If the feelings of frustration against the representative system are expressed by populism, it is crucial to question the link between a disappointment vis-à-vis the institutions and the semi-direct democracy instruments. By comparing France and United States in order to analyze on the one hand how popular initiatives and referenda influenced the legislation of some American States and on the other hand how national referenda in France were reduced to plebiscites, we wonder whether the nature of semi-direct democracy comes from the resentment against the slowness of the representative work or whether it deeply completes the transformation of representative government. ; Si le populisme se caractérise par l'incarnation d'un ensemble de frustrations à l'égard du système représentatif, il est primordial de s'interroger sur le lien entre une déception à l'égard des institutions et les instruments de démocratie semi-directe. En nous appuyant sur une comparaison entre la France et les Etats-Unis pour analyser dŽune part comment le référendum et l'initiative populaire ont modifié la donne dans certains Etats américains et d'autre part comment en France les référendums nationaux ont connu la suspicion « plébiscitaire » à plusieurs reprises, nous souhaiterions comprendre si par nature la démocratie semi-directe n'est que le ressentiment engendré par la lenteur du travail de représentation ou si elle est le complément essentiel à la transformation du régime représentatif.
Recent American studies that investigate the influence of money on the outcome of direct democratic votes find campaign spending effective for both supporters and challengers. Taking advantage of Switzerland's far-reaching experience with direct legislation, this article tests the role of money in a 'harder' context, where government plays an active role in direct democratic processes. It assesses the impact of campaign spending on 323 federal votes, and on a subset of 60 votes, offering finer-grained cantonal-level data. On the one hand, the results highlight the crucial role of the partisan coalition supporting the government for the outcome of votes; on the other hand, campaign spending is effective for both government and challenger camps, yet more so for the latter. Furthermore, the effects of government camp spending vary depending on the expected vote outcome and the difference in spending between both camps.
Sustainable transport is a major contemporary issue. Human health may be threatened by a superficial management of this problem that would undermine a most needed fight against pollution, especially when this phenomenon is in direct contact with the population. Using the prism of law, with the analysis of international, European and regional legislations on sustainable transport, this research aims at identifying the main problems, sorting the best solutions and proposing functional alternatives to reconcile mobility with sustainability. The EURO standard, the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure, the multi-modality, the intelligent vehicle and the sustainable marketing strategy are examples of the various measures taken to remedy the problem of pollution. Territorial sovereignty is still one of the major factors hindering a full implementation of all sustainable development policies embodied in international treaties and making them truly binding on the signatory States. Law is the ideal instrument to align economic and social development with environmental protection, but a widespread awareness of the importance of the environment, and in particular the role played by transport, is essential to achieve this objective. The urgency given by the deterioration of the environment demands world governments to take actions as fast and brave as possible. ; Le transport durable est un enjeu contemporain primordial. La santé humaine risque aujourd'hui d'être menacée par une gestion approximative de ce problème qui ne permettrait pas de combattre la pollution, notamment quand ce phénomène est en contact direct avec la population. En utilisant le prisme du droit, avec l'analyse de la production législative internationale, communautaire et régionale dans le domaine du transport durable, cette recherche vise à identifier les problématiques principales, trier les meilleures solutions, proposer des alternatives fonctionnelles, pour pouvoir concilier mobilité et durable. La norme EURO, le projet de test ...
Sustainable transport is a major contemporary issue. Human health may be threatened by a superficial management of this problem that would undermine a most needed fight against pollution, especially when this phenomenon is in direct contact with the population. Using the prism of law, with the analysis of international, European and regional legislations on sustainable transport, this research aims at identifying the main problems, sorting the best solutions and proposing functional alternatives to reconcile mobility with sustainability. The EURO standard, the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure, the multi-modality, the intelligent vehicle and the sustainable marketing strategy are examples of the various measures taken to remedy the problem of pollution. Territorial sovereignty is still one of the major factors hindering a full implementation of all sustainable development policies embodied in international treaties and making them truly binding on the signatory States. Law is the ideal instrument to align economic and social development with environmental protection, but a widespread awareness of the importance of the environment, and in particular the role played by transport, is essential to achieve this objective. The urgency given by the deterioration of the environment demands world governments to take actions as fast and brave as possible. ; Le transport durable est un enjeu contemporain primordial. La santé humaine risque aujourd'hui d'être menacée par une gestion approximative de ce problème qui ne permettrait pas de combattre la pollution, notamment quand ce phénomène est en contact direct avec la population. En utilisant le prisme du droit, avec l'analyse de la production législative internationale, communautaire et régionale dans le domaine du transport durable, cette recherche vise à identifier les problématiques principales, trier les meilleures solutions, proposer des alternatives fonctionnelles, pour pouvoir concilier mobilité et durable. La norme EURO, le projet de test antipollution unifié au niveau international (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures), la multi modalité, le véhicule intelligent, la stratégie du marketing du durable, sont des exemples des différentes mesures prises pour remédier au problème de la pollution. La souveraineté territoriale reste l'un des obstacles majeurs à dépasser pour que les décisions politiques favorisant le développement durable, incarnées dans des traités internationaux, puissent être vraiment contraignantes pour les états signataires. Le droit est l'instrument privilégié pour faire coïncider un développement économique et social avec une protection environnementale, mais une prise de conscience généralisée de l'importance de cet enjeu, et notamment du rôle joué par les transports, est indispensable pour atteindre cet objectif. L'urgence dictée par la détérioration de l'environnement pousse à ce que des actions soient entreprises par les gouvernements avec courage et rapidité.
Transitaire (substitute agent). Reimbursement of penalties and advanced customs clearance costs. Direct action against the original principal. Admissibility (yes). Conditions. Action to guarantee the principal against the agent. Improper execution of the warrant (yes). Customs fine. Causal link (yes). Additional duties. Causal link (no). The substitute agent shall have direct action against the principal for reimbursement of the advances and expenses he has made for the performance of the mandate. Under Article 1991 of the Civil Code, the agent is liable for damages resulting from the improper performance of the mandate. X., SCP ROMASCO c/SARL DHL GLOBAL FORWARDING CALEDONIE, LA SARL LE COIN DU CAPITAINE ARRET (EXTRAITS) "THE COUR, procedure at first instance following an application lodged on 21 July 2014, SARL DHL GLOBAL FORWARDING CALEDONIE, authorised freight forwarder, has summoned X. and SCP ROMASCO before the Court of First Instance of Nouméa for reimbursement of the sum of FCPF 1.874.981 corresponding to the additional rights and penalties which it had put forward on 22 August 2013 for the freeing of their vessel CHAMPEJE type Ketch series Amel 54. In support of its requests, it explained: — that it had been mandated in her capacity as freight forwarder by SARL SARL LE COIN DU CAPITAINE q u i a v a i t, l e-m -m e, r ç u d e X. and of the SCP ROMASCO to carry out the assessment of the vessel and the administrative formalities relating to the importation of the vessel into the territory, — that it had consequently made the CHAMPEJE customs declaration and paid on behalf of its principal the corresponding duties on the declared value of FCPF 38 435 900 of the vessel according to the estimate made by SARL Le Coin du Capitaine, that, however, the Customs Service had revalued the declared transaction value, after hearing and agreeing with X., so that it had paid the additional duties and penalty relating to the CHAMPEJE in the amount of FCPF 1 874 981, that it had subsequently unsuccessfully requested ...
The thesis deals with Direct-To-Consumers Genetic Testing (DTCGTs) sold on the Internet, and more specifically with the ones for health, physiology, performance and behaviour. This market is booming since the end of the 90's, and is sparking off controversies which are rooted in multiples scientific and medical uncertainties ("missing heritability", informed consent, third parties, etc.). It doesn't require for medical prescription, and health professional consultancy for test data and results is not systematically needed, which is not allowed by some national legislations. For all that, is it a medicalisation phenomenon without physician ?To understand the socio-economic dynamic of this market, we had listed 130 websites (for 60 in the academic literature) and identified 155 entrepreneurs, then we studied the evolution of theirs characteristics. The territorial localisation of the market changed, and european websites are finally as numerous as theirs north-american counterparts. Either in technical devices conception, or in commercialisation, DTCGTs are a sign of the autonomy progression of outsiders from the medical field, if not of their intrusion in this field. Medical dispensing systems are growing alongside of DTC selling, notably through the physician hiring by the DTCGT companies (i.e. hotline selling). Furthermore, some outsiders are relatively new, for they are related to investment funds which are specialized in science and more or less independent from industrial groups. Furthermore, one must notice the presence of informatics and Internet companies which, till now, didn't really explore the health field. Finally, DTCGT relate also to biomedicalisation and automedicalisation. ; La thèse porte sur les Tests Génétiques vendus en Accès Libre (TGAL), notamment sur l'Internet, et qui sont dédiés à la santé ou à la physiologie, aux performances ou aux comportements. En pleine expansion depuis la fin des années 1990, ce marché va à l'encontre de certaines législations nationales et génère des controverses. ...
The thesis deals with Direct-To-Consumers Genetic Testing (DTCGTs) sold on the Internet, and more specifically with the ones for health, physiology, performance and behaviour. This market is booming since the end of the 90's, and is sparking off controversies which are rooted in multiples scientific and medical uncertainties ("missing heritability", informed consent, third parties, etc.). It doesn't require for medical prescription, and health professional consultancy for test data and results is not systematically needed, which is not allowed by some national legislations. For all that, is it a medicalisation phenomenon without physician ?To understand the socio-economic dynamic of this market, we had listed 130 websites (for 60 in the academic literature) and identified 155 entrepreneurs, then we studied the evolution of theirs characteristics. The territorial localisation of the market changed, and european websites are finally as numerous as theirs north-american counterparts. Either in technical devices conception, or in commercialisation, DTCGTs are a sign of the autonomy progression of outsiders from the medical field, if not of their intrusion in this field. Medical dispensing systems are growing alongside of DTC selling, notably through the physician hiring by the DTCGT companies (i.e. hotline selling). Furthermore, some outsiders are relatively new, for they are related to investment funds which are specialized in science and more or less independent from industrial groups. Furthermore, one must notice the presence of informatics and Internet companies which, till now, didn't really explore the health field. Finally, DTCGT relate also to biomedicalisation and automedicalisation. ; La thèse porte sur les Tests Génétiques vendus en Accès Libre (TGAL), notamment sur l'Internet, et qui sont dédiés à la santé ou à la physiologie, aux performances ou aux comportements. En pleine expansion depuis la fin des années 1990, ce marché va à l'encontre de certaines législations nationales et génère des controverses. ...
The thesis deals with Direct-To-Consumers Genetic Testing (DTCGTs) sold on the Internet, and more specifically with the ones for health, physiology, performance and behaviour. This market is booming since the end of the 90's, and is sparking off controversies which are rooted in multiples scientific and medical uncertainties ("missing heritability", informed consent, third parties, etc.). It doesn't require for medical prescription, and health professional consultancy for test data and results is not systematically needed, which is not allowed by some national legislations. For all that, is it a medicalisation phenomenon without physician ?To understand the socio-economic dynamic of this market, we had listed 130 websites (for 60 in the academic literature) and identified 155 entrepreneurs, then we studied the evolution of theirs characteristics. The territorial localisation of the market changed, and european websites are finally as numerous as theirs north-american counterparts. Either in technical devices conception, or in commercialisation, DTCGTs are a sign of the autonomy progression of outsiders from the medical field, if not of their intrusion in this field. Medical dispensing systems are growing alongside of DTC selling, notably through the physician hiring by the DTCGT companies (i.e. hotline selling). Furthermore, some outsiders are relatively new, for they are related to investment funds which are specialized in science and more or less independent from industrial groups. Furthermore, one must notice the presence of informatics and Internet companies which, till now, didn't really explore the health field. Finally, DTCGT relate also to biomedicalisation and automedicalisation. ; La thèse porte sur les Tests Génétiques vendus en Accès Libre (TGAL), notamment sur l'Internet, et qui sont dédiés à la santé ou à la physiologie, aux performances ou aux comportements. En pleine expansion depuis la fin des années 1990, ce marché va à l'encontre de certaines législations nationales et génère des controverses. ...
Aujourd'hui la Sécurité Sociale est le premier financeur des soins et biens médicaux devant les complémentaires santé. Cependant, les complémentaires se rendent indispensables dans le secteur dentaire; en particulier pour les prothèses. En effet, le reste à charge, avant remboursement par les complémentaires, reste conséquent. Devant l'importance de ces dépenses et afin de faciliter l'accès aux soins, une nouvelle loi a été promulguée en juin 2018 et est appliquée dès janvier 2019. Elle définit, notamment, une nouvelle organisation des soins prothétiques en trois paniers de soins : un panier regroupant les prothèses plafonnées à reste à charge nul, et deux paniers pour lesquels un reste à charge est possible : celui concernant les prothèses à entente directe mais limité et celui englobant les prothèses à entente directe libre. Cette loi engageant à la fois la Sécurité Sociale, les complémentaires et les dentistes, nous nous sommes intéressés aux nouvelles démarches engagées par les mutuelles et par les praticiens au début de son application. Notre enquête auprès des mutuelles nous a permis de mieux comprendre comment changeront les contrats et les remboursements. Tandis qu'un questionnaire adressé aux dentistes nous a éclairé sur leurs préoccupations et éventuels changements dans leur exercice.
Aujourd'hui la Sécurité Sociale est le premier financeur des soins et biens médicaux devant les complémentaires santé. Cependant, les complémentaires se rendent indispensables dans le secteur dentaire; en particulier pour les prothèses. En effet, le reste à charge, avant remboursement par les complémentaires, reste conséquent. Devant l'importance de ces dépenses et afin de faciliter l'accès aux soins, une nouvelle loi a été promulguée en juin 2018 et est appliquée dès janvier 2019. Elle définit, notamment, une nouvelle organisation des soins prothétiques en trois paniers de soins : un panier regroupant les prothèses plafonnées à reste à charge nul, et deux paniers pour lesquels un reste à charge est possible : celui concernant les prothèses à entente directe mais limité et celui englobant les prothèses à entente directe libre. Cette loi engageant à la fois la Sécurité Sociale, les complémentaires et les dentistes, nous nous sommes intéressés aux nouvelles démarches engagées par les mutuelles et par les praticiens au début de son application. Notre enquête auprès des mutuelles nous a permis de mieux comprendre comment changeront les contrats et les remboursements. Tandis qu'un questionnaire adressé aux dentistes nous a éclairé sur leurs préoccupations et éventuels changements dans leur exercice.
"The protection of foreign direct investment in developing countries: the example of West Africa"FDI is at the heart of globalization and north-south economic relations. The question of their protection and legal regulation is acute. Faced with the scarcity of other sources of development finance (development aid) and the difficulties of access to technology, FDI is an important resource for filling the insufficiency of internal resources. This is why African countries in general, and those in West Africa in particular, are competing vigorously to receive foreign capital by providing them with an attractive, secure and non-discriminatory legal and institutional framework. Indeed, in the West African subregion, the law is used by States, but also by subregional integration organizations such as ECOWAS as an important instrument for demonstrating economic attractiveness. Thus, the analysis and measurement of the legal and institutional framework for FDI in West Africa will be discussed. In other words, has the security dimension of the investment (reception, processing, guarantee and settlement of disputes etc.) allowed for greater promotion and reception of investments from these countries?The interest of the subject is multiple. Indeed, at the legal and academic level, it allows to know, analyze and situate the entire legal regime of foreign investment at the internal level (investment code, mining code, oil code). At the external level, there is a multitude of conventions - such as bilateral BIT investment treaties -, accession to the relevant international investment conventions, and of course the increasingly visible and visible role of Community law in through the "communitisation of the law of foreign direct investment". The study of this subject shows the deep gap that exists between theory and practice in the FDI legislation of the countries of this part of Africa. If, upstream, the texts are more or less similar to those of the advanced countries, downstream, the execution of the texts by the public ...
Defence date: 22 June 1990 ; Examining board: M.A. Françon, Président de l'IRPI Henri Desbois ; M.G. Koumantos, Président de l'ALAI, professeur à l'Université d'Athènes ; M.M. Fabiani, professeur à l'Université de Rome ; M.B. de Witte, professeur à l'Université de Maastricht ; M.U. Jessurun D'Oliveira, professeur à l'IUE ; First made available online: 23 September 2015
The article relates to the emergence of new activities in agriculture and its consequences for the sharing of work within the couple on farms. It highlights the existence of two types of diversification: the first (direct sale, processing, tourist reception) mainly concerns the spouse; the second (processing of agricultural work, agri-environmental activities), in particular the manager. The concept of the farming profession, which still prevails and focuses on the technical tasks of cultivation or livestock farming, leads the head of the holding to disengage from the first activities by allowing the spouse to devote himself to them and to take greater ownership of the latter. ; International audience How is workload shared between family workers on a farm? And how do workload sharing rules influence diversification decisions? Two types of diversification activities are described in this respect: one (retail, transformation, tourism) principally concerns wife, the other (…) the farmer. It is shown that the technico-centered conception of the profession leads the farmer not to engage oneself in the first type of diversification and to delegate it to his wife. In order to preserve certain professional legitimacy, he prefers to run the second type of diversification. ; The article relates to the emergence of new activities in agriculture and its consequences for the sharing of work within the couple on farms. It highlights the existence of two types of diversification: the first (direct sale, processing, tourist reception) mainly concerns the spouse; the second (processing of agricultural work, agri-environmental activities), in particular the manager. The concept of the farming profession, which still prevails and focuses on the technical tasks of cultivation or livestock farming, leads the head of the holding to disengage from the first activities by allowing the spouse to devote himself to them and to take greater ownership of the latter. ; L'article porte sur l'émergence de nouvelles activités en agriculture et ...
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, decided by the European Council in June 2003, modifies the way Community authorities support agriculture. In France, the implementation of the single payment (in substitution of a part of the compensatory payments allocated historically on the basis of the production factors) constitutes a significant break, in particular in the bovine sector (milk, beef and veal). The aim of the paper is to evaluate the consequences of this CAP reform on the evolution (2003-2007) of the direct subsidies (and of the single payment) for different categories of French bovine farms. The simulation, carried on the basis of individual data of the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN, 2003), takes into account assumptions of labour productivity increase and two options of decoupling: partial (according to the method applied in France) and total (as Community legislation allows it). Starting from the simulated state, the possibilities offered to the Member States to redistribute the direct supports are discussed. The major outcomes are the following: the income of the very large majority of bovine farms will strongly depend on the direct supports at the end of the reform; the modulation device will concern more than 95% of the bovine farms; the amount of the single payment (per farm, per hectare or by economic results) will strongly vary according to the size of the farm, its historical productive system and its intensification level; the principle of the "regionalization" of the single payment (articles n°58 and 59 of European Council regulation n°1782) led, in each administrative area, to a transfer of direct supports from most intensive units towards most extensive ones, but does not allow, like the article n°69, a redistribution of funds between administrative areas. ; La réforme de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC), décidée par le Conseil européen en juin 2003, modifie le mode d'intervention des pouvoirs publics au sein de l'agriculture européenne. En France, la mise en œuvre d'un ...
La réforme de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC), décidée par le Conseil européen en juin 2003, modifie le mode d'intervention des pouvoirs publics au sein de l'agriculture européenne. En France, la mise en œuvre d'un paiement unique découplé en substitution d'une partie des paiements compensatoires alloués historiquement sur la base des facteurs de production constitue une rupture importante, notamment dans le secteur bovin (lait et viande bovine). L'objectif de cet article est de mesurer les conséquences de cette réforme de la PAC sur l'évolution, à l'horizon de 2007, des aides directes et du paiement unique dans différentes catégories d'exploitations laitières et bovins-viande françaises. La simulation, qui est conduite sur la base des données individuelles du Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole (RICA) de l'exercice 2003, prend en compte des hypothèses de gains de productivité et traite de deux options de découplage : partiel (au sens des modalités retenues en France) et total (comme la réglementation communautaire le permet). Sur la base de la situation projetée, une discussion est ensuite engagée sur les possibilités offertes aux Etats membres quant à une éventuelle redistribution des soutiens directs. Ce travail permet de souligner les principaux points suivants : le revenu de la très grande majorité des exploitations bovines deviendra, au terme de la réforme, fortement dépendant des soutiens directs ; le dispositif de modulation concernera plus 95% des exploitations bovines ; le montant du paiement unique (rapporté à l'exploitation, à l'hectare ou aux résultats économiques) variera fortement selon la taille de l'exploitation, son système productif historique et son niveau d'intensification ; le principe de la régionalisation du paiement unique (articles n°58 et n°59 du règlement n°1782) conduit, dans une région administrative donnée, à un transfert de soutiens directs des unités les plus intensives vers les unités les plus extensives, mais ne permet pas d'opérer, comme c'est le cas de l'article n°69, une redistribution de fonds entre régions. ; The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, decided by the European Council in June 2003, modifies the way Community authorities support agriculture. In France, the implementation of the single payment (in substitution of a part of the compensatory payments allocated historically on the basis of the production factors) constitutes a significant break, in particular in the bovine sector (milk, beef and veal). The aim of the paper is to evaluate the consequences of this CAP reform on the evolution (2003-2007) of the direct subsidies (and of the single payment) for different categories of French bovine farms. The simulation, carried on the basis of individual data of the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN, 2003), takes into account assumptions of labour productivity increase and two options of decoupling: partial (according to the method applied in France) and total (as Community legislation allows it). Starting from the simulated state, the possibilities offered to the Member States to redistribute the direct supports are discussed. The major outcomes are the following: the income of the very large majority of bovine farms will strongly depend on the direct supports at the end of the reform; the modulation device will concern more than 95% of the bovine farms; the amount of the single payment (per farm, per hectare or by economic results) will strongly vary according to the size of the farm, its historical productive system and its intensification level; the principle of the "regionalization" of the single payment (articles n°58 and 59 of European Council regulation n°1782) led, in each administrative area, to a transfer of direct supports from most intensive units towards most extensive ones, but does not allow, like the article n°69, a redistribution of funds between administrative areas.
