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The Black Sea is one of the most important geostrategic enclaves in the oil and gas connection linking Asia with Europe and Russia. However, the presence of Turkey on the Bosphorus Strait directly affects how the geo-strategic interactions of the region develop. The crisis in Ukraine has spurred Turkish-Russian relations, positioning the country as a key player in the gas transit to Eurasia and projecting the aspirations of the Kremlin, under President Vladimir Putin has sought to regain an influential weight in the region - as shown by the crisis in Georgia or, more recently, Crimea - especially in the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Thus, the following work seeks to put a little light on new relationships and geopolitical aspirations, especially in Russia and Turkey and, likewise, have a direct impact on the European context.

Executive summary -- Introduction -- Outline of age discrimination law -- Justification of direct discrimination -- Does national law permit differences of treatment based on age for any activities within the material scope of DIrective 2000/78? -- Does national legislation provide for exceptions to the principle of equal treatment for occupational pension schemes, as permitted by Article 6(2)? -- Special conditions for young people, older workers, and persons with caring responsibilities -- Age requirements -- Retirement -- Redundancy -- Conclusions --Annex: national case law

Payments at the time of marriage, which are ubiquitous in developing countries, can be substantial enough to impoverish parents. Brideprice and dowry have both been linked to domestic violence against women, and inflation in these payments has prompted legislation against them in several jurisdictions. Marriage payments are often a substitute for investment in female human capital, so from a welfare and policy perspective, they should be prohibited. This highlights the importance of promoting direct economic returns over legal and customary rights.

The article investigates the payment of wages "in envelopes" that indicates an extremely alarming situation is in all regions of Russia. The authors reveal the article causes and consequences of payments "shadow" wages and, moreover, were monitored as a result of which became apparent in what area most often it happens. And revealed the necessity for police and the State Labour Inspectorate to solve this problem, because these violations of labor legislation is in direct violation of the constitutional rights of citizens

As a direct result of the 1995 welfare reform legislation, some metropolitan areas relocated women on their welfare rolls through a process called "Greyhound therapy." Many of these women ended up in rural areas that were not only unprepared to meet their specific needs but also not receptive to their presence. This article tells the story of these women, who were moved almost two hundred miles from a large Pennsylvania city to a small town in a rural region.

The forest industries of New Zealand and Uruguay are based on forest plantations that have evolved as a result of direct forest investment decisions. The paper examines the impact of government policy from the perspective of how it may have influenced forest investment decisions rather than what the original intent of a government policy, regulation or legislation may have been. --Executive summary. ; The original print copy of this thesis may be available here: http://wizard.unbc.ca/record=b1600097

The forest industries of New Zealand and Uruguay are based on forest plantations that have evolved as a result of direct forest investment decisions. The paper examines the impact of government policy from the perspective of how it may have influenced forest investment decisions rather than what the original intent of a government policy, regulation or legislation may have been. --Executive summary. ; The original print copy of this thesis may be available here: http://wizard.unbc.ca/record=b1600097

Relation of Worker outsourcing in a company of like twofaced in one side have the relation work with the service firm, but other to beside work in employer company. Judicially worker outsourcing have the direct job relation with the service firm of but also have the indirect relation with the employer company, nevertheless rights accepted by worker outsourcing have to at least given by a same protection by employer company of according to order punish the legislation going into eject.

The human rights and fundamental freedoms of disabled persons are set out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). This paper firstly focuses on the importance of the involvement of disabled people at all levels of decision-making. The second part of the paper identifies those aspects of the UNCRPD that reflect the direct involvement of disabled people. Finally, it considers how human rights bodies can best build on this specific aspect of the UNCRPD in order to realize the potential of the Convention as a determining factor in affirming disabled people rights in an effective and meaningful manner. ; peer-reviewed

The article deals with the organization of elections to the State Duma of the IV convocation in Moscow, taking into account the specifics of the city, the special social composition of citizens and a separate regulatory framework for the election of the lower house of the Russian parliament. The elections in Moscow were held according to special legislative regulations: the counting of votes was direct, city voters were divided into two categories based on the property qualification. In our opinion, the allocation of a wealthy group of citizens to the first category was done to increase the representation of reactionary and conservative forces that relied on large capitalists, owners and landowners. However, it didn't work in Moscow. According to the first category, two candidates from the Octobrist party, who shared liberal views, passed in Moscow. The change in the electoral legislation significantly reduced the already insignificant representation of the population of the city of Moscow, including at the expense of workers and small employees, however, it did not radically change the results of the elections in the city. The Moscow authorities have maintained a traditionally high level of preparation and conduct of elections. Great efforts were required to compile updated voter lists, prevent violations during the elections, including attempts at multiple voting. Muscovites showed a high percentage of participation in the vote, all the elected deputies received significant support from the population, which indicated a high level of confidence in the candidates.

The subject. The problems of realization of non-discrimination principle in tax law of inte-gration associations are considered in the article.The purpose. The aim of this paper is to analyze influence of internationalization of tax law on tax law enforcement in the area of direct taxation using discrimination tests.Methodology. The author uses methods of theoretical analysis, particularly the theory of integrative legal consciousness, as well as legal methods, including formal legal method and methods of comparative law.The main results and scope of their application. The problems of realization of non-discrimination principle in EU tax law are considered in the article. The area of direct taxation is considered precisely. Roles of OECD Model Double Taxation Convention on Income and Capital and of practice of the European Court of Justice are brought into light. The possibilities of applying the experience of the European Union in the law enforcement practice of the Eurasian Economic Union are considered.Conclusions. The author comes to the conclusion that in the legislation of the EAEU member states the main criterion of identifying tax discrimination is the criterion of tax residency. The novelty of the Russian legislation was the institute of tax residency of organizations, which is based on the "nationality" of the organization. We can speak about the formation of a legal regime for non-discrimination in the legal space of the EAEU. ; Рассматриваются проблемы реализации принципа запрета дискриминации в налого-вом праве Европейского Союза. Особое внимание уделено сфере прямого налогооб-ложения. Освещена роль Модельной конвенции ОЭСР в отношении налогов на до-ходы и капитал, а также практики Европейского суда справедливости в правовом ре-гулировании запрета дискриминации. Рассматриваются возможности применения опыта Европейского Союза в правоприменительной практике Евразийского экономи-ческого союза.

Summary : This paper explores arguments for and against increasing social workers' legal powers in adult protection (safeguarding) in England, where there is no direct power of entry. It draws on a research study conducted in 2016–17 involving an international literature review, interviews with social workers (n = 22), managers (n = 15), older and disabled people (n = 6) and carers (n = 5) and a survey of adult safeguarding managers (n = 27). The paper contextualises findings by exploring concepts of vulnerability and autonomy. Findings : Most participants were in favour of increased powers for social workers undertaking safeguarding enquiries. A power of entry was seen to strengthen the legal basis of safeguarding and provide legitimacy for social workers to act. However, many participants expressed reservations, arguing that cases could generally be resolved with good social work, there would be a risk of negative impact on adults at risk and their families, the power of entry conflicted with social work practice and values and it could negatively affect social work relationships. Such arguments indicate a nuanced view of autonomy and vulnerability, which allow for doubt about the autonomy of people with capacity in certain circumstances. Applications : The paper suggests the need for investment in the processes of implementation of risk management if increased legal powers are introduced. There could be a value in encouraging social workers to make explicit their assumptions about the definitions of vulnerability and its impact on autonomy and to explore the subjective experience of vulnerability in their judgements about intervening in these kinds of situations.

Party Influence in Congress challenges current arguments and evidence about the influence of political parties in the US Congress. Steven S. Smith argues that theory must reflect policy, electoral, and collective party goals. These goals call for flexible party organizations and leadership strategies. They demand that majority party leaders control the flow of legislation; package legislation and time action to build winning majorities and attract public support; work closely with a president of their party; and influence the vote choices for legislators. Smith observes that the circumstantial evidence of party influence is strong, multiple collective goals remain active ingredients after parties are created, party size is an important factor in party strategy, both negative and positive forms of influence are important to congressional parties, and the needle-in-the-haystack search for direct influence continues to prove frustrating

Based on the results of the plenary Session of the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council, it is necessary to revise the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council Regulation Number 01 of 2018 concerning the order of the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council Regulations. Therefore, a Draft Regulation is prepared to be facilitated by the East Java Governor. There are several important points that became notes for the post-facilitation facilitation of the Governor of East Java to be included in the material for the rules. The purpose of this service is to direct the preparation of regulations in accordance with the hierarchical rules of legislation. This outreach program used the juridical – normative method through the approach of legislation. The results of this outreach program are in the form of a draft regulation for the Situbondo Regional People's Representative Council.