Suchergebnisse

Following the 2006 post-electoral crisis, important changes were made to the Constitution and several secondary laws in Mexico. The goal of this essay is to analyze four problems derived from this new legislation: (1) a weakened autonomy of the Federal Electoral Institute, (2) a scarcity of information in the political debate, (3) the hegemony of party elites, and (4) the uncertainty in case of contested elections. Based on a detailed reading of the new norms, this essay documents such problems and discusses their potential impact in Mexico's democratic process. We propose three new reforms: primary elections, runoff elections, and direct election of members of the electoral institute. Adapted from the source document.

The incorporation of the popular legislative initiative, the revocatory of the mandate & the referendum in municipal legislations of almost all of the Latin American countries are examples of change to access the system that offer new channels for the people to manifest their demands & wills, political resources that were non existent until only a quarter of century ago. In this sense, this essay has as its objective to analyze the potential that, as institutional mechanisms of citizen participation in the administration of local governments, have the forms of direct democracy that have been formally established at a municipal level in Argentina. Adapted from the source document.

Between the so called Political National Groups (PNG) and the record determined of the political parties in Mexico there is a direct and intrinsic relation, which is demonstrated by the fact that between 1977 and 2005 fifty-two entities sought registration as a political party, twenty-three got it, and of these twelve had their origin in an association or National Political Association. This article examines the electoral legislation and monitors the PNG institutional and political parties from legal evidence and documents firsthand. It was also reconstructed the events of the PNG in the Mexican political system. Adapted from the source document.

The debate about mechanisms of direct democracy in Latin America is divided between those who criticise them as instruments of manipulation and those who defend them as ways to exercise citizen sovereignty. Attention has been captured by Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela on this subject, but the truth is that since the 90s, an increasing number of countries have introduced referendums and plebiscites in their legislation. The article, far from the simplifications which associate referendums with Chávez-style populism, aims to show the complexities of this incipient phenomenon, the importance of institutional designs and the responsibility of the interested parties, especially the political parties, to broaden the democratic game through these kind of mechanisms. (Nueva Soc/GIGA)

The article is dedicated to the consideration of factors influencing the state of the situation in Russia in the field of detection and repression of the smuggling of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their precursors, and analogues. In the methodological field it is an analytical research based on documentary, close to legal hermeneutics. Specifically, thearticle analyses Russian legislation, offers options to solve problems in the field of smuggling narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their precursors, and analogues. The authors consider the real problems of countering the drug threat, which is currently a serious obstacle to the development of the state. By way of concluding the nature and magnitude of the negative consequences, illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their precursors, and analogues can be classified as direct threats to national security. Today, the issues of countering the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, using modern information technologies, improving mechanisms to convert goods obtained from illicit drug trafficking into state revenue are relevant.

En el presente artículo se estudian los distintos regímenes de organización municipal previstos en la vigente normativa de régimen local así como las modificaciones previstas en el Anteproyecto de Ley Básica del Gobierno y Administración Local. Dicho análisis se efectúa desde la perspectiva de las relaciones internas de los diversos órganos de gobierno y administración municipales. Se presta especial atención a las peculiaridades que presentan tanto el ejercicio directo de competencias por estos órganos como las técnicas más habituales de transferencia del ejercicio de la competencia. Por último se hace una breve referencia a las consecuencias jurídicas que el incorrecto ejercicio (directo e indirecto) de las competencias tienen sobre los actos administrativos emanados de dichos órganos.
Artikulu honetan, tokiko errejimeneko indarreko araudian aurreikusitako udal-antolakuntzako errejimenak aztertzen dira, bai eta gobernuaren eta tokiko administrazioen oinarrizko legearen aurreproiektuan aurreikusitako aldaketak ere. Azterketa gobernuko organoen eta udal-administrazioen arteko barne harremanen ikuspegitik dago landuta. Arreta berezia ematen zaie, batetik, organo horiek horrelako eskumenak zuzenean erabiltzeak dakartzan berezitasunei, eta, bestetik, eskumena eskuordetzeko teknika ohizkoenei. Azkenik, modu laburrean azaltzen dira, eskumenak modu ezegokian erabiltzearen ondorioz, organo horietatik eratorritako administrazio-egintzetan izaten diren ondorio juridikoak.
This article examines the various municipal organization regimes that are envisaged in the current legislation of Local Regime as well as in the intended modifications to the Preliminary Draft of the Basic Law of Government and Local Administration (Anteproyecto de Ley Básica del Gobierno y Administración Local). Such analysis is done from the perspective of internal relationships among the various government bodies and municipal administrations. We give special focus on the peculiarities related to the direct execution of competencies by these government bodies as
well as on the most usual techniques employed in the transfer of such competencies. Lastly, we make brief mention of the juridical consequences that arise from the incorrect exercise (whether directly or indirectly) of said competencies and its effects on administrative acts coming from such government bodies.

El trabajo analiza el Título VIII de la Ley número 2/2016 de 7 de
abril, de instituciones locales de Euskadi, que versa sobre los servicios públicos
locales. En primer lugar, se persigue determinar cuál es el grupo normativo regulador
de esta materia. En segundo lugar, se hace un esfuerzo por deslindar entre
los servicios públicos locales y la iniciativa económica local, dada la relevancia de
tal distinción, en particular el concepto de reserva. En tercer lugar se pasa revista
a las diversas formas de gestión, tanto directas e indirectas, en el derecho vigente
(aun cuando se apunta cómo esto variará cuando se apruebe la nueva legislación
de contratos del sector público). En último lugar, se explica cómo el derecho vasco
da una preferencia a la gestión por el propio municipio, así como establece una
referencia (cuando el servicio no es prestado por el municipio) a la gestión compartida
sobre la gestión integrada.
Azterlanak Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko apirilaren 7ko
2/2016 Legearen VIII. titulua aztertu du, zeina tokiko zerbitzu publikoei buruzkoa
baita. Lehenik eta behin, arlo horren talde arautzaile erregulatzailea zein den zehaztea
lortu nahi da. Bigarrenik, tokiko zerbitzu publikoak eta tokiko ekimen ekonomikoa
bereizi nahi dira, bereizketa horrek daukan garrantzia aintzat hartuta, bereziki
erreserbaren kontzeptuari erreparatuta. Hirugarrenik, kudeaketa motak berrikusi
dira, zuzenekoak zein zeharkakoak, indarrean dagoen zuzenbidean (nahiz eta aipatu
den hori aldatu egingo dela sektore publikoko kontratuen legedi berria onartzerakoan).
Azkenik, aipatu da udalerriak berak kudeatzeari lehentasuna ematen
diola EAEko zuzenbideak; bidenabar, zerbitzua udalak ematen ez duenean kudeaketa
partekatua lehenesten du, kudeaketa integratuaren gainetik.
This work analyzes Title VIII of Act 2/2016 of April 7th on Local
Entities of Euskadi which deals with local public services. Firstly, it is pursued to
establish which the regulating normative group in this area. Secondly, an effort
is made to identify local public services and local economic initiative due to the
relevance of that distinction, particularly the concept of reserve. Thirdly, the several
forms of management both direct and indirect within the current law (although it
is outlined how with approval of new legislation on public procurement this will
be changed) are reviewed. Lastly, it is explained how Basque law gives preference
to the management by the own municipality to the shared management over the
integrated management and how it establishes a reference when the service is not
provided by the municipality.

The main objective of this paper is to start from the concept of fake news applied, in this case, not to journalistic information, but to the field of companies to determine how information and institutional communication can be distorted, and even attacked, by the dissemination of unverified (or malicious) information through the enormous dissemination provided by new technologies derived from the Internet, mainly social networks. This virality brought about by the digitalization of information and data can lead to truly damaging discredit for the trust of organizations among their different audiences. Precisely, the relational perspective (Grunig & Hung-Baesecke, 2015; Ledingham, 2015) maintains that the nature of public relations lies in its ability to manage relationships between an organization and its public of interest or stakeholders (Grunig, 2009) through through a strategically planned process (Otero and Pulido-Polo, 2018; Almiron & Xifra, 2019; Page & Parnel, 2019; Smith, 2017) capable of placing before public opinion (Greenhill, 2020) the excellence of organizational behavior. The purpose of this process is none other than to generate trust in the public, but its main obstacle, since the origin of public relations, has been public misinformation.To achieve the main objective of this paper, an exploratory methodological design is carried out, of a qualitative nature, in two phases: data collection and analysis. For the collection of data, the techniques of direct observation, participant observation and the use of data from secondary sources, eminently bibliographical, are used. To the review of the consulted sources, a systematic search of the terms is added: 'fake news', 'fake news + company/organization', 'corporate disinformation', 'disinformation + company/organization' (in English, Spanish and Portuguese) in the scientific databases Mendeley and Google Scholar. For the analysis, carried out between April 1, 2021 and March 31, 2022 by the undersigned researchers, a data matrix was created in Excel and the Atlas.ti software, version 21.0.8, was used. , from NK Qualitas. Finally, a total population of 239,700 files is obtained which, based on the data systematization criterion with a representative sample, represents a study corpus of n=23,970. The results show that almost 60% of the articles are indexed in the Journal Citation Report or Scopus databases, are concentrated in the areas "Information and Documentation", "Social Sciences" or "Miscellaneous" and revolve around the politics (almost 60%), "Economy" (19%), "Diseases and public health" (16%) and "Art, heritage and culture" (3%). Likewise, the most mentioned concepts are "Disinformation + fake news" (73%), "fact-checking" (13%) and "deepfakes" (8%). Interestingly, the percentages have been similar (around 2%) in the cases of the terms not searched for but found "legislation", "media literacy" or "educommunication" and "corporate misinformation". The conclusions show that there is disinformation whenever there is an attempt to manipulate, confuse or deceive with information of doubtful, misleading or false origin; that the concept of corporate disinformation is still to be developed; that, indeed, the dissemination of fake news affects the public perception of the organizations and that the use of artificial intelligence is revealed as an important tool for the development of new mechanisms for detecting fake news.