a special case of sexual offences in the contemporary French criminal code. There is now a challenge to its criminal treatment, which is not a criminal offence. In general, there is a problem of material evidence of the facts: old facts, absence of witnesses, no physical trace. Beyond that, however, there is uncertainty in referring to incestuous family ties and establishing proof of the non-consent of the minor who is the victim of incest. This article is based on a corpus of 27 cases of intra-family sexual violence against minors tried in the course of 2010, in French child and criminal courts. It examines how criminal law is applied to criminalise and punish incest. Judicial records show significant disparities in the classification of criminal offences. Some family ties are considered to be incestuous, others are not as long as they leave the family relationship in a direct line. The article also highlights that age prevails over family ties. Thus, the emergence of a failure to consent under the Staff Regulations linked to age, which equates the incest in a genealogical and major/minor relationship. ; International audience Once a specific crime, incest became a particular case of sexual offences in the modern French penal code. Today the issue is about the penal treatment of incest, its penal qualification is far from obvious. Usually, a problem related to the physical proof is raised: lack of physical marks, outdated facts, lack of witness. There are also uncertainties to aim for incestuous family links, and to provide evidence of a minor victim's non-consent. This article is based on a corpus of 27 legal cases of child sexual abuses within families. These cases have been judged in 2010 by French children's courts or correctional courts. We study how the criminal law is applied to punish incest. The analysis focused on disparities of the incest penal qualification. Some family ties are considered incestuous, but others are not because out of the direct kinship. The ...

Oil is the engine of Venezuela's economy, given that it is the main source of income for the country, converting the Venezuelan state into a so-called "oil state". Venezuelan tax legislation has developed different tax control mechanisms since 1943 to the present day, with the purpose of safeguarding the nation's income. The liberalization of the oil industry in the 1990s and the Hydrocarbons Law of 2001 favored the participation of private capital. The concept of "mixed companies", introduced for the first time in the Hydrocarbons Law of 2001, allowed, in exceptional cases, the commercialization of extra-heavy crude oil extracted from the Orinoco oil belt by multinational companies. Given that the world's largest oil reserves are located in the Orinoco oil belt, it is necessary to have efficient tax control rules, such as transfer pricing rules, over these transactions in order to reduce aggressive fiscal planning. Nevertheless, considering the characteristics of extra-heavy oil, it is difficult to determine whether transactions between related companies comply with the arm's length principle, and in particular, the application of the uncontrolled comparable price method, which is the most direct and effective method for the validation of the arm's length price. Taking into account these difficulties, this dissertation will explore the theoretical application of the uncontrolled comparable price method within two lenses: the methodology proposed by the OECD in its project against "base erosion and profit-shifting" (BEPS) for the valuation of commodity transactions and the international methodology called the formula pricing to obtain reference prices for extra-heavy crude oil from the Orinoco oil belt. ; Le pétrole est le moteur de l'économie vénézuélienne : c'est la principale source de revenus du pays, convertissant l'État vénézuélien en un « État pétrolier ». De 1943 à nos jours, la législation fiscale vénézuélienne a mis au point différents mécanismes de contrôle fiscal dans le but de préserver les revenus ...

Oil is the engine of Venezuela's economy, given that it is the main source of income for the country, converting the Venezuelan state into a so-called "oil state". Venezuelan tax legislation has developed different tax control mechanisms since 1943 to the present day, with the purpose of safeguarding the nation's income. The liberalization of the oil industry in the 1990s and the Hydrocarbons Law of 2001 favored the participation of private capital. The concept of "mixed companies", introduced for the first time in the Hydrocarbons Law of 2001, allowed, in exceptional cases, the commercialization of extra-heavy crude oil extracted from the Orinoco oil belt by multinational companies. Given that the world's largest oil reserves are located in the Orinoco oil belt, it is necessary to have efficient tax control rules, such as transfer pricing rules, over these transactions in order to reduce aggressive fiscal planning. Nevertheless, considering the characteristics of extra-heavy oil, it is difficult to determine whether transactions between related companies comply with the arm's length principle, and in particular, the application of the uncontrolled comparable price method, which is the most direct and effective method for the validation of the arm's length price. Taking into account these difficulties, this dissertation will explore the theoretical application of the uncontrolled comparable price method within two lenses: the methodology proposed by the OECD in its project against "base erosion and profit-shifting" (BEPS) for the valuation of commodity transactions and the international methodology called the formula pricing to obtain reference prices for extra-heavy crude oil from the Orinoco oil belt. ; Le pétrole est le moteur de l'économie vénézuélienne : c'est la principale source de revenus du pays, convertissant l'État vénézuélien en un « État pétrolier ». De 1943 à nos jours, la législation fiscale vénézuélienne a mis au point différents mécanismes de contrôle fiscal dans le but de préserver les revenus ...

The juristic protection of cultural heritage in Libya has been divided into two distinct periods. The first before 1869 was characterized by the absence of specific legislation. Apparent remains and transportable archaeological pieces were exposed to pillage and bargaining, while intangible heritage was transmitted through a popular memory that lost part of its cultural heritage over time. The second period, from the mid-nineteenth century, is marked for the Libyan heritage by a desire for protection. From 1869 to the present and after independence, it has had different stages and varying degrees in the preservation of cultural property from a legal point of view.This doctoral research is particularly interested in the last 150 years when the definition of the heritage and the vision of the Muslim law on the heritage were taken into account, because the religious heritage remains deeply in the minds of the people and constitutes an obstacle to the acceptance of several forms of cultural heritage.From the various powers that have been exercised in Libyan territory, it is possible to understand the contributions and limits, the influences and developments, the stakes and the actors, the normative provisions and their application during the Ottoman period, Italian occupation and finally the British military administration. These two European countries have focused on the protection of the tangible cultural heritage and its rediscovery. As in other areas, intangible heritage has received special attention from both administrations.After the proclamation of independence, interest in cultural heritage was lessened despite the many laws and resolutions promulgated favorable to the emergence of a national heritage law and intended to protect cultural wealth due to the discovery large quantities of oil. The country then directs its economy towards the exploitation of a rent implying the abandonment of the other resources of the country. The economy was privileged and the state gave no importance to the development of ...

International audience ; The introduction of the sex education (SE) in school curriculum faces several difficulties all around the world. In Tunisia, and in spite of the presence of directly related values to this type of education in the expected profile of the pupil; and in spite of the social and cultural evolution Tunisia is witnessing as the rest of the globe , this education has met a categorical refusal on behalf of the decision-makers. Besides, the LIFE SCIENCE programs introduce the human reproduction in 9th grade. The contraception is presented as a family planning policy marginalizing by this sexuality with all its aspects and ignoring the needs of the pupils whose age varies from 14 to 16 years. Furthermore, the teachers use a speech with sociocultural dominance showing a return in favor to religious fundamentalism in disagreement with all the Tunisian legislation; which would not allow a sustainable transition towards universal values in connection with the sexuality. ; L'introduction de l'éducation sexuelle (ES) dans les cursus scolaires rencontre plusieurs difficultés partout dans le monde. En Tunisie et malgré la présence des valeurs en relation directe avec cette éducation dans le profil attendu de l'élève, et malgré l'évolution sociale et culturelle que vit la Tunisie parallèlement à celle mondiale, cette éducation est heurtée à un refus catégorique de la part des décideurs. Par ailleurs, les programmes des SVT abordent la reproduction humaine pour la première fois en 9 ème année de l'enseignement de base. La contraception y est présentée comme une politique de planning familial marginalisant la sexualité avec toutes ses facettes et ignorant les besoins des élèves dont l'âge varie entre 14 at 16 ans. De plus, les enseignants utilisent un discours à dominance socio-culturelle montrant un retour vers l'intégrisme religieux en désaccord avec toute la législation tunisienne ; ce qui ne permettrait pas une transition durable vers des valeurs universelles en relation avec la sexualité.

International audience ; The introduction of the sex education (SE) in school curriculum faces several difficulties all around the world. In Tunisia, and in spite of the presence of directly related values to this type of education in the expected profile of the pupil; and in spite of the social and cultural evolution Tunisia is witnessing as the rest of the globe , this education has met a categorical refusal on behalf of the decision-makers. Besides, the LIFE SCIENCE programs introduce the human reproduction in 9th grade. The contraception is presented as a family planning policy marginalizing by this sexuality with all its aspects and ignoring the needs of the pupils whose age varies from 14 to 16 years. Furthermore, the teachers use a speech with sociocultural dominance showing a return in favor to religious fundamentalism in disagreement with all the Tunisian legislation; which would not allow a sustainable transition towards universal values in connection with the sexuality. ; L'introduction de l'éducation sexuelle (ES) dans les cursus scolaires rencontre plusieurs difficultés partout dans le monde. En Tunisie et malgré la présence des valeurs en relation directe avec cette éducation dans le profil attendu de l'élève, et malgré l'évolution sociale et culturelle que vit la Tunisie parallèlement à celle mondiale, cette éducation est heurtée à un refus catégorique de la part des décideurs. Par ailleurs, les programmes des SVT abordent la reproduction humaine pour la première fois en 9 ème année de l'enseignement de base. La contraception y est présentée comme une politique de planning familial marginalisant la sexualité avec toutes ses facettes et ignorant les besoins des élèves dont l'âge varie entre 14 at 16 ans. De plus, les enseignants utilisent un discours à dominance socio-culturelle montrant un retour vers l'intégrisme religieux en désaccord avec toute la législation tunisienne ; ce qui ne permettrait pas une transition durable vers des valeurs universelles en relation avec la sexualité.

Non-resident aliens represent a very specific legal category of taxpayers. Two conditions are necessarily met in order to tax these economic operators : a territoriality criterion relating to the location of their tax liability, it is the fiscal domicile; and then one of nationality. The definition of taxpayer is negative, as a matter of fact, it is a person who does not have French nationality, and who does not have tax domicile in France. The French legislature makes explicit references to non-resident foreigners in the Tax Code, the principle being the assimilation with the French non-residents. However, when there is a direct reference, it is to discriminate against national. This results in a difference in tax treatment most often contrary to EU and international standards which effectively act against any protectionist drift of the French legislator. Indeed, the principle of equality and its corollary, the principle of non-discrimination are fundamental principles of EU and international law, which are responsible for neutralizing the national tax systems which apply the criterion of nationality in the taxation of non-resident aliens in France. At last, breaking the principle of assimilation to national non-residents creates legal disputes that force the French legislator to align with the external legislation and which therefore tend to lead to an end to discrimination. ; Les étrangers non-résidents représentent une catégorie juridique très particulière de contribuables. Deux conditions sont nécessairement réunies pour taxer ces opérateurs économiques : un critère de territorialité qui tient à la localisation de leur obligation fiscale, il s'agit du domicile fiscal ; et puis un critère de nationalité. La définition de ce contribuable est négative car il s'agit ainsi d'une personne qui n'a pas la nationalité française, et qui n'a pas son domicile fiscal en France. Le législateur ne fait que très rarement référence explicitement aux étrangers non-résidents dans le Code général des impôts, le principe étant ...

In France, the nineteenth century is the age of beer: in a hundred years, annual production and consumption grow from less than three to more than fifteen million hectolitres. Thanks to its advantageous commercial position and the quality of its waters, Lyon occupies a unique place in this developing mass-market. Calling presumed alimentary boundaries into question, the city distinguishes itself as soon as the end of the Ancien Régime through a wide use of the hoppy beverage and the making of a product with specific organoleptic qualities being exported to the southeast quarter of the country. Skilfully maintained, this original situation turns Lyon into one of the main French beer production centres of the first half of the century. Things change with the advent of the Second Empire. New drinking trends and habits, birth of a European then worldwide consumption market and substantial scientific and technical improvements combine themselves to change the activity into a definite way. Thus, the Rhône brewing sector, leaded by Lyon's breweries and initially made of numerous and small short-lived handcraft production units selling locally only, becomes in a few decades an industry operating towards foreign markets and formed by a handful of big factories gathering workforce, capitals and market share. Regulatory framework itself (professional legislation or insalubrity control) and fiscal politics on national and municipal scales contribute also to the transition. Since they have to adapt their manufacturing and formation processes, as well as supplying and selling strategies, the redefinition of urban and commercial logics has a direct impact on brewers' practices: in a wider sense, it is the organization of the beer sector which progressively reveals itself. However, it would be untrue to see these businessmen as powerless victims of an uncontrolled process. More than spectators, they are actors of a protean revolution. The prosopographical study of 337 careers considered in their individual and collective ...

To reduce health and environmental risks of chemicals and to minimize the environmental footprint of human activities, green chemistry searches for alternative, environment-friendly reaction media and at the same time strives to increase reaction rates and milder reaction conditions. A growing area of research is devoted to ionic liquids often termed as "designer" solvents due to the extreme tunability of sought functional properties. However, these aspects have inadequately led many stakeholders to qualify ILs as 'green solvents'. This qualification was stated without sufficient caution about versatility of ionic liquid chemical structures which could induce significant variation in risk profiles. Thus, the Institute proposed a potential industrial accompaniment to reduce ionic liquid harmfulness by a novel combination of OECD Daphnia magna standardized test and fish immunomarkers. The combination of these two tests allowed multicriteria examination of ILs impacts in different organisms and trophic levels. The work provided new data for legislation and opened a door towards an integrative environmental evaluation due to direct implications of immune system in fish and ecosystem health. ; Afin de réduire au maximum les risques induits par les produits chimiques pour la santé humaine et environnementale, la chimie verte serait une approche alternative performante et plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Depuis quelques années, les liquides ioniques, également appelés « solvants verts », constituent un domaine de recherche en plein essor lié à la malléabilité de leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. De plus, les liquides ioniques sont considérés comme faiblement volatiles (pas de diffusion dans l'atmosphère, risque d'exposition faible), non inflammables (réduction des risques d'accidents) et stables tout en offrant d'intéressantes opportunités comme milieu réactionnel pour une chimie plus propre. De récents travaux publiés dans la littérature scientifique se sont focalisés sur l'étude des risques pour les écosystèmes aquatiques. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrivent les travaux menés par l'INERIS.

Over the past 10 years, indoor air quality has become a real Health and Safety concern, especialty in the workplace, which has led to the legislation proposal of concentrations guidelines for pollutants such as Volatiles Organic Compounds (VOC). To comply with the Safety requirements, The Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 has institutionalized and developed an Environment, Health and Safety Unit (HSE Unit), to provide the analyses for the Health and Safety team (SHS). This specialist unit has developed a supervision methodology to control the indoor air quality in all the buildings of the university, including all the 80 research and training laboratories. In order to carry out the assessment, the SHS team defined 45 compounds classified as priority, according to their threshold limit values (TLV-TWA or TLV-STEL) to the workers. To this list of 45 VOC another list containing 48 VOC is added. Evaluation of the trapping capacity of each sorbent, for a mix containing 93 VOC has been studied. Moreover, separation and identification methods were developed and optimized allowing to reach a quantification limit lower than professional limit value exposure. Using these methods and the results of the trapping comparisons, different applications were implemented, such as sampling campaigns in different laboratories ; Aujourd'hui, la gestion du risque en milieu profesionnel ainsi que l'évaluation de l'exposition aux polluants, tels que les Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) présents dans l'air deviennent une nécessité tant la qualité de l'air des lieux de travail peut être à l'origine de problèmes de santé ou de maladies professionnelles reconnues. Dans le but de répondre à ces exigences de sécurité, l'Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 a institutionnalisé et développé une Cellule Analyse Hygiène Sécurité et Environnement en lien direct avec le service SHS préexistant. Cette cellule est chargée de la mise en place d'une méthodologie de surveillance de la qualité de l'air intérieur de l'ensemble des locaux de l'université (14 ...

Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) resulting from skin sensitization is a frequent inflammatory skin disease linked to the use of chemicals, called haptens. At this time, the sensitizing potential of a new chemical is evaluated on animal models. However, new European legislation requires alternative methods for skin sensitization. In this context, a better knowledge of ACD and the capacity to reproduce in vitro its mechanisms lead to the development of new alternative methods. The aim of this study performed with human dendritic cells (DCs) and the human cell line U937 was to determine the early events involved in dendritic cell activation induced by contact sensitizers and especially by the mercury compound thimerosal. Data show that oxidative stress induced by sensitizers is an early signaling event leading to DC activation (expression of CD86 and IL-8 release) and to apoptosis. Using antioxidants, our data show that oxidative stress, characterized by ROS production in correlation with the depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential and of intracellular glutathione, is a key player in signal transduction induced by sensitizers, especially in the response of DCs towards thimerosal and DNCB. More specifically, these studies demonstrate that thiol groups play a direct role in the initiating events leading to DC activation. In addition, calcium influx was detected in DCs exposed to sensitizers, in correlation with oxidative stress. These data highlight the great interest in the development of a hapten-protein binding assay based on thiol groups and the necessity to better understand the redox status of chemicals as well as cell metabolism for predicting skin sensitization. ; L'eczéma allergique de contact (EAC) est une pathologie inflammatoire cutanée de plus en plus fréquente. Il s'agit d'une sensibilisation vis-à-vis de substances chimiques, appelées haptènes, qui sont en contact répété avec la peau. A l'heure actuelle, le pouvoir sensibilisant d'une molécule est évalué principalement grâce à des modèles ...