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Serial sanitary disasters now punctuate the history of damages. In facing such risks, progress made in recent years has focused on prevention and upstream processing through the implementation of a strong legislative arsenal with preventive purposes. Yet, this legislative arsenal based on "avoidance" cannot be effective without a corresponding "sanctioning" mechanism. However, our classic liability law is ill equipped in terms of searching for the truth, the causes of such events and effectively engage responsibilities. This sense of impunity comes from the inadequacy between the classic liability law and the particularities of serial sanitary disasters. The progress in adapting our liability law to this type of events is already remarkable. Nonetheless, the construction of an actual law for natural disasters remains an open question.The subject of this study is precisely to study the specificities of sanitary disasters, particularly serial ones, in order to see how our liability law adapts to it. The purpose here is to propose possible solutions to further develop, complete or even reform our liability law to align judicial accountability research with the specificities of serial sanitary disasters and thus make it more efficient and effective.The specificities of serial sanitary disasters firstly have an impact on substantive law that governs civil, administrative and criminal liability (Part I). Furthermore, the difficulties posed by serial sanitary disasters also impact procedural law and the judicial system. Indeed, we must not forget that procedural rules condition the effectiveness of the liability law rules (Part II).But before getting into the substance of the analysis, it will be necessary to agree on the notion of serial sanitary disaster. In fact, it is necessary to conceptualize a notion that can become the crucible of a legal model. ; Les catastrophes sanitaires sérielles rythment désormais l'histoire des dommages. Face à de tels risques, les avancées de ces dernières années ont été marquées par ...

In these 'prolegomenes to a philosophy of disasters', it is argued that a philosophical reflection on these phenomena must be bound to work as far as possible (by addressing the issue from a metaphysical, ontological, epistemological, aesthetic, ethical and political point of view) and by exploring all the resources that thought offers us as a cognitive tool (describe, understand, explain), emotional (feel and feel, test), predictive (predict, imagine) and normative (judge, decide). Thinking about disasters in the plural, it is also clear that historically the world is not ending up in the minds of men and that this possibility of the end has given rise to reflections of a wide variety (from the most astonishing effroi to the toughest enthusiasm) which are worth analysing each of them for itself. ; Dans ces « Prolégomènes à une philosophie des catastrophes », on avance qu'une réflexion philosophique sur ces phénomènes doit s'obliger à travailler dans une extension maximum (en abordant la question du point de vue métaphysique, ontologique, épistémologique, esthétique, éthique et politique) et en explorant toutes les ressources que nous offre la pensée comme outil cognitif (décrire, comprendre, expliquer), émotionnel (sentir et ressentir, éprouver), prédictif (prévoir, imaginer) et normatif (juger, décider). Penser les catastrophes au pluriel, c'est aussi se rendre compte qu'historiquement, le monde n'en finit pas de finir dans l'esprit des hommes et que cette possibilité de la fin a suscité en eux des réflexions d'une grande variété (de l'effroi le plus glaçant à l'enthousiasme le plus ardent) qui valent la peine d'être analysées chacune pour elle-même.

This dissertation proposes four empirical essays on bank stability, financial digitalisation, the informal economy, and natural disasters. These themes represent economic policy challenges. The first chapter looks at the impact of bank competition on credit risk in Sub-Saharan Africa. We show that increased competition is likely to both enhance and lessen the quality of banks' loans portfolios. The second chapter investigates whether the rapid expansion of mobile financial services helps reduce the informal sector in emerging and developing countries. Our results indicate that such financial innovation can be considered as a powerful tool to formalize economies. The third chapter examines the effect of education on the informal economy in Africa. We underline the importance of a balanced educational system between general and vocational education to reduce the size of the informal sector. The last chapter focuses on the determinants of natural disasters. It highlights the role of weather, economic and structural factors, and climate change in the incidence of natural disasters. ; Cette thèse propose quatre essais empiriques portant respectivement sur la stabilité bancaire, la digitalisation financière, l'économie informelle et les catastrophes naturelles. Ces thèmes représentent tous des enjeux de politique économique. Le premier chapitre s'intéresse à l'impact de la concurrence bancaire sur le risque de crédit en Afrique subsaharienne. Nous montrons que le développement de la concurrence est susceptible à la fois d'améliorer et de dégrader la qualité des portefeuilles bancaires. Le deuxième chapitre examine si la rapide expansion des services financiers mobiles contribue à réduire le poids du secteur informel dans les pays émergents et en développement. Nos résultats indiquent notamment qu'une telle innovation financière peut être considérée comme un puissant outil de formalisation des économies. Le troisième chapitre étudie, pour sa part, l'effet de l'éducation sur l'économie informelle en Afrique. Nous ...

This dissertation proposes four empirical essays on bank stability, financial digitalisation, the informal economy, and natural disasters. These themes represent economic policy challenges. The first chapter looks at the impact of bank competition on credit risk in Sub-Saharan Africa. We show that increased competition is likely to both enhance and lessen the quality of banks' loans portfolios. The second chapter investigates whether the rapid expansion of mobile financial services helps reduce the informal sector in emerging and developing countries. Our results indicate that such financial innovation can be considered as a powerful tool to formalize economies. The third chapter examines the effect of education on the informal economy in Africa. We underline the importance of a balanced educational system between general and vocational education to reduce the size of the informal sector. The last chapter focuses on the determinants of natural disasters. It highlights the role of weather, economic and structural factors, and climate change in the incidence of natural disasters. ; Cette thèse propose quatre essais empiriques portant respectivement sur la stabilité bancaire, la digitalisation financière, l'économie informelle et les catastrophes naturelles. Ces thèmes représentent tous des enjeux de politique économique. Le premier chapitre s'intéresse à l'impact de la concurrence bancaire sur le risque de crédit en Afrique subsaharienne. Nous montrons que le développement de la concurrence est susceptible à la fois d'améliorer et de dégrader la qualité des portefeuilles bancaires. Le deuxième chapitre examine si la rapide expansion des services financiers mobiles contribue à réduire le poids du secteur informel dans les pays émergents et en développement. Nos résultats indiquent notamment qu'une telle innovation financière peut être considérée comme un puissant outil de formalisation des économies. Le troisième chapitre étudie, pour sa part, l'effet de l'éducation sur l'économie informelle en Afrique. Nous ...

This dissertation proposes four empirical essays on bank stability, financial digitalisation, the informal economy, and natural disasters. These themes represent economic policy challenges. The first chapter looks at the impact of bank competition on credit risk in Sub-Saharan Africa. We show that increased competition is likely to both enhance and lessen the quality of banks' loans portfolios. The second chapter investigates whether the rapid expansion of mobile financial services helps reduce the informal sector in emerging and developing countries. Our results indicate that such financial innovation can be considered as a powerful tool to formalize economies. The third chapter examines the effect of education on the informal economy in Africa. We underline the importance of a balanced educational system between general and vocational education to reduce the size of the informal sector. The last chapter focuses on the determinants of natural disasters. It highlights the role of weather, economic and structural factors, and climate change in the incidence of natural disasters. ; Cette thèse propose quatre essais empiriques portant respectivement sur la stabilité bancaire, la digitalisation financière, l'économie informelle et les catastrophes naturelles. Ces thèmes représentent tous des enjeux de politique économique. Le premier chapitre s'intéresse à l'impact de la concurrence bancaire sur le risque de crédit en Afrique subsaharienne. Nous montrons que le développement de la concurrence est susceptible à la fois d'améliorer et de dégrader la qualité des portefeuilles bancaires. Le deuxième chapitre examine si la rapide expansion des services financiers mobiles contribue à réduire le poids du secteur informel dans les pays émergents et en développement. Nos résultats indiquent notamment qu'une telle innovation financière peut être considérée comme un puissant outil de formalisation des économies. Le troisième chapitre étudie, pour sa part, l'effet de l'éducation sur l'économie informelle en Afrique. Nous soulignons ici l'intérêt d'un système éducatif équilibré entre l'enseignement général et l'enseignement professionnel pour faire reculer la taille de l'économie informelle. Le dernier chapitre traite des déterminants des catastrophes naturelles. Il met en lumière le rôle des conditions climatiques, du réchauffement de la planète, et des facteurs économiques et structurels dans l'incidence des catastrophes naturelles.

Resilience in humanitarian. A concept to think differently about the governance of socio-climate disasters.The concept of resilience integrates the humanitarian space in the early 21st century. Its starting point is the ambition of the NGOs to improve the impact of their activities on the most vulnerables populations. If the concept of resilience was born in the physical sciences, its integration in the mid 20th century in multiple research areas: environment, economy, psychology and politics, endows it today with various interpretations and definitions. Through its multiple roots, this integration is by deduction, limited by the complexity to find a definition, indicators and adequate methodology to measure and therefore improve assistance to victims. By focusing on managing socio-climate disasters, namely those related to human activities on ecosystems and extreme climate events, we have chosen to question the meaning and scope of this concept in humanitarian. In other words, the side of its theoretical aspects, how to understand resilience to think differently about the governance of socio-climate disasters?We put forward the idea that resilience is a concept. In the sense that resilience is a general idea that helps to organize knowledge on multiple and complex rebounds capacity of an entity following a shock. Our study in 2014 on the evolution of life histories of 144 homes in the Delta of the Sundarbans in Southern Bangladesh highlights a typology of different capacities following the cyclones Sidr 2007 and Aila 2009. Furthermore, our results argue the idea that if resilience is an endogenous capacity, it interacts with two additional terms and controversies that have integrated the humanitarian space between the middle and late 20th century: the vulnerability and adaptation of societies. We argue that if these three terms are severable and sometimes contradictory, their overlapping enables a more detailed analysis of issues and local socio-ecological dynamics. This allows us to point out our first ...

Resilience in humanitarian. A concept to think differently about the governance of socio-climate disasters.The concept of resilience integrates the humanitarian space in the early 21st century. Its starting point is the ambition of the NGOs to improve the impact of their activities on the most vulnerables populations. If the concept of resilience was born in the physical sciences, its integration in the mid 20th century in multiple research areas: environment, economy, psychology and politics, endows it today with various interpretations and definitions. Through its multiple roots, this integration is by deduction, limited by the complexity to find a definition, indicators and adequate methodology to measure and therefore improve assistance to victims. By focusing on managing socio-climate disasters, namely those related to human activities on ecosystems and extreme climate events, we have chosen to question the meaning and scope of this concept in humanitarian. In other words, the side of its theoretical aspects, how to understand resilience to think differently about the governance of socio-climate disasters?We put forward the idea that resilience is a concept. In the sense that resilience is a general idea that helps to organize knowledge on multiple and complex rebounds capacity of an entity following a shock. Our study in 2014 on the evolution of life histories of 144 homes in the Delta of the Sundarbans in Southern Bangladesh highlights a typology of different capacities following the cyclones Sidr 2007 and Aila 2009. Furthermore, our results argue the idea that if resilience is an endogenous capacity, it interacts with two additional terms and controversies that have integrated the humanitarian space between the middle and late 20th century: the vulnerability and adaptation of societies. We argue that if these three terms are severable and sometimes contradictory, their overlapping enables a more detailed analysis of issues and local socio-ecological dynamics. This allows us to point out our first ...

Resilience in humanitarian. A concept to think differently about the governance of socio-climate disasters.The concept of resilience integrates the humanitarian space in the early 21st century. Its starting point is the ambition of the NGOs to improve the impact of their activities on the most vulnerables populations. If the concept of resilience was born in the physical sciences, its integration in the mid 20th century in multiple research areas: environment, economy, psychology and politics, endows it today with various interpretations and definitions. Through its multiple roots, this integration is by deduction, limited by the complexity to find a definition, indicators and adequate methodology to measure and therefore improve assistance to victims. By focusing on managing socio-climate disasters, namely those related to human activities on ecosystems and extreme climate events, we have chosen to question the meaning and scope of this concept in humanitarian. In other words, the side of its theoretical aspects, how to understand resilience to think differently about the governance of socio-climate disasters?We put forward the idea that resilience is a concept. In the sense that resilience is a general idea that helps to organize knowledge on multiple and complex rebounds capacity of an entity following a shock. Our study in 2014 on the evolution of life histories of 144 homes in the Delta of the Sundarbans in Southern Bangladesh highlights a typology of different capacities following the cyclones Sidr 2007 and Aila 2009. Furthermore, our results argue the idea that if resilience is an endogenous capacity, it interacts with two additional terms and controversies that have integrated the humanitarian space between the middle and late 20th century: the vulnerability and adaptation of societies. We argue that if these three terms are severable and sometimes contradictory, their overlapping enables a more detailed analysis of issues and local socio-ecological dynamics. This allows us to point out our first ...

What does "Gaia's intrusion'' change to socialist thought and in particular to Marxism? Can we maintain the critique of capitalism and the revolutionary project "in times of disasters''? This work defends that the contemporary destruction of nature imposes a triple task on the philosophy inherited from Marxism. First, capitalism must be rethought on the basis of its long-term environmental history. It will then appear as a system that evolves and transforms itself according to the natures it appropriates. Secondly, thinking about the destruction of nature implies a naturalistic ontology on which one can base a critique of destructive social practices and from which it is possible to imagine new natural relationships. Third, we are witnessing the spontaneous intervention of a multiplicity of non-human beings in our social histories. This agency of "historical natures'' changes the soil of our political experiences and recomposes our revolutionary cosmopolitics. Provided that it is rethought on the basis of the experience of the destruction of nature, historical materialism can provide the necessary impetus for the formulation of a social emancipation programme adapted to the age of global disasters. ; Que change « l'intrusion de Gaïa » à la pensée socialiste et en particulier au marxisme ? Peut-on maintenir la critique du capitalisme et le projet révolutionnaire « au temps des catastrophes » ? Ce travail défend que la destruction contemporaine de la nature impose un triple chantier à la philosophie héritée du marxisme. En premier lieu, le capitalisme doit être repensé à partir de son histoire environnementale de longue durée. Il apparaitra alors comme un système qui évolue et se transforme en fonction des natures qu'il s'approprie. En deuxième lieu, penser la destruction de la nature suppose une ontologie naturaliste sur laquelle fonder une critique des pratiques sociales destructrices et à partir de laquelle il est possible d'imaginer de nouvelles relations naturelles. En troisième lieu, nous assistons à ...

What does "Gaia's intrusion'' change to socialist thought and in particular to Marxism? Can we maintain the critique of capitalism and the revolutionary project "in times of disasters''? This work defends that the contemporary destruction of nature imposes a triple task on the philosophy inherited from Marxism. First, capitalism must be rethought on the basis of its long-term environmental history. It will then appear as a system that evolves and transforms itself according to the natures it appropriates. Secondly, thinking about the destruction of nature implies a naturalistic ontology on which one can base a critique of destructive social practices and from which it is possible to imagine new natural relationships. Third, we are witnessing the spontaneous intervention of a multiplicity of non-human beings in our social histories. This agency of "historical natures'' changes the soil of our political experiences and recomposes our revolutionary cosmopolitics. Provided that it is rethought on the basis of the experience of the destruction of nature, historical materialism can provide the necessary impetus for the formulation of a social emancipation programme adapted to the age of global disasters. ; Que change « l'intrusion de Gaïa » à la pensée socialiste et en particulier au marxisme ? Peut-on maintenir la critique du capitalisme et le projet révolutionnaire « au temps des catastrophes » ? Ce travail défend que la destruction contemporaine de la nature impose un triple chantier à la philosophie héritée du marxisme. En premier lieu, le capitalisme doit être repensé à partir de son histoire environnementale de longue durée. Il apparaitra alors comme un système qui évolue et se transforme en fonction des natures qu'il s'approprie. En deuxième lieu, penser la destruction de la nature suppose une ontologie naturaliste sur laquelle fonder une critique des pratiques sociales destructrices et à partir de laquelle il est possible d'imaginer de nouvelles relations naturelles. En troisième lieu, nous assistons à ...

What does "Gaia's intrusion'' change to socialist thought and in particular to Marxism? Can we maintain the critique of capitalism and the revolutionary project "in times of disasters''? This work defends that the contemporary destruction of nature imposes a triple task on the philosophy inherited from Marxism. First, capitalism must be rethought on the basis of its long-term environmental history. It will then appear as a system that evolves and transforms itself according to the natures it appropriates. Secondly, thinking about the destruction of nature implies a naturalistic ontology on which one can base a critique of destructive social practices and from which it is possible to imagine new natural relationships. Third, we are witnessing the spontaneous intervention of a multiplicity of non-human beings in our social histories. This agency of "historical natures'' changes the soil of our political experiences and recomposes our revolutionary cosmopolitics. Provided that it is rethought on the basis of the experience of the destruction of nature, historical materialism can provide the necessary impetus for the formulation of a social emancipation programme adapted to the age of global disasters. ; Que change « l'intrusion de Gaïa » à la pensée socialiste et en particulier au marxisme ? Peut-on maintenir la critique du capitalisme et le projet révolutionnaire « au temps des catastrophes » ? Ce travail défend que la destruction contemporaine de la nature impose un triple chantier à la philosophie héritée du marxisme. En premier lieu, le capitalisme doit être repensé à partir de son histoire environnementale de longue durée. Il apparaitra alors comme un système qui évolue et se transforme en fonction des natures qu'il s'approprie. En deuxième lieu, penser la destruction de la nature suppose une ontologie naturaliste sur laquelle fonder une critique des pratiques sociales destructrices et à partir de laquelle il est possible d'imaginer de nouvelles relations naturelles. En troisième lieu, nous assistons à ...

Every year, more than 400 natural disasters hit the world. To assist those affected populations, humanitarian organizations store in advance emergency aid in warehouses. This PhD thesis provides tools for support decisions on localization and sizing of humanitarian warehouses. Our approach is based on the design of representative and realistic scenarios. A scenario expresses some disasters' occurrences for which epicenters are known, as well as their gravity and frequency. This step is based on the exploitation and analysis of databases of past disasters. The second step tackles about possible disaster's propagation. The objective consists in determining their impact on population on each affected area. This impact depends on vulnerability and resilience of the territory. Vulnerability measures expected damage values meanwhile resilience estimates the ability to withstand some shock and recover quickly. Both are largely determined by social and economic factors, being structural (geography, GDP, etc.) or political (establishment or not relief infrastructure, presence and strict enforcement of construction standards, etc.). We propose through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify, for each territory, influential factors of resilience and vulnerability and then estimate the number of victims concerned using these factors. Often, infrastructure (water, telecommunications, electricity, communication channels) are destroyed or damaged by the disaster (e.g. Haiti in 2010). The last step aims to assess the disaster logistics impact, specifically those related to with: transportation flows capacity limitations and destruction of all or part of emergency relief inventories. The following of our study focuses on location and allocation of a warehouses' network. The proposed models have the originality to consider potential resources and infrastructure degradation after a disaster (resilience dimension) and seek optimizing the equilibrium between costs and results (effectiveness dimension). Initially we consider a ...

Every year, more than 400 natural disasters hit the world. To assist those affected populations, humanitarian organizations store in advance emergency aid in warehouses. This PhD thesis provides tools for support decisions on localization and sizing of humanitarian warehouses. Our approach is based on the design of representative and realistic scenarios. A scenario expresses some disasters' occurrences for which epicenters are known, as well as their gravity and frequency. This step is based on the exploitation and analysis of databases of past disasters. The second step tackles about possible disaster's propagation. The objective consists in determining their impact on population on each affected area. This impact depends on vulnerability and resilience of the territory. Vulnerability measures expected damage values meanwhile resilience estimates the ability to withstand some shock and recover quickly. Both are largely determined by social and economic factors, being structural (geography, GDP, etc.) or political (establishment or not relief infrastructure, presence and strict enforcement of construction standards, etc.). We propose through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify, for each territory, influential factors of resilience and vulnerability and then estimate the number of victims concerned using these factors. Often, infrastructure (water, telecommunications, electricity, communication channels) are destroyed or damaged by the disaster (e.g. Haiti in 2010). The last step aims to assess the disaster logistics impact, specifically those related to with: transportation flows capacity limitations and destruction of all or part of emergency relief inventories. The following of our study focuses on location and allocation of a warehouses' network. The proposed models have the originality to consider potential resources and infrastructure degradation after a disaster (resilience dimension) and seek optimizing the equilibrium between costs and results (effectiveness dimension). Initially we consider a ...

Les principes de prévention, de précaution, ou de participation, le développement durable, les énergies renouvelables, le tri sélectif, la taxe carbone, l'éco-innovation, voilà, parmi tant d'autres, quelques terminologies qui devraient nous rassurer. Elles nous permettront, sans nul doute, de résoudre, assez rapidement, bien des problèmes environnementaux actuels. Tout ira bientôt pour le mieux dans le meilleur des mondes. Or, que constatons-nous ? Nous restons toujours immergés dans un univers de catastrophes, de pollutions d'origines industrielles, agricoles ou urbaines, de déchets de toute