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This book explores different applications of disciplinary and governing techniques of microfinance institutions (MFIs) for their clients. While microcredits are repeatedly hailed as an effective measure of development policy, empirical research arrives at different results. The present study argues that MFIs require a high level of disciplinary measures for an absolute level of financial success in terms of repayment. The study employs a comparative case study design covering two MFIs, BRAC and the Bangladesh Rural Development Board. This research has found that relationships of authority and obedience constitute through different instruments, tactics, techniques and vocabulary of the MFI staff. The study results argue that MFIs target women as their principal subjects as a matter of convenience. The principal function of applying the strength of women's social capital, giving special attention to the customers and staff-client relations, is obtaining sensitive information about clients. Their detectable presence ensures regular repayment of the credit. The study has also revealed the nature of surveillance, which covers not only the customer behavior but also the state of enterprises and investing plans.

Forensic animation is the use of digital animation technologies to recreate or simulate an event for use as probative evidence in a court proceeding. Acceptance by courts of this technology varies by jurisdiction. Some courts disallow its use because of the technology's prejudicial impact when weighed against the probative value and perceived tendency to bias jurors; such courts typically do not consider the relevant legal psychology research. This article examines the body of scientific evidence with respect to value of the technology, with a focus on criminal proceedings. It concludes with a policy recommendation for courts to employ in light of these considerations.

Provides an overview of ways in which technological changes raise privacy concerns. This book then addresses four major areas of technology: RFID and location tracking technology; biometric technology, data mining; and issues with anonymity and authentication of identity

Emphasizing the reduction of risk over the cessation of drug use, needle exchange in the United States is often condemned for coddling its participants. Declining the punitive measures or unwavering teleology of criminal justice and drug treatment approaches, harm-reduction measures in general are faulted by naysayers for their refusal to establish clear normative boundaries for behavior modification. This article will seek to subvert such critiques by describing the ways in which disciplinary technologies suffused one needle exchange program in New York City. Drawing upon 1 year of participant observation at "Bronx Harm Reduction," this article will consider how the "minor procedures" of disciplinary power first characterized by Foucault (1977) worked to shape and organize different user bodies in needle exchange; it will further employ the work of Mitchell Dean to reflect upon the connections between program-level "technologies of agency" and government-led "technologies of performance." While conceding the overarching disciplinary transformation of late harm reduction, this article is specifically interested in the ramifications of this trajectory within one specific time and place. Namely, it postulates that attempts to "raise the bar" within a low-threshold program may serve to alienate or explicitly exclude certain service users.

Suggests the need for a more complex picture of the role of law in industrial capitalism, one focusing on the relationship between law & power exercised in & around the workplace as well as law's relationship with capitalists & workers. A qualitative analysis of appellate court opinions on employers' liability 1870-1906 finds that the representation of work in these opinions is related to transformations in the technology & organization of the railroad industry, the leading sector of the economy during the period. It is suggested that the introduction of disciplinary technologies of power over workers was initially hidden & politically defused by the law. Over time, however, the law helped sustain a rationalization process within disciplinary power that increasingly sought to hold managers & workers accountable to its logic of systematic coordination & control. The eventual shift to workers' compensation reflected the limits of discipline in governing the work place. 54 References. Modified AA

The identity [r]evolution is happening. Who are you, who am I in the information society? In recent years, the convergence of several factors - technological, political, economic - has accelerated a fundamental change in our networked world. On a technological level, information becomes easier to gather, to store, to exchange and to process. The belief that more information brings more security has been a strong political driver to promote information gathering since September 11. Profiling intends to transform information into knowledge in order to anticipate one's behaviour, or needs, or preferences. It can lead to categorizations according to some specific risk criteria, for example, or to direct and personalized marketing. As a consequence, new forms of identities appear. They are not necessarily related to our names anymore. They are based on information, on traces that we leave when we act or interact, when we go somewhere or just stay in one place, or even sometimes when we make a choice. They are related to the SIM cards of our mobile phones, to our credit card numbers, to the pseudonyms that we use on the Internet, to our email addresses, to the IP addresses of our computers, to our profiles. Like traditional identities, these new forms of identities can allow us to distinguish an individual within a group of people, or describe this person as belonging to a community or a category. How far have we moved through this process? The identity [r]evolution is already becoming part of our daily lives. People are eager to share information with their "friends" in social networks like Facebook, in chat rooms, or in Second Life. Customers take advantage of the numerous bonus cards that are made available. Video surveillance is becoming the rule. In several countries, traditional ID documents are being replaced by biometric passports with RFID technologies. This raises several privacy issues and might actually even result in changing the perception of the concept of privacy itself, in particular by the younger ...

Bank panics have always mattered because they create serious disruptions in economic and financial activity, depressing national economies. But they matter even more now, as information and communications technologies have stitched together a global financial system that is more vulnerable to crisis on a large scale. For example, the global bank panic of 2007-08 froze up the national economies of the U.S. England, France, Iceland, Ireland, and Germany - all at the same time. And each of their governments had to act to bail out their own banks, without a consistent international regulatory fram

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Climate Finance in the UNFCCC Negotiations: Bridging Gaps with Lessons Learnt -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Current Status of CF: The World Arena -- Legal and Institutional Framework of Climate Finance -- Current Status of CF: Bangladesh -- Attempts at Defining Climate Finance -- Issues of Climate Finance -- Accountability and Transparency in the Climate Finance Arena -- Attempts to Strengthen Transparency and Accountability -- Failures in the Creation of Transparency and Accountability Modalities -- Solving the Accountability and Transparency Issues: SBSTA Submissions -- Building Bridges to Turn Differences into Strengths for Modality Creation -- The Developing Nation/Recipient Parties -- The Developed Nation/Donor Parties -- The Observers and OECD -- Similarities: The Starting Point for Modality Creation -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Climate Change and State of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh: An Environmental Analysis -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Institutional Collaboration for Bottom-Up Renewable Energy Projects -- Energy Technologies-From Inputs to Outcomes -- Environmental Processes -- End-Use Consumptions -- Economic Aspects -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Climate Change Impact on Sundarbans: Challenges for Mitigation Strategies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Salinity Increase -- Impact on Sundari (Heritiera fomes) -- Impact on Keora -- Impact on Mangrove Date Palm (Phoenix paludosa) -- Impact on Nypa Palm (Nipa fruticans) -- Impact on Morcha Baen (Avicennia marina) -- Invasion -- Recommendations -- Protecting the Canals -- Stopping Tiger Prawn Cultivation -- References -- 4 Climate Change and Sustainability of Agriculture in Bangladesh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Concept of Sustainable Agriculture -- Definitions Sustainable Agriculture.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- 1 Dynamic Connections: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Conflict and Communication -- Bibliography -- 2 Are There Ways That Digital Technologies Break Down Walls of Communication During Conflict? Lessons from Leaders of a Women's Movement in Egypt -- Introduction -- ICTs and Conflict Resolution -- The Beginning of a Social Movement -- The Technology -- Theoretical Framework -- Analysis of Anti-Harassment Digital Activism -- Collaboration and Collective Problem Solving -- Results -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 3 Is Mediation Too "Feminine" for Him? Men and Masculinity During Mediation Communication -- Are Men Hardwired for War? -- Masculinity and Saving Face -- Men, Cognitive Empathy, and Problem Solving -- Concluding Thoughts -- Bibliography -- 4 The Conflict of Genre: Disciplinary Terminology and Conceptual Overlap in the Context of the Annual Report -- Introduction -- Exploring the Discourses of Ford and Toyota -- Ford -- Community Ownership -- Toyota -- Glossing over Safety Concerns -- Shifting Meanings for the Term "Safety" -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.

The article highlights and analyzes the concept of "digital bioethics" as the use of digital methods for empirical research in bioethical discourse. The leader of bioethical research in Russia, Boris Grigoryevich Yudin, predicted an expan­sion of the range of social technologies that ensure effective public participation in the discussion and solution of problems in the field of science and technol­ogy. The spread of bioethical discourse in the digital space caused the formation of the concept of "digital bioethics". The concept of "digital bioethics" has not been used so far in the Russian research literature, however, a number of topics discussed by Russian authors are close to the various aspects that digital bioethics draws attention to in its disciplinary formulation. Digital formats for understanding complex ethical issues in the public space, without canceling anal­ogous forms of bioethical discussions, give rise to a new reality of bioethical dis­course, which becomes the subject of digital bioethics using digital methods of empirical bioethical research. At the same time, there is no change in the un­derstanding of the subject of bioethics. Digital methods of data collection and analysis contribute to the development of empirical bioethics through attention to the subjective experience of an individual and social groups, reflected in pub­lic discussions in the digital space, and can also describe the digital landscape of the operation of bioethical principles.