The substantial, direct relationships between the two different systems of Education and Prison are determined not only by the respective institutional roles within the social structure of a country, but also (and especially) by the key principles that inspire their pedagogical and (re)educational mission. This reflection on the educational and social goals that the school-to-prison system should/could achieve extends their roles beyond the mere considerationof the prison as containment and punishment apparatus and of the school as an"obligation". Moreover, the analysis of these facets of the topic reinforce the opportunity of a new idea of mutual scaffolding between all interacting for a shared load outlet, a proposal that implicate an analysis of the topic from the inside to the outside of the prison walls.Therefore, among the activities aimed at the social rehabilitation of prisoners, Education appears to be an essential element of intervention in the prison context, in addition to represent an essential tool for supporting the process of personal growth. Consequently, this individual development and empowerment encourages the inmates to abandon the negative values, that generate deviant behavior, in favor of positive social reintegration. In the light of the recent legislation that sanctioned the specificity of formative path held inside the prisons, this article contributes to the analysis of the existing situation by presenting operative and planning models actually tested in a penitentiary of an Italian province. ; I sistemi scuola e carcere hanno alcune, sostanziali, dirette correlazioni, prescritte non solo dai rispettivi ruoli istituzionali inseriti nel sistema sociale del paese ma anche (e soprattutto) per i principi fondanti che ne ispirano l'azione pedagogica e (ri)educativa. Questa riflessione sugli obiettivi educativi e sociali che il sistema scuola-carcere dovrebbe/potrebbe realizzare, supera la mera considerazione del carcere come luogo di contenimento e punizione e della scuola come "obbligo", ...
Revue classée de "Rang A" ("Fascia A") par le ministère de l'éducation nationale italien ; International audience ; Can the Administrative Judge void an act because it is in direct conflict with the precautionary principle? In which category of "fault of the act" does this case fall into? These are questions that are becoming more and more pressing in each country of the European Union and particularly in France, where the Constitutional Legislator has annexed a "Chart of the Environment" to the constitution.This was done in such a way that, in the before-mentioned case, administrative legality and constitutional legality are profoundly interconnected. The answers to these questions are particularly complex for at least two reasons. The first problem is that the precautionary principle is often in conflict with other rights of the citizen that have equal constitutional value, like the fundamental right of property. The second problem is that this principle has always been characterized by a sort of semantic ambiguity: on the one hand, French legislation has given multiple definitions, sometimes conflicting with each other, while, on the other, there are conflicts between the definitions of the Legislator and a definition that was created in the European framework, and problems related to the general vagueness of the notion of "precaution" itself, which is often confused with the concept of "prevention". This essay analyzes these problems, trying to find answers to the questions stated at the outset, while offering some possible answer to the Italian reader who has to deal with similar situations. ; Le principe de précaution est aujourd'hui entré dans le langage courant, utilisé en matière météorologique, sanitaire, médical, mais aussi psychologique (antenne relais, organismes génétiquement modifiés…), sociologique, politique, voire sentimental au point d'en perdre son contenu. Ces grands principes environnementaux ont suscité dès l'origine un débat quant à leur place dans l'ordonnancement juridique.Une double ...
La presente ricerca si propone di analizzare la Direttiva 2012/13/UE sul diritto all'informazione nei procedimenti penali ed il suo impatto sul sistema processuale italiano. L'analisi prende le mosse da un primo capitolo dedicato al sistema multilivello delle fonti: sul panorama nazionale e sovranazionale, infatti, la direttiva è solo l'ultima norma, in ordine di tempo, a disciplinare il diritto fondamentale alla conoscenza dell'indagato e dell'imputato. Necessario quindi apprestare una panoramica delle fonti che garantiscono la protezione multilevel dei diritti, e descrivere le loro reciproche interazioni. Imprescindibile, poi, un approfondimento sulla tutela dei diritti nello Spazio di Libertà Sicurezza e Giustizia dell'UE, con un'attenzione particolare all'era post-Lisbona ed al valore aggiunto che le direttive ex art. 82 co. 2 TFUE possono portare sul sistema multilevel. Il secondo ed il terzo capitolo sono dedicati all'analisi normativa della fonte europea. La trattazione si muove lungo le tre visuali prospettiche che la norma europea attribuisce al diritto all'informazione: diritto alla conoscenza dei propri diritti; diritto alla conoscenza dell'accusa; diritto alla conoscenza degli atti di indagine. Le disposizioni europee vengono continuamente integrate con la giurisprudenza della Corte EDU, che inietta di significato le norme della direttiva e fornisce gli standards di tutela laddove non specificati. Vengono messe in rilievo le disposizioni più innovative, che consentono alla direttiva di non essere solo "codificazione" del case law di Strasburgo, ma fonte autonoma e progredita di diritti. Il capitolo finale è infine focalizzato sull'impatto che la direttiva ha prodotto sul sistema processuale interno. La trattazione è suddivisa tra l'analisi delle modifiche apportate dalla normativa di attuazione italiana, d. lgs. 101/2014, e la disamina delle sue lacune: il legislatore ha dato luogo ad un intervento minimalista, omettendo di dare esecuzione proprio alle disposizioni europee più innovative che avrebbero permesso al nostro sistema di essere in linea con i dettami sovranazionali. Particolare attenzione è data al tema delle modifiche all'imputazione e al principio Iura novit curia, sulla scorta dei punti saldi elaborati dalla Corte EDU nel noto caso Drassich. In conclusione, vengono proposti gli scenari futuri che potrebbero conseguire all'efficacia diretta della direttiva e alla penetrazione, per il suo tramite, delle norme CEDU nell'ordinamento giuridico nazionale. ; The present research examines the European Directive on the right to information in criminal proceedings (Directive 2012/13/EU, hereinafter 'the Directive'), assessing the impact that it is likely to have on the Italian legal system. Before analyzing the legislation, the thesis provides an historical overview of the status of human rights safeguards in the EU and a description of its multi-layered system of protection. Starting from the early ECJ case law setting out a 'human rights theory', the research moves on to consider the Charter of Nice and the development of a European Area of Criminal Justice, until the Stockholm Program and the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. In addition, it addresses the question as to whether and to what extent the directives 'of new generation' based on art. 82 par. 2 TFEU bring an added value to the aforementioned human rights protection system. Chapters 2 and 3 of the research focus on the analysis of the legislation and on the three meanings that the Directive attaches to the right to information in criminal proceedings, namely, the right to information about rights, the right to information about accusation, and the right to information about case file. The effort is shedding some light on the most innovative prescriptions, while at the same time highlighting how much the EU legislation owes to the ECtHR case law, which is used as a yardstick for the evaluation and interpretation of the Directive. Finally, Chapter 4 addresses the Italian implementing legislation (d. lgs. 101/2014) and the impact of the Directive on our legal system. It finds that the NIM is highly unsatisfactory, as the Italian legislator has failed to comply with the most innovative EU standards. In this regard, the research illustrates the impact of EU prescriptions on the jurisdiction of national judges, in particular, the impact of the 'new' right to information about accusation. It concludes that Italian judges can (in)directly apply ECtHR case law standards due the direct effect of the Directive (which can be regarded as an 'ECtHR case-law codification').
Esiste un limite costituzionale alla privazione della cittadinanza? Il decreto legge n. 113/2018 ha recentemente introdotto un nuovo articolo 10-bis nella legge n. 91/1992 che disciplina la revoca della cittadinanza. Si tratta di una "sanzione" che può essere inflitta dal Presidente della Repubblica su proposta del Ministro dell'interno entro tre anni dalla condanna definitiva per gravi fatti di reato ed è applicabile soltanto ad alcune categorie di cittadini (non si può revocare la cittadinanza ai cittadini iure sanguinis, per beneficio di legge o per adozione). La revoca della cittadinanza è una assoluta novità nella legislazione italiana a far data dalle leggi fasciste del 1926 e sembra porsi in diretto conflitto con l'articolo 22 della Costituzione, che vieta la privazione della cittadinanza per motivi politici; con il principio costituzionale di ragionevolezza; con il diritto costituzionale di difesa e con altri diritti di rango costituzionale che possono essere aggrediti come effetto dell'atto di denazionalizzazione. Una breve analisi di analoghe forme di privazione della cittadinanza (la francese déchéance de nationalité), delle norme e della giurisprudenza UE sulla cittadinanza europea (il caso Rottmann) e di altre rilevanti norme internazionali in materia di contrasto dell'apolidia e di protezione di diritti fondamentali (come il diritto alla vita privata e familiare di cui all'articolo 8 CEDU), mostra, infine, che l'art. 10-bis l. n. 91/1992 si pone in diretto contrasto con il «diritto ad avere diritti». ; Is there any Constitutional limit to denationalization? Law-Decree n. 113/2018 introduced a new article 10-bis on the Revocation of Citizenship within l. n. 91/1992. This article regulates the deprivation of nationality. It is a "sanction" which can be inflicted by the President of the Republic under proposal of the Ministry of the interior within three year from a final condemnation for serious criminal offences. It applies only to certain category of citizens: it is not possible to revoke citizenship to citizens iure sanguinis or which are descendants of Italian citizens or which have been granted citizenship through adoption. Deprivation of citizenship is an absolute novelty in Italian legislation since the Fascist Laws of 1926 and it seems in direct conflict with article 22 of the Italian Constitution which prohibits deprivation of citizenship due to «political motivation» and with the constitutional principle of reasonablesness of law; the constitutional right to defence and other fundamental constitutional rights which can be afflicted as a counter-effect of denationalization. A short analysis of similar forms of denationalization (the French déchéance de nationalité); of norms and case law on EU Citizenship (Rottmann case) and of other relevant International provisions (on the contrast of Statelessness and protection of the Right to Privacy and Family life, art. 8 ECHR) shows that art. 10-bis l. n. 91/1992 seems in direct contrast with «the right to have rights».
The thesis deals with the role of supranational sources of law in the Italian legal order. The first part is dedicated to EU Law, whose incorporation has been justified by the Italian Constitutional Court on the basis of Article 11 of the Constitution. This provision gives a constitutional rank to the law containing the order of execution of the Treaty. Thus, EU law, in the matters of its competence, both prevails over ordinary legislation and derogates to detailed constitutional provisions, with the exception of the duty to respect fundamental principles. Conflicts between self-executing EU norms and municipal provisions which are raised incidentally must not be solved by the Constitutional Court but by the ordinary judge on the basis of the direct effect of EU law. This approach is due to the fact that national law that contrasts with Union law do not interfere with the law of execution of the Treaty, which the dualist doctrine considers as a part of another legal system. An analogous constitutional rank in the hierarchy of sources is recognized to international customs which are transformed into municipal law by Article 10(1) of the Constitution. On the contrary, until 2001 international treaties were deprived of a general constitutional covering and therefore they had the same rank of the ordinary law of execution. At present, after the entry into force of new Article 117(1) of the Constitution, international agreements are considered as interposed sources which prevail over ordinary legislation and succumb with respect to constitutional rules. However, some recent judgments of the Italian Constitutional Court seem to indicate the willingness to recognize in the future a constitutional rank also to treaties. La tesi tratta il tema del ruolo svolto nel nostro sistema giuridico dalle fonti di origine sovranazionale. La prima parte è dedicata al diritto comunitario, il cui ingresso nel nostro ordinamento è stato giustificato dalla Consulta sulla base dell'articolo 11, che offre copertura costituzionale alla legge di esecuzione del Trattato. Il diritto comunitario, pertanto, nelle materie di propria competenza prevale sulla legislazione ordinaria e deroga anche alle disposizioni costituzionali di dettaglio, salvo l'obbligo di rispettare i principi supremi. I conflitti tra norme comunitarie self executing e leggi ordinarie sorti in via incidentale devono peraltro essere risolti non mediante il giudizio di costituzionalità ma dal giudice ordinario con la diretta applicazione della norma comunitaria, perché la legge anticomunitaria normalmente non interferisce con la legge di esecuzione del Trattato, che secondo la tesi dualista fa parte di un diverso sistema giuridico. Analoga è la collocazione riconosciuta nella gerarchia delle fonti alle consuetudini internazionali, che sono recepite dall'articolo 10 comma 1. I trattati internazionali, invece, fino al 2001 erano privi di copertura costituzionale generale, e pertanto parificati alla legge ordinaria di esecuzione. Dopo l'entrata in vigore del nuovo articolo 117 comma 1, invece, sono considerati fonti interposte, che prevalgono sulla legislazione ordinaria e soccombono nei confronti delle disposizioni costituzionali. Da alcune recenti sentenze, tuttavia, pare emergere che la Corte Costituzionale potrebbe arrivare a riconoscere anche ai trattati una posizione di livello costituzionale.
Le considerazioni sviluppate in questo scritto si pongono come obiettivo quello di fare chiarezza sul delicato tema delle opere di urbanizzazione a scomputo. La normativa concernente la realizzazione delle opere pubbliche a scomputo totale o parziale degli oneri di urbanizzazione è stata oggetto di svariate modifiche e interpretazioni giurisprudenziali, che si sono susseguite dopo l'importante pronuncia della Corte di Giustizia Europea. E' con questa sentenza che i Giudici del Kirchberg introducono un particolare obbligo procedurale a carico dei privati: nel caso in cui singole opere superino i valori di rilevanza europea, esse devono essere affidate, applicando le procedure di gara previste dalla direttiva 37/93/CEE. Va precisato che sino a quel momento l'affidamento diretto delle opere al privato costituiva nell'ottica del Legislatore lo strumento per realizzare le infrastrutture necessarie per consentire gli insediamenti edilizi che la pubblica amministrazione spesso non era in grado di effettuare. In questo panorama legislativo la sentenza della Corte di Giustizia, appare del tutto dirompente. Infatti, introducendo il principio secondo cui anche la realizzazione diretta delle opere di urbanizzazione da parte del privato deve sottostare alle regole delle procedure europee in materia di appalti, mette inevitabilmente a confronto due normative, quella degli appalti pubblici e quella dell'urbanistica, che sino a quel momento erano riuscite a viaggiare in modo parallelo, senza dar luogo a reciproche sovrapposizioni. Il Legislatore nazionale ha, con molta fatica, recepito il principio comunitario ed è stato negli anni quasi costretto, attraverso una serie di modifiche legislative, ad ampliarne la portata. La presente ricerca, dopo aver analizzato i vari correttivi apportati al Codice degli appalti pubblici vuole, quindi, verificare se l'attuale quadro normativo rappresenti un vero punto di equilibrio tra le contrapposte esigenze di pianificazione del territorio e di rispetto dei principi comunitari di concorrenza nella scelta del contraente. ; The arguments developed have as their aim to to clarify the issue of primary and secondary urbanization costs In the last fifteen years, the field of urban development law has, in fact, undergone a radical transformation. In particular, the legislation on primary and secondary urbanization costs have been the subject of several amendments and judicial interpretations, that have taken place after the important decision of the European Court of Justice (case "Bicocca" 12 / 07/2001 - C 399/98). It should be noted that until that time the direct assignment of the works on the property developer represented, for the Legislator the tool to create the necessary infrastructure to allow the building settlements that the government was often not able to make. In this scenario the judgment of the Court of Justice has a major impact. In fact, by introducing the principle according to which even the direct execution of urbanization by the private party must submit to the rules of European procedures for procurement, inevitably puts comparing two laws, the public works and the planning, which until at that time were able to go in parallel, without giving rise to mutual overlapping. The present study, after analyzing the various amendments over the Code of public contracts will, therefore, determine whether the current regulatory framework provides for a true point of balance between the conflicting requirements for land use planning and compliance with the principles of competition in the Community choice of contractor.
"La cartografia è l'insieme degli studi e delle operazioni scientifiche, artistiche e tecniche che si svolgono a partire dai risultati delle osservazioni dirette o dalla utilizzazione di una documentazione, al fine di elaborare ed allestire carte, piante e altri modi d'espressione, nonché al fine del loro uso" (Associazione Internazionale di Cartografia, 1966). Si profila così da questa definizione la possibilità di affidare quindi la salvaguardia del territorio, oltre che ad interventi di natura vincolistica ai sensi della legislazione vigente in materia di tutela storico-artistica e paesaggistica, anche e soprattutto ad un'oculata pianificazione urbanistica, che mirasse alla conservazione non solo del "monumento", ma anche del contesto territoriale di appartenenza. Sulla base di queste premesse e con il fine di conoscere e documentare gli elementi da tutelare, si rende quindi necessaria l'individuazione, la catalogazione e la relativa rappresentazione cartografica di tutti i beni storici presenti in un territorio: ne è un esempio significativo, la cinta muraria della città di Verona. Le mappe della cinta muraria che si stanno valorizzando, realizzando e installando, hanno lo scopo pratico di informare ma anche l'ambizione di "orientare" l'interesse di Verona verso il recupero delle sue stesse mura. Tale saggio ha provato ad evidenziare proprio quel legame che può e che dovrebbe esserci tra un territorio ed il proprio patrimonio e allo stesso tempo ho cercato di mettere in risalto la centralità che assume la funzione della valorizzazione di un bene culturale e naturale nell'ambito dello sviluppo locale. ; "The map is the set of studies and scientific operations, and artistic techniques that take place from the results of direct observations or the use of documentation in order to process and prepare maps, plans and other ways of expression, and the end of their use" (International Cartographic Association, 1966). What then emerges from this definition can then entrust the protection of the territory, well as interventions and constraints under the existing legislation to protect the historic-artistic and landscape, and above all to ensure proper planning, that aimed conservation not only of the "monument", but also the context of territorial belonging. Based on these premises and in order to know and document the elements to be protected, it is therefore necessary to identification, cataloging and mapping of all its historical assets present in a territory: it is a significant example, the city walls of Verona. The maps in the wall which are exploiting, producing and installing, have the practical purpose to inform but also the ambition to "steer" the interest of Verona to the recovery of his own walls. This paper has tried to highlight that very bond that can and should exist between a territory and its own assets and at the same time I tried to emphasize the centrality which assumes the function of the enhancement of the cultural and natural context of local development.
Nowadays the efforts aimed at enhancing the Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) are mainly focused on the fuel consumption minimization to comply with binding CO2 emission legislation for vehicle homologation. Concerning the Spark-Ignition ICEs, the most widespread path to satisfy the pollutant emission limits is the adoption of a three-way catalyst (TWC) along the exhaust line. As known, this solution poses some issues, such as a low efficiency at cold start or an effectiveness degradation because of aging. In addition, it involves the impossibility to exploit the advantages of lean combustions, since a close to stoichiometric air/fuel mixture is mandatory for efficient TWC operation. For the above reasons, a growing interest towards solutions limiting engine raw emissions is emerging. So future legislation requires new technical measures to increase engine efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. Here gasoline engines with high specific power have a huge development potential, since, on the one hand, knocking at high Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) limits thermal efficiency and, on the other hand, high power densities lead to increased thermal loads, which, for component protection reasons, need to be controlled by means of enrichment beyond the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. This operation leads to increased fuel consumption and to higher pollutant emissions; especially harmful soot particles, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are emitted in a higher amount. In addition to known systems, such as exhaust manifolds integrated in the cylinder head for direct cooling of the exhaust gas, extended effective expansion by optimized valve timings (Miller, Atkinson) and external cooled exhaust gas recirculation, also new technologies are being developed for passenger cars. Those technologies primarily aim to widen the lambda one range of the engine in order to maintain the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio throughout the entire engine operating range, which is expected to be required for future Real Driving Emissions (RDE) legislation. The first chapter explains the current situation and future direction of internal combustion engines, with a particular focus on the gasoline engines with high specific power and covers broad regulatory changes in the last year related to tailpipe emissions of criteria pollutants and CO2/fuel economy. Throughout the chapter, a brief overview of internal combustion engines and their future development will be provided so to understand and appreciate why it is still relevant to conduct research in this field, while facilitating the improvement of green technologies in order to achieve a sustainable transportation system. The motivation behind this study and the research direction will also be clarified. Then, a Lamborghini 12-cylinder naturally aspirated spark ignition engine is investigated. The engine is experimentally tested under full and part load operation with two different Air-to-fuel ratio maps. Main performance parameters, in-cylinder pressure cycles and raw pollutant emissions are measured. The engine is schematized in a one-dimensional model (GT-Power™), where "user routines" are employed to simulate turbulence, combustion, knock and pollutant production. 1D model is validated against the experimental data, denoting a good accuracy. The innovative contribution of this section can be hence recognized in the development of a 1D model characterized by a single set of tuning constants allowing for an accurate reproduction of the combustion process in all the engine configurations. As better explained in the following, the combustion model is in fact coupled to a turbulence sub-model, preliminary tuned with reference to 3D-CFD results, in motored operation. This methodology is particularly helpful in the calibration of a VVT engine, where the turbulence levels substantially vary at part load according to the intake/exhaust valve strategies. Combustion and turbulence constants are hence selected through comparisons with few experimental data at full load and 3D results, and then employed at part load and in the optimization process, as well. The results about the raw emissions put into evidence that the numerical approach predicts the experimental data of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO), but it is not enough advanced to reproduce the hydrocarbon (HC) level, although the variations with the engine operating parameters (speed, load, air/fuel ratio) are captured. The model is employed to study the water injection impact to draw the variation trend of the exhaust temperature, performance and the pollutant emissions changing the engine hardware, rather than to predict their absolute levels. The combustion speed takes into account the water presence with a refined correlation of laminar flame velocity and the knock model gives the possibility to set the best spark advance. The water evaporation reduces the in-cylinder temperature and, as a consequence the knock level, is lower. The computed HC, CO and NO maps have been embedded in a vehicle simulation to estimate the impact of the analysed technical solutions on a RDE cycle suggested by Lamborghini. In this way, with a fully numerical approach, a new hardware is analysed and its impact in term of pollutions level is verified on a realistic drive cycle that the new regulations seems to impose. In this way, a new approach to design the future high performance engines has been individuated and the impact of the new regulations can be seen before experimental tests, reducing the time to market and the economic effort. Then, the difference between the engine out emission level and the limit that the regulation imposes can help also to design the after-treatment system. Summarizing, the presented numerical approach showed the potential to predict, on a physical basis, the combined effects of various techniques on the engine performance. This methodology could represent an effective tool to identify the trade-off between engine complexity and expected improvements, contributing to support and drive the development process of new engine/vehicle.
The care of people with disability represents a primary objective related to the duties of assistance that the Constitution provides as tasks of the Republic and stated also by rules of international and European nature. Among the measures the system predisposes for the protection of disability, those tools are placed directed to let the civilian invalids' families with a serious handicap to take care of them in case of need. Among these measures are particularly relevant the ones related to the approval for the family of disabled persons to rest from work aimed to protect the mental and physical health but also to the social integration of these subjects. The specificity of the military employment relationship, the so-called military state, is represented by the total availability in the line of duty that characterizes the military profession, based on a disciplined enact and enforce directives and orders governing the hierarchical organization in terms of operativity of the military means. By that emerges a natural tension between military state and enjoyment of the working facilities to assist a disabled familiar. The "caregiver in uniform", by reason of the specific nature of the organization in which is included, undergoes a differentiated undergoes a differentiated application regime of the rules, as it is conditioned by the specific needs of the type of employment of his work activity. In this perspective, the study analyses the limits of application of the legislation with regard to assistance to the disabled for the entities in the field of defence military personnel and control inspection regime that military administration carries out in order to prevent e sanction possible abuse and expected benefits. In the first part I exanimate the general regulations looking both at the international and European principles and rules and at the specific provisions provided for the Italian legal system (l. February 5, 1992 n. 104) related to the benefits accorded to the worker for the care of the disabled familiar. In the second part, I analyse the provisions expressly provided for the military personnel in their applicative aspect in the light of the considerations given by administrative case law and by guidelines given by competent departments of the Armed Force general staff. In the final analysis we stress that, in contrast to what has been register in the private sector, the speciality in the relationship of military condition leads to a general prevalence of the needs of the organization compared to the taking care of the familiar. This emerges in a more extensively way in the regulation of the so-called"welfare transfers", but it seems to find a feedback in case law also in that one of issuing of licences. In the administrative practice, there is a lack of a unified instrument of regulation: each Armed Force, except for some common profiles, regulates in a different way the procedural aspects and the areas of competence. Regarding testing regimes, there is a lack of a punctual regulation, generally leaving this job to the Corps commanders, even though there is the attempt to direct the activity of these ones with guidance documents of the departments of the of the Armed Force general staff.
Environment and society are increasingly affected by human activity. World society must constantly face many problems such as climate change, air, water and soil pollutions, resources overuse, human rights, child labor, social inequalities, health and safety. Since companies are the most responsible actors for these troubles, they are stimulated to develop and adopt policies of sustainable development. Practices of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility are increasing within many businesses for reasons which go beyond the mere compliance with legislations and regulations. Nowadays, sustainable and responsible companies behave ethically for competitive reasons as well. The connections between sustainability and business strategy occurs through the pursuit of eco-socio-efficiencies, resources cost cutting, product-service differentiation, access to ethical funds, image and reputation, and the avoidance of fines, penalties and environmental taxes. Sustainability management occurs through a process that starts with identification of key stakeholders and the relative types of environmental or social impacts generated. Then, strategy must be developed, and communicated to all level of the organization. Leadership and commitment of top management are fundamental in order to diffuse sustainability guidelines, support the organizational structure and spread the new culture. In addition, performance measurement and management systems should drive the attainment of sustainability objectives. Environmental and social accounting systems must provide meaningful data in order to monitor the accomplishment of strategy and, at the same time, disclose the sustainability reports addressed to stakeholders. One important aspect of the process above mentioned regards the connection between strategy and performance measurement system. In order to translate sustainability strategies into actions measurable through performance indicators, it must be emphasized the support of Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The multidimensional conception of the tool advises to integrate environmental and social aspects of business activity within the four traditional perspectives of management in the BSC (financial, customers, processes, learning and growth). Therefore, the emerging concept of Sustainability Balanced Scorecard (SBSC) is referred to the additional feature of considering the environmental and social issues connected directly or indirectly with the execution of the business processes and thus with economic success. Cause and effect relationships in the strategy map show the relations between better social and environmental performances with increasing competitiveness and profitability. The airline sector is facing many challenges of sustainable development. Hence the case developed about a real carrier can help to better understand the matter. The implementation of a Sustainability Balanced Scorecard in Lufthansa Passenger Airline consists in a simulation of the process that starts with the identification of stakeholders and related environmental and social impacts. Based on these exposures, sustainability strategies are developed and formalized as several strategic objectives belonging to the different perspectives of SBSC. Afterwards, for each sustainability objective, numerous key performance indicators are developed in order to monitor single operative aspects related to the achievement of objectives. Finally, the construction of strategy map makes clear how sustainability performances are connected with financial ones. In conclusion, the analysis of environmental, social and economic performances achieved by the German carrier and the comparison with direct European competitor Air France KLM and other minor competitors helps to identify the successes and criticisms deriving from sustainability purposes.
Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze e tecnologie per la gestione forestale e ambientale ; I cambiamenti di uso e di copertura delle terre (Land-Use e Land-Cover Changes, LUCC) sono direttamente collegati alle trasformazioni del paesaggio operate dall'uomo. Nell'ultimo secolo le dinamiche di trasformazione del territorio sono aumentate, ma anche l'attenzione verso la conservazione del paesaggio è aumentata. Il paesaggio viene visto come il contenitore degli "oggetti ambientali e delle relazioni che intercorrono tra essi". In questo senso diventa interessante lo studio dei cambiamenti del paesaggio per una comprensione delle dinamiche territoriali. In particolare, le formazioni forestali, viste come importante contenitore della biodiversità, sono tra quelle che sembrano aver subito i maggiori cambiamenti come magnitudo (diminuzione/aumento delle superfici). Attualmente non esistono studi complessivi che interessano il territorio italiano ed il caso presentato, che riguarda l'intera Sardegna si presenta come il primo studio su scala regionale di analisi dei cambiamenti che hanno interessato i paesaggi forestali. Integrando diverse fonti di informazione e partendo dal recupero di dati cartografici non ancora analizzati, inerenti le estensioni forestali della Sardegna degli Anni '30 del '900 si è tracciato un possibile profilo di espansione delle superfici forestali, di andamento diverso da quanto trovato da altri autori. Il risultato di questo lavoro di analisi apre lo spazio per nuovi studi sui paesaggi forestali, soprattutto per quelli che caratterizzano le zone mediterranee ed appenniniche, che se confermati potrebbero delineare nuovi scenari nella conservazione della biodiversità. Al contempo, questo studio propone una prima riflessione sulla reale portata della legislazione forestale che ha operato in Italia, fornendo alcuni spunti per il confronto con le legislazioni successive inerenti direttamente il paesaggio. ; Land Use and Land Cover Changes (LUCC) are directly linked to landscape transformations due to human activities. In the last century land changes dynamics have increased just like the attention towards the need of landscape conservation. Landscape is often seen like a collector of "environmental objects (or components) and relations existing between them". From this point of view the study of landscape changes can be interesting in order to understand the territorial dynamics. Forestry systems, in particular, as biodiversity collectors, seem to have suffered the biggest changes in terms of loss/increase of surface. On this subject we cannot find yet comprehensive studies about the Italian territory, and the work here presented, regarding the whole Sardinian territory, can be considered as the first one, on this regional scale, of changes analysis focused on forestry landscape. Using and integrating different data-sources and recovering cartographic data, not yet analyzed, on the Sardinian forestry extension during the first three decades of XX century, we can be able to outline a new frame in which can be seen the increase of forestry surface, different form the ones of previous authors. The results of this work can be useful to direct new studies on forestry landscape, especially for those of Mediterranean and Apennine regions, so that they could show new scenarios on biodiversity conservation. At the same time, the study suggests a first thought on the real impact of Italian forestry legislation, giving a rise to a huge comparison between it and the one regarding specifically the landscape.
"The Protection of the European Strategic Sectors". The kind of protection that is at the heart of this doctoral thesis is the defence of the strategic companies established in the European Union (EU) from takeovers by foreign investors, that is to say investors from countries which are not part of the European Economic Area. This work aims, on the one hand, at outlining the main features of a screening mechanism of foreign investments at the EU level and, on the other, at identifying the proper legal basis in the EU Treaties for its establishment. Chapter 1 contains a non-exhaustive list of the European strategic sectors which consist in all the economic sectors in which the EU or its Member States have adopted rules to limit foreign investors' right to acquire participations in strategic companies for reasons of public security. Indeed, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) used the expression "strategic sectors" in relation to undertakings whose activities are deeply linked to the protection of public security. The EU notion of public security contains both internal and external security, but also the production of goods and the supply of services which are essential for the very existence of a country. Chapter 2 provides a comparative study of the present situation of strategic enterprises' protection in three EU Member States (Germany, Italy and France). It shows that a fragmented landscape of foreign investment control rules adopted by national authorities represents both a constraint to an efficient internal market of capital movements, and a limit to an effective protection of the European strategic sectors. By contrast, an EU foreign investment control mechanism could lead to a less fragmented system of strategic companies' protection, which would be able to encourage foreign investments. At the same time, a single EU body of foreign investment control should be more efficient in order to protect EU public security. Moreover, unlike Member States measures such as "golden shares", this mechanism could enjoy a greater degree of compatibility with the fundamental freedoms of the Treaties. In effect, the CJEU recognises a "presumption of conformity" with the freedoms of movement to the EU secondary legislation which pursues objectives of general interest like the protection of public security. Chapter 3 analyses the most significant experience of foreign investment control at the global level, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, in order to understand if it could be a suitable model for the establishment of a similar body in the EU, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the EU (CFIEU). Once outlined the key aspects of the CFIEU, chapter 3 focuses on the search of the most proper legal basis in the EU Treaties for its establishment. The study tries to demonstrate that Article 207(2) TFEU on unilateral measures of Common Commercial Policy (CCP) could be the right legal basis for the creation of the CFIEU. Indeed, after the Lisbon Treaty, the CCP has become an exclusive competence of the EU which also encompasses the admission and the treatment of foreign direct investments. In conclusion, chapter 3 tries to figure out the implications of the establishment of the CFIEU both on Member States competences (especially their exclusive competence on national security by virtue of Article 4 TEU), and on the international obligations undertaken by the EU towards third countries, with particular reference to the World Trade Organisation rules and international investment law.
This work begins with a study of the legislation on prostitution as a first step in providing a general panorama of the phenomenon of prostitution, its structure, and how it is perceived by society.The second section considers the criminological aspects of the phenomenon that emerge from the analysis.In recent years, due to a large flow of immigrants, the phenomenon of prostitution has also been marked by traffic in human beings, minors included, which is constantly increasing internationally. This study examined the territory of the southern part of the Marches Region and the northern part of the Abruzzo Region, under the jurisdiction of the Court of Ascoli Piceno. This article takes into consideration two types of data: information gathered by public and private associations working in the field in the battle against prostitution, and unpublished information gathered directly by the Ascoli Piceno Court on pending or concluded proceedings. The territory of the Marches, which at first was mainly characterized by the phenomenon of street prostitution, has undergone a transformation, becoming an area of underground prostitution, practiced by non-European Union subjects, concentrated above all in coastal areas, in apartments or night clubs. The ethnic groups most involved in offering sex for payment are Nigerians and Romanians, but data has also emerged on Chinese prostitution. Analysis of the data indicates that the phenomenon of prostitution is characterized by a considerable number of people who circulate in the sector, but it does not point to direct involvement of large-scale criminal associations. Management of prostitution is a local phenomenon with important involvement of illegal and legal immigration. On the basis of the data obtained in the field, and gathered from the Ascoli Piceno Court, the number of convictions regarding prostitution is not significant compared to the scale of the phenomenon. ; Lo studio della normativa sulla prostituzione è stato il punto si partenza degli Autori per definire una panoramica del fenomeno prostitutivo, del suo strutturarsi e della percezione da parte della società; successivamente sono stati considerati gli aspetti prettamente criminologici del fenomeno scaturiti dall'analisi. Negli ultimi anni, a causa degli ingenti flussi migratori, si è aggiunto al fenomeno prostitutivo quello rilevante del traffico di esseri umani, anche minorenni, in costante crescita a livello internazionale. Il territorio di analisi del presente lavoro è quello che abbraccia il sud delle Marche e il nord dell'Abruzzo, mentre il Tribunale da cui sono stati acquisiti i dati è quello di Ascoli Piceno. L'articolo prende in considerazione due tipi di dati: quelli raccolti da associazioni pubbliche e private impegnate sul campo nella lotta alla prostituzione, e quelli inediti acquisiti direttamente al Tribunale di Ascoli Piceno, relativi a procedimenti pendenti o conclusi.Il territorio mar chigiano, prima caratterizzato principalmente dal fenomeno della prostituzione in strada, ha subito una trasformazione diventando un'area di prostituzione sommersa, praticata da soggetti extracomunitari, concentrata soprattutto nelle zone costiere, negli appartamenti o nei locali notturni. Le etnie che maggiormente offrono sesso a pagamento sono quella nigeriana e romena, ma è emergente anche il dato della prostituzione cinese. Dall'analisi dei dati si evince che il fenomeno della prostituzione è caratterizzato da un numero considerevole di persone che gravitano nel settore, ma non emerge un coinvolgimento diretto delle grandi associazioni criminose; la gestione può essere qualificata come un fenomeno locale che vede un importante coinvolgimento dell'immigrazione clandestina e non. A fronte dei dati acquisiti sul campo, non vi sono sanzioni parimenti rilevanti; i dati del ribunale di Ascoli Piceno depongono infatti per condanne numericamente poco consistenti rispetto al fenomeno
La definizione dell'ordinamento dell'Unione come ordinamento costituzionale è centrale, ma resta frammentata. Per restituirle sistematicità è importante individuare un principio sul quale poggiarne il consolidamento. Per questo si è scelto di esaminare il principio di non discriminazione attraverso l'analisi della giurisprudenza, con l'obiettivo di verificare se questo principio è parte fondamentale dell'identità costituzionale dell'Unione Europea. Nella prima parte della tesi si analizza la struttura del giudizio sulla discriminazione davanti alla CGUE e davanti alla CEDU, mettendo in evidenza come la struttura ricordi sempre di più quella del giudizio di costituzionalità. Nella seconda parte ci si concentra sul contributo dato dal principio di non discriminazione all'identità costituzionale dell'Unione Europea attraverso la lotta contro specifiche tipologie di discriminazione. Poiché i motivi di discriminazione sono molto numerosi, si è stabilito di esaminare quei motivi che sono regolati dal diritto derivato. Per questo la seconda parte dell'analisi si è concentrata sulle discriminazioni a motivo della nazionalità (dir. 2004/38/CE), della razza (dir. 2000/43/CE), del genere (dir. 2006/54/CE, dir. 2004/113/CE) dell'età, disabilità, religione ed orientamento sessuale (dir. 2000/78/CE). Dall'analisi della giurisprudenza e del diritto derivato che ne dà attuazione è possibile comprendere che questo principio, oltre ad essere sostenuto da un vero e proprio giudizio di legittimità costituzionale (il rinvio pregiudiziale), ha gli strumenti necessari a permetterne lo sviluppo tenendo conto delle identità costituzionali degli stati membri e può aiutare ad offrire delle risposte rispetto a uno dei problemi fondamentali inerenti all'efficacia del diritto dell'Unione Europea: la tensione fra il principio di attribuzione e la dottrina degli effetti diretti. Le conclusioni di questo lavoro portano a sostenere che è possibile individuare una giurisprudenza della Corte che, attraverso alcuni passaggi fondamentali (le sentenze Mangold, Kucukdeveci, Hay, Deckmyn e Zambrano), definisce il principio di non discriminazione come principio fondamentale, e costituzionale, del diritto dell'Unione Europea. ; The definition of the EU as a constitutional legal order is crucial, but still fragmented. For the sake of systematization, it is important to find out a principle to support its development. That is why we made the choice of examining the principle of non discrimination through the analysis of case law, with the object of verifying if this principle is a fundamental part of the EU constitutional identity. In the first part of this work the structure of the discrimination scrutiny in front of the CJEU and of the ECHR is analyzed, enlightening the fact that its structure increasingly recalls that of a constitutional scrutiny. In the second part of this work we will focus on the contribution given by the case law on the fight against different grounds of discrimination to the EU constitutional identity. As there is an increasing number of grounds of discrimination, a choice should be made. That is why the second part of this analysis is devoted into explaining a selection of grounds of discrimination: discrimination on the ground of nationality, age, disability, religion, and sexual orientation. From the analysis of the case law and of secondary legislation is possible to induce that this principle has the potential necessary to support the development of the EU constitutional identity without prevailing on the national constitutional identities. At the same time, the principle could help into shading light in one of the most debated issues of EU law: the tension between the conferred powers and the direct effect of directives. The conclusion of this work is a reflection on how a precise line of case law is crucial into defining the principle of non discrimination as a EU constitutional principle.
The authors analyzed the phenomenon of homicidal violence from a psychoanalytic viewpoint in the biographical reconstruction of an offender hospitalized in a judicial psychiatric hospital. The crime is viewed within the life history of the patient, a life history gathered during criminological-forensic interviews. This study used a hermeneutic qualitative approach to delineate the criminological dynamics within the psychobiography of the offender. For this purpose, the authors gathered information from the patient's records and from direct interviews with the penitentiary operators. The interesting scientific picture that emerged from the clinical and criminological interviews is different from an offender "history" that is frequently given by institutions, mass media and judicial bodies. In this narrative, there are visible projections of the fears and the anguish that cross contemporary society. The facts narrated by the media often do not reflect the reality that the author of a crime narrates. So-called journalistic information too often becomes only a detailed description of atrocious crimes that erup physical safety and the fear of the unknown. The simple description, even though minute, of a crime and of an offender is not, from a criminological and psychological point of view, sufficient for the understanding of the deep tensions in the offender. Nor is it enough to anticipate an intervention plan congruous with the spirit of present-day Italian penitentiary legislation or to prepare a preventive rehabilitative program in order to avoid recidivism. ; Gli autori analizzano il fenomeno della violenza omicidiaria adottando il punto di vista psicodinamico nella ricostruzione biografica di un particolare soggetto pluriomicida internato in un Ospedale Psichiatrico Giudiziario. Lo studio di tale caso è apparso agli autori particolarmente interessante dal punto di vista criminologico. Il delitto commesso rimanda infatti ad una tipologia di omicida simile al mass murder, ovvero ad un individuo che mette in atto nello stesso episodio, una forma di violenza omicidiaria che impressiona per l'intensità e la distruttività con cui si manifesta. La criminodinamica del delitto e la psicobiografia del reo vengono delineate tramite la raccolta delle informazioni e dei dati maggiormente significativi ricavati dalle cartelle trattamentali e sanitarie, nonché dal confronto con gli operatori penitenziari che ne seguivano il percorso riabilitativo. Gli autori tentano pertanto di studiare il reato non come fatto isolato ma come parte di una storia di vita elaborata a partire dalle parole stesse del soggetto, con il quale sono stati condotti dei colloqui con finalità di ricerca criminologica. Considerare un individuo che ha commesso un grave reato, nella sua interezza e complessità, cercando di andare oltre la colpevolezza e oltre l'imputabilità, significa allargare lo sguardo sull'intera sua esistenza, partire dall' hic et nunc, dall'attimo presente, per spingersi a ritroso ed afferrare i punti salienti del suo iter personale e del suo "essere nel mondo" dall'inizio, o meglio da quello che la sua memoria considera l'inizio, ad oggi. L'illustrazione del caso prescelto, contenente anche alcune osservazioni rilevate in itinere dagli autori, è stata realizzata coniugando il punto di vista criminologico con una lettura di tipo psicoanalitico. Ciò permette di tenere presenti, nello studio di questo soggetto, varie dimensioni e di abbozzare un quadro che sicuramente risulta essere diverso dalla descrizione dettagliata, incalzante e superficiale del delitto e del suo autore diffusa dai mass media e dagli stessi organi giudiziari. Nel racconto "collettivamente costruito" di un reato violento si rintracciano infatti spesso le proiezioni delle paure e delle angosce che attraversano la società contemporanea.
