Direct Legislation in the American States
In: Referendums around the World, S. 218-257
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In: Referendums around the World, S. 218-257
In: The Limits of Electoral Reform, S. 116-128
Explores how social movements bring about institutional change by comparing democratic movements in Switzerland in the 1860s & in the western US, 1880-1920. It is argued that institutional change involves a paradigmatic shift in the political system that only happens during periods of extreme societal crisis. Basic social learning promotes a new set of institutions linked with perceptions of past political heritage. It is contended that three other conditions promote successful democratic movements: federalism, lack of state institutionalization, & absence of a unified political elite. In the case of direct democracy, the paradigm shift from "representative government" to "direct legislation by the people" originated with actualization of the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau & Marie Condorcet during the French Revolution, only to be revitalized in Switzerland & the US during the 19th century. Each case meets the required conditions of societal crisis, credible alternatives to existing institutions, a split political elite, & weakened political parties. J. Lindroth
In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
"Direct Democracy and Political Decision Making" published on by Oxford University Press.
In this chapter of Life after Reform: When Bipartisan Campaign Reform Meets Politics, the authors argue that Malbin et al's "hydraulic" theory of money in political systems is exclusive of changes brought about by events such as the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) impacts on the tactics & structural forms of interest groups & advocacy organizations. Working from pre BCRA data as a baseline, & emphasizing the distinction between "pulled" money & "pushed money," the authors develop a conceptual framework that contextualizes the determinants of an organization's electoral behavior. Findings from an analytical comparison of pre BCRA & post BCRA hard & soft money contributions & media centered electioneering show changes in individual contributor behavior, & a move toward direct voter contact. To conclude, the authors reassessment of the data by type of organization finds the largest impact of BCRA in corporations & trade associations. 1 Table, 1 Figure. J. Harwell
The author considers the impacts of the "Millionaires Amendment" of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) in this chapter of Life after Reform: When Bipartisan Campaign Reform Meets Politics. Self financing as an issue of political equality is discussed in relation to the First Amendment & Buckley vs Valeo as an attempt to raise the opponents opportunity without restricting the wealthy self-financer. But, the direct impact of BCRA on self-lending is a reduction of competition due to increased risk nonrepayment of self-loans, increased individual contribution limits due to the opposition's receipts, & an incumbent protector. The extended effect of the Millionaire's Amendment on the contour of the candidate field is the possibility of less deterrence of new candidates facing self financers, although few elections will be impacted by the constraints of the amendment. The author concludes that the impacts on strategic decisions of potential candidates cannot be clearly predicted. 1 Table. J. Harwell
In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
"Theoretical Underpinnings of a Global Social Contract" published on by Oxford University Press.